Variation in Heat Generated by The Urban Areas and The Areas With The Local Vegetation

Variation in heat Generated by the urban areas and the areas with the local vegetation
Hypothesis:
Urban areas, which consists of massive construction which reduce the local vegetation
coverage which results in the absorption of great amount of solar radiation which is only
partially released into the atmosphere as thermal infrared, which results in the High Land
surface temperature. Whereas:
Green areas and the rural areas in general shows a reduced urban heat island effect where
the land surface temperature are relatively low as compared to the urban
Dallas city and its vicinity is taken for the analysis a portion of the landsat 8 imagery raster
was extracted for the study.
Process:
1. Landsat 8 imagery data with WRS path 26 and WRS row 37: data
LC08_L1TP_026037_20180518_20180604_01_T1 was used to analyze the variation
in heat generated by urban and vegetation areas.
2. This imagery was clipped for the analysis near Dallas city and classified into 5
classification with the supervised classification method with the image classification
tool.
3. So the classification was divided into water, urban, vegetation, agriculture and cloud
classification, cloud classification was made to separate clouds from the image.
4. Landsat 8 band 4 and Band 5 were used to calculate NDVI for the image.
NDVI = (NIR-RED)/(NIR+RED)
5. Landsat 8 Band 10 and Band 11 were used to calculate Land Surface Temperature.
Reference to the process is provided as follows:
a. Landsat Level-1 data can be converted to TOA spectral radiance using the
radiance rescaling factors in the MTL file:
https://landsat.usgs.gov/using-usgs-landsat-8-product :
Lλ = MLQcal + AL
where:
Lλ = TOA spectral radiance (Watts/( m2 * srad * μm))
Band-specific multiplicative rescaling factor from the metadata
ML =
(RADIANCE_MULT_BAND_x, where x is the band number)
Band-specific additive rescaling factor from the metadata
AL =
(RADIANCE_ADD_BAND_x, where x is the band number)
Qcal = Quantized and calibrated standard product pixel values (DN)
b. Conversion to TOA Reflectance
Reflective band DN’s can be converted to TOA reflectance using the rescaling coefficients
in the MTL file:
ρλ' = MρQcal + Aρ
TOA planetary reflectance, without correction for solar angle.
ρλ' =
Note that ρλ' does not contain a correction for the sun angle.
Band-specific multiplicative rescaling factor from the metadata
Mρ =
(REFLECTANCE_MULT_BAND_x, where x is the band number)
Band-specific additive rescaling factor from the metadata
Aρ =
(REFLECTANCE_ADD_BAND_x, where x is the band number)
Qcal = Quantized and calibrated standard product pixel values (DN)
c. Conversion to Top of Atmosphere Brightness temperature
Thermal band data can be converted from spectral radiance to top of atmosphere
brightness temperature using the thermal constants in the MTL file:
where:
T Top of atmosphere brightness temperature

=
(K)where:
Lλ = TOA spectral radiance (Watts/( m2 * srad * μm))
K1 Band-specific thermal conversion constant from
= the metadata (K1_CONSTANT_BAND_x, where
x is the thermal band number)
Band-specific thermal conversion constant from
(K1_CONSTANT_BAND_x, the metadata
where x is the thermal =
(K2_CONSTANT_BAND_x, where x is the
band number) thermal band number)
(K2_CONSTANT_BAND_x,
where x is the thermal
band number)
d. Calculate the proportion of vegetation Pv

Pv = Square ((NDVI – NDVImin) / (NDVImax – NDVImin))
e. Calculate Emissivity ε
ε = 0.004 * Pv + 0.986
f. Calculate the Land Surface Temperature
LST = (T / (1 + (0.00115 * BT / 1.4388) * Ln(ε)))
Conclusion:
From Land Surface Temperature Raster near Dallas city , It is seen that the
Surface Temperature of the urban area is more than the heat generated by the
vegetation and agriculture areas from the classification.
Also form zonal statistics it is found that the Mean temperature for the urban
area is 33 degree Celsius where as for the area filled with vegetation LST is
found to be 29 degree celsius
Which proves the hypothesis that the Urban area has high land surface
temperature than the Vegetation Area.

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Variation in heat Generated by the urban areas and the areas with the local vegetation

b. Conversion to TOA Reflectance

c. Conversion to Top of Atmosphere Brightness temperature

T Top of atmosphere brightness temperature

d. Calculate the proportion of vegetation Pv

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