CHAPTER 3

ANALYSIS, STABILITY CHECKING AND DESIGN OF THE STRUCTURE

3.1. Model Information

The proposed irregular reinforced concrete superstructure is Special Moment

Resisting Frame. It is ten-storeyed reinforced concrete building. The typical floor plan
is shown in Figure 3.1.

18 ft five spans and 16 ft one span in long direction and 18 ft two spans in
short direction along X-axis for main building.

18 ft five spans and 8ft one span in long direction and 18 ft two spans and 8ft
one span in short direction along Y-axis for main building.

18ft three spans in X-direction for front-corner building.

18ft two spans in Y-direction for front-corner building
13 ft height ground floor.
10ft height from first floor to roof
Maximum Length = 106 ft
Maximum Width = 98 ft
Effective Height = 113 ft
Shape of the building = L- Shape
Location = Pyin Oo Lwin

3.1.1. Material Properties of the Structure

Analysis property data

Weight per unit volume = 150 pcf
Modulus of elasticity = 3122 ksi
Poisson's ration = 0.2
Coefficient of thermal expansion = 5.5 x 10-6 in/ in per degree Fahrenheit
Design property data
Reinforcing yield stress (fy ) = 50,000 psi
 36

'
Concrete cylinder strength ( f c ) = 3,000 psi
3.2. Loading
For the proposed building, gravity loads, wind loads and earthquake loads are
considered according to the UBC-97 specifications. These loads are shown in detail as
follows:
3.2.1. Gravity Loads
Data for dead loads are as follows:
Unit weight of concrete = 150 pcf
1
4 2 inches thick brick wall weight = 55 psf
9 inches thick brick wall weight = 100 psf
Weight of glass area = 20 psf
Superimposed dead load = 20 psf
Weight of each elevator = 3 tons
Water weight = 250 psf (considered 4ft height)
Data for live loads are as follows:
Live load on residential area = 40 psf
Live load on stair-case = 100 psf
Live load on elevator = 100 psf
Live load on roof = 20 psf

3.2.2. Wind Load

Data for wind load are as follows:

Exposure type = Type –B
Basic wind velocity = 80 mph
Effective height = 113 ft
Method used = Normal Force Method
Windward coefficient = 0.8
Leeward coefficient = 0.5
Importance factor = 1.15

3.2.3. Earthquake Load

Data for calculation of earthquake load are as follows:
Seismic zone =4
 37

Soil Type = SD
Structure = Dual system with concrete shear wall
and concrete SMRF
Seismic zone factor = 0.4
Cv = 0.64
Ca = 0.44
I = 1.0
Ct = 0.03
R = 8.5

Fig. 3.1 Floor Plan of Proposed Building

3.3. Modelling and Analysis

Firstly, the proposed building is modelled, analysed and design with the aid of
ETABS by using the equivalence static analysis. The trial assumption of structural
member sizes is defined based on the rule of thumb and experience. And then these
are revised until the design is adequate. And resulted modelled is then carried out
dynamic analyses and design. The structural member sizes are revised again until
design is adequate for dynamic analyses. The final revised modelled are analysed by
 38

equivalent static, response spectrum, linear and non-linear time history analyses and
comparative study is done to capture the dynamic responses of the proposed building.

3.4. Checking for Story Drift

Storey drift is the lateral displacement of one level of a structure relative

to the level above or below. The calculated storey drift using ∆ M shall not exceed 0.02
times the storey height for structures with a fundamental period (T) greater than 0.7
seconds. It is important to note that these drift limits are appropriate for structures
analysed according to the static force procedure and response spectrum techniques.
Calculations of the maximum inelastic response displacements caused by the design
level earthquake are illustrated in Table 3.1.

According to UBC -97 drift-limitations,

T  0.7 sec (For long period structure)

Δ M = 0.020 h (2.0% of storey height)

Δ M = 0.7 R Δ s

R = Ductility factor = 8.5

Table 3.1.Checking for Story Drift
story
Max Max ∆M Limi
Story heigh ∆s X ∆s Y ∆M Y check
drift X drift Y X t
t
0.00101 0.00079 0.1216
Roof 120 0.0952 0.72 0.57 2.4 OK
4 3 8
0.00111 0.00087 0.1334
S9 120 0.1045 0.79 0.62 2.4 OK
2 1 4
0.00093
S8 120 0.00121 0.1452 0.1124 0.86 0.67 2.4 OK
7
0.00131 0.00101 0.1576
S7 120 0.1213 0.94 0.72 2.4 OK
4 1 8
0.00139 0.00107
S6 120 0.1674 0.1285 1.00 0.76 2.4 OK
5 1
0.00140 0.1687
S5 120 0.00109 0.1308 1.00 0.78 2.4 OK
6 2
0.00141 0.00109 0.1701
S4 120 0.131 1.01 0.78 2.4 OK
8 2 6
0.00104
S3 120 0.00139 0.1668 0.1259 0.99 0.75 2.4 OK
9
0.00127 0.00093 0.1532
S2 120 0.1123 0.91 0.67 2.4 OK
7 6 4
0.00110 0.00075 0.1330
S1 120 0.0911 0.79 0.54 2.4 OK
9 9 8
 39

0.00063 0.00041 0.0984

Gl 156 0.0646 0.59 0.38 3.12 OK
1 4 4

As all story drifts for both directions are within limitation, the structural is stable.

3.5. Checking for Overturning Moment

The ratio of the resisting moment to overturning moment is called factor of

safety for overturning moment and it must be greater than 1.5. Overturning moment
for both X and Y directions are checked as follows;

For X-direction,        
Bottom Shear = 987.284 kips  
Storey Height = 156 in  
Top Moment = 938697 kips-in  
Overturning Moment = Bottom Shear x Storey Height
    + Top Moment    
  = 987.284 x 156 +938697  
  = 1092713.304 kips-in  
Total Dead Weignt = 16843.18 kips  

Centre of mass in X-
direction = 477.534 in  
Resisting Moment = 0.9xTotal Dead Weignt x XCM  
  = 0.9x16843.18 x 477.534  
  = 7238872.1 kips-in  
Factor of safety = Resisting Moment/Overturning Moment
  = 7238872.1/1092713.304  
  = 6.6 > 1.5
        ∴ OK
         
For Y-direction,        
Bottom Shear = 954.233 kips  
Storey Height = 156 in  
Top Moment = 632777 kips-in  
Overturning Moment = Bottom Shear x Storey Height
    + Top Moment    
 40

  = 954.233 x 156 + 632777  

  = 781637.35 kips-in  
Total Dead Weight = 14582.736 kips  
Centre of mass in Y-
direction = 416.89 in  
Resisting Moment = 0.9xTotal Dead Weignt x XCM  
0.9x14582.736x416.8
  = 9    
  = 5471408.57 kips-in  
Factor of safety = Resisting Moment/Overturning Moment
  = 5471408.57/781637.35  
  = 6.9 > 1.5
        ∴ OK

3.6. Checking for Sliding

The ratio of the resistance due to friction to sliding force is called factor of
safety for sliding and it must be greater than 1.5. Sliding for both X and Y directions
are checked as follows;

Sliding checking for X direction        

Sliding Force, VX = 987.284 Kips      
Friction coefficient,µ = 0.25 (from UBC-97 table 18.1.A)
Total Dead Weight = 16483.18 Kips      
µ x 0.9 x Total Dead
Resistance due to Friction =      
Weight
  = 0.25 x 0.9 x 16483.18      
  = 3789.71 Kips      
3789.71
Factor of safety = = 3.84 > 1.5
987.284
 
      ∴ Satisfactory
   
         

Sliding checking for Y direction        

Sliding Force, VY = 954.233 Kips      
Friction coefficient,µ = 0.25 (from UBC-97 table 18.1.A)
Total Dead Weight = 14582.7 Kips      
Resistance due to Friction = µ x 0.9 x Total Dead      
 41

Weight
  = 0.25 x 0.9 x 14582.7      
  = 3281.12 Kips      
3281.12
Factor of safety = = 3.44 > 1.5
954.233
 
      ∴ Satisfactory

3.7. Checking for P-delta Effect

For seismic zone 3 and 4 , according to the UBC 97, P-delta effect needs not
to be considered when the drift ratio of the building is within the limitation of 0.02xR
where R is the response modification factor.

Table 3.2 P-delta Checking

Height Storey Drift Storey Drift Limit

Storey
(in) ratio X ratio Y 0.02xR
R 120 0.000863 0.000729 0.0024
S9 120 0.00093 0.000783 0.0024
S8 120 0.001009 0.000824 0.0024
S7 120 0.001095 0.000894 0.0024
S6 120 0.001163 0.000918 0.0024
S5 120 0.001172 0.000934 0.0024
S4 120 0.001183 0.000934 0.0024
S3 120 0.001161 0.000897 0.0024
S2 120 0.001066 0.000799 0.0024
S1 120 0.000924 0.000648 0.0024
GL 156 0.000522 0.000351 0.0024

All drift ratios for both directions are within the limitation and therefore P-delta effect
doesn’t need to be consider in this study.

3.8. Checking for Vertical Irregularities

There are five types of vertical irregularities and checking of these

irregularities are described in the following section.

3.8.1. Stiffness Irregularity – Soft Storey Checking

The definition of soft storey in the code compares of the lateral stiffness of
individual stories. Generally, it is not practical to use stiffness properties unless these
can be easily determined. There are many structural configurations where the
 42

evaluation of storey stiffness is complex and is often not directly available from
computer programs.

The storey stiffness is determined based on the basic definition of stiffness

which is a force required to deform one unit displacement. So, it can be evaluated as
the storey shear divided by the relative displacement of that storey., the soft storey
exists if the lateral stiffness of any storey is less than 70 percent of the storey
immediately above or less than 80 percent of the average stiffness of the three stories

above.

Table 3.3. Soft Storey Checking for X Direction:

Stor
Story 0.7x
y Story Story 0.8x above
Stor Drift Stiffnes K Chec
heig displaceme Shear (K1+K2+K3
y Ratio s abov k
ht nt (in) (kip) )/3
(kip/in) e
(in)
Roo 0.0010 185.95 1528.2
120 0.12168     OK
f 14 6 4
0.0011 323.05 2420.9 1069.
S9 120 0.13344   OK
12 2 5 8
0.0012 3089.2 1694.
S8 120 0.1452 1579.676495 OK
1 448.56 6 7
0.0013 562.40 3566.7 2162.
S7 120 0.15768 1876.919317 OK
14 9 7 5
0.0013 662.54 3957.8 2496.
S6 120 0.1674 2420.529044 OK
95 1 3 7
0.0014 4446.8 2770.
S5 120 0.16872 2830.363259 OK
06 750.27 3 5
0.0014 4850.5 3112.
S4 120 0.17016 3192.38427 OK
18 825.37 5 8
0.0013 5313.5 3395.
S3 120 0.1668 3534.725055 OK
9 886.3 5 4
0.0012 933.82 6093.8 3719.
S2 120 0.15324 3896.249753 OK
77 5 7 5
0.0011 967.56 7270.5 4265.
S1 120 0.13308 4335.459717 OK
09 5 5 7
0.0006 987.28 10029. 5089.
GL 156 0.098436 4980.792818 OK
31 4 70 4

Table 3.4. Soft Storey Checking for Y Direction:

Stor
Story 0.7x
y Story Story 0.8x above
Stor Drift Stiffnes K Chec
heig displaceme Shear (K1+K2+K3
y Ratio s abov k
ht nt (in) (kip) )/3
(kip/in) e
(in)
Roo 0.0007 181.34 1905.6
120 0.09516     OK
f 93 1 4
0.0008 313.57 3000.1 1334.
S9 120 0.10452   OK
71 2 1 0
0.0009 434.62 3865.4 2100.
S8 120 0.11244 1962.303175 OK
37 6 0 1
 43

0.0010 544.43 4487.5 2705.

S7 120 0.12132 2338.976456 OK
11 5 9 8
0.0010 641.01 4987.6 3141.
S6 120 0.12852 3027.496899 OK
71 4 6 3
0.0010 5547.6 3491.
S5 120 0.1308 3557.508819 OK
9 725.63 3 4
0.0010 798.06 6090.2 3883.
S4 120 0.13104 4006.102472 OK
92 4 3 3
0.0010 856.83 6806.7 4263.
S3 120 0.12588 4433.472391 OK
49 2 4 2
0.0009 902.67 8036.6 4764.
S2 120 0.11232 4918.559609 OK
36 1 0 7
0.0007 935.21 10268. 5625.
S1 120 0.09108 5582.28516 OK
59 3 04 6
0.0004 954.23 14775. 7187.
GL 156 0.064584 6696.367052 OK
14 3 07 6

Stiffness irregularity-soft storey doesn’t exist for both directions

3.8.2. Weight or Mass Irregularity Checking

A weight, or mass, vertical irregularity is considered to exist when the

effective mass of any storey is more than 150 percent of the effective mass of an
adjacent storey.

Table 3.5. Weight or Mass Irregularity Checking

Mass Weight % of above
Story
(Total) (Kips) story
Roof 4.0862 1578.91  
S9 4.7368 1830.30 1.16
S8 4.8036 1856.11 1.01
S7 4.8836 1887.02 1.02
S6 4.8836 1887.02 1.00
S5 4.9588 1916.08 1.02
S4 5.047 1950.16 1.02
S3 5.047 1950.16 1.00
S2 5.1308 1982.54 1.02
S1 5.2274 2019.87 1.02
GL 5.4754 2115.69 1.05

Since weight of any story doesn’t exceeds 150 percent of adjacent story, this
type of irregularity doesn’t exist.
 44

3.8.3. Vertical Geometric Irregularity

A vertical geometric irregularity is considered to exist where the horizontal

dimension of the lateral-force-resisting system in any storey is more than 130 percent
of that in the adjacent storey.
Vertical geometric irregularity doesn’t exist because the proposed building for
this study is continuous vertically and any significant difference in vertical geometry
is not included.

3.8.4. Checking for In-Plane Discontinuity

A Type 4 vertical irregularity exist when there is an in-plane offset of the

lateral load resisting elements greater than the length of those elements.
This irregularity check is to provide correction of force transfer or load path
deficiencies.
For proposed structure, there is no in- plane discontinuity in the vertical
lateral-force-resisting elements, because the shear walls contribute throughout the
structure.
3.8.5. Discontinuity in Capacity-Weak Storey Checking
A Type 5 weak storey discontinuity in capacity exists when the storey strength
is less than 80 percent of that of the storey above.

The storey strength considered to be the total strength of all seismic force-
resisting elements that share the storey shear for the direction under consideration.
To determine if a weak storey exists in the first storey, the total summations of
shear forces for shear walls and columns in the first and second stories must be
determined and compared.

From ETABS, first storey strength = 949.3 kips

From ETABS, second storey strength = 1054.58 kips

So, 80 percent of second storey strength = 0.8 x 1054.58

=843.67 kips

For weak storey exists,

first storey strength < 80 percent of second storey strength.

949.3 kips > 843.67 kips

 45

Therefore, weak storey does not exist in first storey.

3.9. Checking for Plan Irregularities

There are five types of plan irregularities and checking of these irregularities
are described in the following section.

3.9.1. Torsional Plan Irregularity Checking

Torsional plan irregularity is consider to exist when the maximum storey drift,
including accidental torsion effects, at one end of the structure transverse to an axis is
more than 1.2 times the average of the storey drifts of the two ends of the structure.

Where torsional irregularity exists, as defined in U BC Table 16-M, the effects

shall be accounted for by increasing the accidental torsion at each level by an
amplification factor Ax.
2
δ max
A x=
[
1 .2 δ avg ] ≤ 3.0

where,

δavg = the average of the displacements at the extreme points of the

structure at level x

δmax = the maximum displacement at level x

The selected points for torsional irregularity checking are shown in the
following figure. (Fig 3.2)
 46

Figure 3.2. Selected Points for Torsional Irregularity Checking

Torsional Irregularity checking for X direction and Y direction are described

in the following tables Table 3.6 and Table 3.7 respectively.

Table 3.6. Torsional Irregularity Check for X direction

story story point (1) point (2) Δ max Δ avg Δ limi chec
heigh max/ t k
 47

Δ
t avg
drift X ΔS drift X ΔS
ROO 0.0005 0.064
120 0.096 0.096 0.0803 1.19 1.2 OK
F 0.0008 4 7
0.00088 0.106 0.0005 0.071 0.106
S9 120 0.0889 1.20 1.2 OK
8 6 9 3 6
0.00091 0.110 0.0006 0.110
S8 120 0.076 0.0931 1.18 1.2 OK
8 2 3 2
0.00094 0.113 0.0006 0.081 0.113
S7 120 0.0975 1.17 1.2 OK
9 9 8 1 9
0.00096 0.115 0.0007 0.084 0.115
S6 120 0.1003 1.15 1.2 OK
5 8 1 7 8
0.00094 0.113 0.084 0.113
S5 120 0.0991 1.15 1.2 OK
9 9 0.0007 4 9
0.00091 0.110 0.0007 0.084 0.110
S4 120 0.0974 1.13 1.2 OK
9 3 1 6 3
0.00085 0.103 0.083 0.103
S3 120 0.0933 1.10 1.2 OK
9 1 0.0007 5 1
0.00075 0.090 0.0006 0.078 0.090
S2 120 0.0843 1.07 1.2 OK
3 4 5 2 4
0.00061 0.073 0.0005 0.070 0.073
S1 120 0.0721 1.02 1.2 OK
1 3 9 9 3
0.00032 0.051 0.0003
GL 156 0.056 0.056 0.0536 1.05 1.2 OK
8 2 6

Table 3.7. Torsional Irregularity Check for Y direction

Δ
story max/ limi
point (1) point (8) Δ max Δ avg check
story heigh Δ t
t avg
drift Y ΔS drift Y ΔS
ROO 0.071 0.071
120 0.069 0.0703 1.02 1.2 OK
F 0.000575 0.0006 5 5
0.075 0.0006 0.079 0.079
S9 120 0.0776 1.02 1.2 OK
0.000632 8 6 4 4
0.081 0.0007
S8 120 0.086 0.086 0.0838 1.03 1.2 OK
0.00068 6 2
0.0007 0.093 0.093
S7 120 0.088 0.0907 1.03 1.2 OK
0.000733 8 4 4
0.092 0.0008 0.099 0.099
S6 120 0.0959 1.03 1.2 OK
0.000773 8 3 1 1
0.094 0.0008
S5 120 0.101 0.101 0.0976 1.04 1.2 OK
0.000785 2 4
0.094 0.0008 0.101 0.101
S4 120 0.0977 1.04 1.2 OK
0.000784 1 5 4 4
0.0008 0.097 0.097
S3 120 0.09 0.0938 1.04 1.2 OK
0.00075 1 6 6
0.0007 0.087 0.087
S2 120 0.08 0.0836 1.04 1.2 OK
0.000667 3 2 2
0.064 0.0005 0.071 0.071
S1 120 0.0678 1.05 1.2 OK
0.000537 4 9 2 2
 48

0.045 0.0003 0.050 0.050

GL 156 0.0479 1.06 1.2 OK
0.000289 1 3 7 7

3.9.2 Re-entrant Corner Plan Irregularity Checking

A Type 2 re-entrant corner plan irregularity exists when the plan configuration
of a structure and its lateral-force resisting system contain re-entrants corners, where
both projections of the structure beyond a re-entrant corner are greater than 15 percent
of the plan dimension of the structure in the direction considered.The plan
configuration of the proposed structures is shown in the following figure. (Fig 3.3.)

54'

36'

98'

106'

Figure 3.3. Plan of Structure Showing Dimension

Point(1) to (8) length = 98 ft

Point(5) to (7) length =36 ft

 49

15 % of point (1) to (8) length = 14.7 ft

point (5) to (7) length greater than 15% of point (1) to (8) length.

Point (A) to (H) length = 106 ft

Point (E) to (H) length = 54 ft

15% of point (A) to (H) length = 15.9 ft

Point (E) to (H) length greater than 15% of point (A) to (H) length.

Since both projections exceed 15 percent, there is re-entrant corner

irregularity.

3.9.3 Diaphragm Discontinuity Checking

A Type 3 diaphragm discontinuity irregularity exists when diaphragms have

abrupt discontinuities or variations in stiffness, including cutout or open areas greater
than 50 percent of the gross enclosed area of the diaphragm, or changes in effective
diaphragm stiffness of more than 50 percent for one storey to the next.
For proposed structure,
Gross enclosed area of the diaphragm = 7184 ft2
Area of opening = 288 ft2
For 50 percent of gross area = 0.5 x 7184
= 3592 ft2

Therefore, no diaphragm discontinuity irregularity exists.

3.9.4 Out-of-plane Offset Checking

An out- of -plane offset plan irregularity exists when there are discontinuities
in a lateral-force path, for example, out-of-plane offsets of vertical resisting elements
such as shear walls.
For this proposed structure, there is no out-of-plane offset plane for shear wall
throughout the structure.
Therefore, offset irregularity does not exists.
 50

3.9.5 Nonparallel System Checking

A Type 5 non-parallel system irregularity is considered to exist when the

vertical lateral load resisting elements are not parallel to or symmetric about major
orthogonal axes of the building's lateral-force-resisting system.
For this proposed structure, the vertical lateral-force- resisting frame elements
are parallel to two major orthogonal axes of the building.

Therefore, nonparallel system irregularity does not exist.

3.10. Description on Structure

Beams and columns are designed with compressive strength of f c'= 3000 psi
and the yield strength of reinforcing bar is fy = 50000 psi. The beams and columns are

also designed according to the general requirements specified by ACI 318-99. The
steel ratio between ρmin and ρmax is used for the design of reinforced concrete beam.
The ratio of longitudinal steel to gross concrete cross sectional area of the columns are
within the ranges from 0.01 to 0.06 to acquire the seismic design specifications. This
lower ratio prevents congestion of steel, which reduces the chance of improperly
placed concrete. It also prevents the development of large shear stress in the columns.

3.10.1. Design Results of Beams

There are five different types of beams size from analysis and design process.
The beam reinforcing bars are used as No.6 bars and shrinkage steels are used with
No.3 bars. Beam sizes are changed according to place of the proposed building are
shown in Figure 3.4.The corresponding beams size are shown in table 3.8 .The
corresponding reinforcements are listed in Table 3.9.
ρmax = 0.75ρb
= 0.0206 (from Table A.16)

200 3√fc'
ρmin =
fy or
fy

200 3 √ 3000
= 50000 or 50000
= 0.004 or 0.0033
Table 3.8. Beam Size
 51

Beam size (inch)

Width to
Beam Name Width depth Depth ratio
(inch) (inch)

B47,B48,B4,B5,B6,B1,B2,B3 16 22 0.73

B9,B10,B11,B12 14 20 0.70

B63,B64,B65,B66,B67 12 16 0.75

B68,B69 10 15 0.67

B70,B71,B72,B73,B74,B75,B76 and other 12 18 0.67

The proposed building minimum beam width is 10 inch and minimum width
to depth ratio is 0.67. Therefore, all the beams are special moment resistance frame
(SMRF).

Figure 3.4. Beam Layout Plan of Storey Level 4

Table 3.9. Beam Steel Schedule for Structure
Top steel Bottom steel
Stirrup requirement
Beam Size requirement requirement
(No. & size) (No. & size) (No.& size)
 52

Left Left
Left and
and Middle and Middle Middle
Right
Right Right

B5 16×22 8#6 3#6 4#6 4#6 #[email protected]''c/c #[email protected]''c/c

B9 14×20 7#6 3#6 3#6 3#6 #3@5''c/c #3@5''c/c

B22 12×18 5#6 3#6 3#6 3#6 #[email protected]''c/c #3@4''c/c

B65 12×16 8#6 4#6 4#6 2#6 #3@4''c/c #3@4''c/c

B68 10×15 3#6 2#6 3#6 3#6 #[email protected]''c/c #[email protected]''c/c

3.10.2. Design Results for Columns

There are four different types of column. Column longitudinal reinforcing bar
size is the bar No.7 to 11 bars. No.3 bars are used as tie bars. The column layout plan
is shown in Figure 3.4. The design results for columns are shown in Table 3.10.

Table 3.10. Column Steel Schedule for Structure

Tie spacing
Story level Size (inch) Steel within lo Remaining
distance portion
GL 24x24 8#11 #3@6in c/c #3@6in c/c
Storey 1 24x24 8#10 #3@6in c/c #3@6in c/c
Storey 2 24x24 8#9 #3@6in c/c #3@6in c/c
Storey 3 22x22 8#8 #[email protected] c/c #3@5in c/c
Storey 4 22x22 8#7 #[email protected] c/c #3@5in c/c
Storey 5 22x22 8#7 #[email protected] c/c #3@5in c/c
Storey 6 20x20 8#7 #3@5in c/c #3@5in c/c
Storey 7 20x20 8#8 #3@5in c/c #3@6in c/c
Storey 8 20x20 8#8 #3@5in c/c #3@6in c/c
Storey 9 18x18 8#7 #[email protected] c/c #3@5in c/c
Roof 18x18 8#8 #[email protected] c/c #3@6in c/c

3.11. Calculation of Slab Design

Analysis and design of one way and two way slabs is done manually. Only
gravity load is considered in slab design. Design principles are based on ACI 318-99.
There are five types of slab group. No.3 bars are used for reinforcement. The
thickness of slabs is 5 inches for all slabs. Location of slabs is presented in Figure
 53

3.5.Two way slab and one way slabs are designed as example. Summary of all slabs is
shown in Appendix A. Table A.19.

Fig
ure 3.5. Slab Plan of the Proposed Building
3.11.1. Calculation of Two-way Edge Supported Slab
When the slab is supported on all four sides and the slab bends in two
directions, hence it is called a two-way slab. When the ratio of longer span to shorter
span is greater than two the bending along the longitudinal direction is negligible in
comparison with that along the transverse direction (shorter span), the resulting slab
action is effectively one way. The ratio of longer span to shorter span is less than or
equal two, it is called two-way slab. The slab thickness should not be less than 4
inches and not less than the total perimeter divided by 180.The spacing of bar in two-
way slab should not exceed 2 times the thickness h or 18 in. The slabs are designed
with concrete cylinder strength of fc' = 3000 psi and reinforcing steel yield strength of
fy= 50000 psi. Live load on two slab is 40 psf as it is bed room. Plan for two way
slab, is shown in Figure 3.6.

16'
 54

18'

Figure 3.6 Plan of two way Slab

'
Concrete Strength, f c = 3000psi

Yield Strength of Steel, fy = 50000 psi

Live load on slab = 40psf
Super dead load on slab = 25psf
Unit weight of concrete = 150pcf
Clear span for longer direction, Lb = 18ft
Clear span for shorter direction, La = 16ft
Width of beam = 12"
Length of long clear span, Lb = 18' – 14" = 17 ft
Length of short clear span, La =18' – 14" = 15 ft
Lb
Since: , the {¿ is two way slab.
≤2}slab
La
The structure has been modeled with 5 inches thick slab. Check whether the
slab is convenient with minimum required slab thickness.
Assume cover 1 in.
Minimum required slab thickness, h = total perimeter divided by 180
= 2(17+15) × 12 ÷ 180
= 4.27in < applied h = 5 in OK
Factored dead load = 1.4 × 5/12 × 150 + 1.4 × 25
= 122.5 psf
Factored live load = 1.7 × 40
= 68 psf
Total factored load = 122.5 + 68
 55

= 190.5 psf
The moment coefficient is case (9).
L 15
Ratio of panel sides, m= a = = 0.88
Lb 17

Coefficient for negative moment in slab, Ca = 0.0694

Cb = 0.0236
Coefficient for positive moment in slab, dead load Ca = 0.0261
Cb = 0.0143
Coefficient for positive moment in slab, live load Ca = 0.0371
Cb = 0.0213

Negative moment at continuous edge,

Ma = Ca ω La² = 0.0694× 190.5 × (15)² = 2974.66 lb-ft
Mb = Cb ω Lb² = 0.0236 × 190.5 × (17)² = 1299.29 lb-ft
Positive moment at mid span,
For short direction,
Ma (DL) = Ca ω La² = 0.0261 × 122.5 × (15)² = 735.92 lb-ft
Ma (LL) = Ca ω La² = 0.0371 × 68 × (15)² = 567.63 lb-ft

Total positive moment = 1303.55 lb-ft

For long direction,
Mb (DL)= Cb ω Lb² = 0.0143 × 122.5 × (17)² = 506.26 lb-ft
Mb (LL) = Cb ω Lb² = 0.0213× 68 × (17)² = 418.59 lb-ft

Total positive moment = 924.85 lb-ft

Negative moment at discontinuous edge is one third the positive moment in the span.
Ma = 1/3 (+Ma) = 1/3 (1303.55) = 434.52 lb-ft
Mb = 1/3 (+Mb) = 1/3 (924.85) = 308.281 lb-ft
Check for slab thickness,
Maximum moment = 2974.66 lb-ft
ρmax = 0.0206 (Table. A.10)
fy
Mu = φ fy ρ bd2 (1- 0.59ρ f c ' )
50
2974.66 × 12 = 0.9 × 50000× 0.0206 × 12 × d2 (1- 0.59×0.0206×
3)
 56

d = 2.01 in
h = 2.01 + 1
= 3.01 in < 5 in OK
Use h = 5 in
Middle Strip Reinforcement (Shorter direction) (cover = 1 in)
(1) Mid Span (h = 5 in, d = 4 in)

2Mu
a =d- √ d²-
0 . 765 fc' b
2(1303. 55×12)
= 4- √ 4²-
0 .765 × 3000 × 12
= 0.14 in
Mu
As = φ fy(d-a/2 )
1303. 55 ×12
= 0. 9×50000×(4−0 .14/2)
= 0.09 in2
Minimum As = 0.002bh = 0.002×12×5
= 0.12 in2
Maximum spacing = 2h = 2 × 5 = 10 in
Required As for mid span = 0.09 in2 < As min;
Therefore, required As = 0.12 in2
Use # 3@10 in c/c ( As, provided = 0.13 in2 > 0.12 in2)
(2) Continuous Edge
2Mu
a =d- √ d²-
0 .765 fc' b
2(2974 .66×12)
=4- √ 4²-
0 .765 × 3000 × 12
= 0.34 in
Mu
As = φ fy(d-a/2)
2974 . 66 ×12
= 0. 9×50000×(4−0. 34/2)
= 0.21 in2
Required As for continuous edge = 0.21 in2 > As min:
 57

Therefore, required As = 0.21in2

Use # 3@ 6 in c/c (As, provided = 0.22 in2 )
(3) Discontinuous Edge

2Mu
a =d- √ d²-
0 .765 fc' b
2(434 . 52×12)
= 4- √ 4²-
0 .765 × 3000 × 12
= 0.05 in
Mu
As = φ fy(d-a/2)
434 . 52×12
= 0. 9×50000×(4−0 .05/2)
= 0.03 in2
Required As for discontinuous edge = 0.03 in2 < As min:
Therefore, required As = As min: = 0.12 in2
Use # 3@ 10 in c/c (As , provided = 0.13 in2> 0.12 in2)
Middle strip Reinforcement (Longer direction) (cover-1.5in)
(1) Mid Span (h = 5 in, d = 3.5 in)

2Mu
a =d- √ d²-
0 . 765 fc' b

2( 924 . 85 ×12)
= 3.5 - √
3. 5²-
0. 765 × 3000 × 12

= 0.12 in
Mu
As = φ fy(d-a/2)
924 . 85×12
= 0. 9×50000×(3. 5−0 .12/2) = 0.07 in2
Minimum As = 0.002bh = 0.002×12×5
= 0.12 in2
Maximum spacing = 2h = 2×5 = 10 in
Required As for mid span = 0.07 in2 < As min;
Therefore, required As = 0.12 in2
 58

Use # 3@10 in c/c (As ,provided = 0.13 in2 > 0.12 in2)
(2) Continuous Edge

2Mu
a =d- √d²-
0 . 765 fc' b

2(1299. 29×12)
= 3.5 - √ 3. 5²-
0. 765 × 3000 × 12
= 0.17 in
Mu
As = φ fy(d-a/2)
1299. 29×12
= 0. 9×50000×(3.5−0 .17/2)

= 0.1 in2
Required As for continuous edge = 0.1 in2 < As min:
Therefore, required As = 0.12 in2
Use # 3@ 10 in c/c (As, provided = 0.13 in2 > 0.12 in2)

(3) Discontinuous Edge

2Mu
a =d- √ d²-
0 .765 fc' b

2(308 .281×12 )
= 3.5 - √ 3. 5²-
0. 765 × 3000 × 12

= 0.04 in
Mu
As = φ fy(d-a/2 )
308 .28 ×12
= 0. 9×50000×(3. 5−0.04/2)
= 0.02 in2
Required As for discontinuous edge = 0.02 in2 < As min:
Therefore, required As = As min: = 0.12 in2
Use # 3@10 in c/c (As ,provided = 0.13 in2 > 0.12 in2)
 59

Column Strip Reinforcement

The spacing of the column strip reinforcement is 1.5 times that of the middle
strip reinforcement. But it must be within the limitation of maximum spacing 10 in.
Shear check
m =1
For Case (9), Wa = 0.764
Wb = 0.236
Total load = 190.5×15 x 17
= 48577.5 lb
1
Load per foot on long beam = 0.764×53958.9× = 1091.71 lb/ft
15×2
1
Load per foot on short beam = 0.236×53958.9×17×2 = 381.981 lb/ft

Design strength of the concrete, ∅Vc = 2∅ √ fc ' bd

= 2 × 0.85 × √ 3000 ×12×4

= 4469.4 lb/ft > Vu
The design strength of the concrete slab is greater than the actual strength. So the
thickness of the slab is satisfied.
3.11.2. Calculation of One-way Edge Supported Slab,
When the slab is supported only on two opposite sides, the slab bends in one
direction only, hence it is called a one-way slab. The ratio of longer span to shorter
span is greater than two, it is called one-way slab. This slab is taken as one end
continuous slab of the building. The maximum spacing of the bar in one-way slab is 3
times the thickness h or 18in, whichever is less. The slabs are designed with concrete
cylinder strength of fc' = 3000 psi and reinforcing steel yield strength of f y= 50000psi.
Live load on slab is 100 psf. Plan for Slab is shown in Figure 3.8.
Material strength, fy = 50000 psi
f 'c = 3000 psi
Live load on slab = 40 psf
Super dead load on slab = 25 psf
Unit weight of concrete = 150 pcf

18'
 60

8
'

Figure 3.7 Plan of one way Slab

Width of beam = 14"

Length of long clear span, Lb = 18' – 14" = 16.83'
Length of short clear span, La = 8' – 14" = 6.83'

L
Since: b >2} {¿ , the slab is one way slab.
La

The structure has been modeled with 5 inches thick slab. Check whether the
slab is convenient with minimum required slab thickness.
Assume cover 1 in. One-end continuous -
L
Minimum required slab thickness, h = 24
8×12
= 24
= 4 in < applied h = 5 in OK
5
Factored dead load = 1.4 × × 150 + 1.4 × 25
12
= 122.5 psf
Factored live load = 1.7 × 40
= 68 psf
Total factored load = 122.5 + 68
= 190.5 psf
For shorter direction,
1
At discontinuous edge, (-M ) = Cr ω Ln² = 12 × 190.5 × (6.83)² = 740.55 lb-ft
 61

1
At mid span, (+M ) = Cr ω Ln² = 14 × 190.5 × (6.83)² = 634.76 lb-ft
1
At continuous edge, (-M ) = Cr ω Ln² = 12 × 190.5 × (6.83)² = 740.55 lb-ft
Check for slab thickness,
Maximum moment = 740.55 lb-ft
ρmax = 0.0206 (Table A.10)
fy
Mu = ∅fy ρ bd2 (1-0.59 ρ )
fc' 50
740.55 × 12 = 0.9 × 50000× 0.0206 × 12 × d2 (1- 0.59× 0.0206× )
3
d = 1.01 in
h = 1.01 + 1
= 2.01 in < 5 in OK
Use h = 5″

Reinforcement for shorter direction (cover = 1 in)

(1) Mid Span (h = 5 in, d = 4 in)

2Mu
a =d- √ d²-
0 .765 fc' b
2(634 .76×12)
=4- √ 4²-
0 .765 × 3000 × 12
= 0.07 in
Mu
As = φ fy(d-a/2)
634 . 76×12
= 0. 9×50000×(4−0 . 07/2)
= 0.04 in2
Minimum As = 0.002bh = 0.002×12×5
= 0.12 in2
Maximum spacing = 3h = 3 × 5 = 15 in
Required As for mid span = 0.04 in2 < As min;
Therefore, required As = 0.12 in2
Use # 3@ 10 in c/c (As ,provided = 0.13 in2> 0.12 in2)
(2) Continuous and Discontinuous Edge
 62

2Mu
a =d- √ d²-
0 .765 fc' b
2(740 . 55×12 )
=4- √ 4 ²-
0 . 765× 3000 × 12
= 0.08 in
Mu
As = φ fy(d-a/2)
740.55×12
= 0. 9×50000×(4−0 .08/2) = 0.05 in2
Required As for continuous edge = 0.05 in2 < As min:
Therefore, required As = 0.12 in2
Use # 3@ 10 in c/c (As, provided = 0.13 in2 > 0.12 in2)

Reinforcement for longer direction

Distribution steel, As = 0.002b h = 0.002×12×5
= 0.12in2
Use # 3@ 10 in c/c (As ,provided = 0.13 in2 > 0.12 in2)

Shear check,
Factored shear force at distance ‘d’ from the face of interior support,
1 .15×190 .5×6.83 190.5×4
2 - 12 = 684.7 lb

 2 f c' bd
Design strength of the concrete, ∅Vc =

= 0.85 × 2 × √ 3000 × 12× 4

= 4469.42 lb
Thus, the design of the concrete is well above the required strength for shear.
63