Double Angle &

Half Angle
Identities
 Objectives
At the end of the session, the students are hoped and expected to
be able to:

• Derive the double-angle and half-angle formulas;

• Use the Double-Angle and Half-Angle Identities to simplify or
rewrite complicated trigonometric expressions and to calculate
trigonometric values;
• Use the Double-Angle and Half-Angle Identities to prove
trigonometric identites; and
• Use the Product-to-Sum and Sum-to-Product Identities to rewrite
a trigonometric expression.
 Review
Reciprocal Identities:

1 1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

Quotient Identities:

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥

Pythagorean Identities:
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥
Negative Angle Identities:

𝑠𝑖𝑛 (−𝑥) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐(−𝑥) = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠 (−𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐(−𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (−𝑥) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡(−𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥

Sum and Difference Identities:

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼+𝛽 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼−𝛽 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼+𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼−𝛽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 + 𝛽 =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 − 𝛽 =
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛽
Cofunction Identities:

𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛 − 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡 − 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑒𝑐 − 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃 𝑐𝑠𝑐 − 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
2 2
 “
Double Angle and
Half Angle
Identities
 Half-Angle Identities:

Double-Angle Identities: 𝛼 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼

𝑠𝑖𝑛 = ±
2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝛼 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 𝛼 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝛼 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 = ±
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝛼 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 1
2𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 𝛼 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝛼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = ±
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼 2 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼
𝑡𝑎𝑛 =
2 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
𝛼 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
𝑡𝑎𝑛 =
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼
◎Product-to-Sum Identities:

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵)
2

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵)
2

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵)
2

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 + 𝐵) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝐴 − 𝐵)
2
Sum-to-Product Identities:

𝑢+𝑣 𝑢−𝑣
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑣 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2
𝑢+𝑣 𝑢−𝑣
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑣 = −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
𝑢+𝑣 𝑢−𝑣
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2
𝑢+𝑣 𝑢−𝑣
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
The double-angle measure identities are derived from the sum
identities by replacing β by α.

sin 2𝛼 = sin 𝛼 + 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼

= sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 + cos 𝛼 sin 𝛼 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝛼 = 2 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 cos 2𝛼 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼

cos 2𝛼 = cos 𝛼 + 𝛼 tan 2𝛼 = tan 𝛼 + 𝛼

= cos 𝛼 cos 𝛼 − sin 𝛼 sin 𝛼 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝛼
2 tan 𝛼
𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝛼 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼)
cos 2𝛼 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 1
Use the Double-Angle and Half-Angle Identities to simplify or rewrite
complicated trigonometric expressions and to calculate
trigonometric values
 1
Example 1: Find the following if sin 𝑥 = and the terminal side
3
of x lies on the second quadrant: (a) sin 2x (b) cos 2x
1 2 2
Solution: for sin 𝑥 = ; cos 𝑥 = −
3 3

(a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

1 2 2
=2 −
3 3
4 2
sin 2𝑥 = −
9
(b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
2
1
=1−2
3
2
=1−
9
7
cos 2𝑥 =
9
 𝜋
Example 2: Find the exact value of tan 12.

𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Solution: Note that = 2 ; where α =
6
; So tan 12 6
= tan 2
12 6

𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼
𝑡𝑎𝑛 =
2 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛
tan 6 = 6
2 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜋
6
1
= 2
3
1+ 2
1
=
2+ 3
𝜋
tan =2− 3
12
 𝜋
2 tan 8
Example 3: Simplify the following expressions: 𝑎. 𝜋 ,
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 8
2𝑥 sin 8𝑥
𝑏. 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2, and 𝑐. 1+cos 8𝑥

𝜋 𝑥 sin 8𝑥 𝑥
2 tan 𝑏. 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2
𝑐. = tan
𝑎. 8 2
𝜋 1 + cos 8𝑥 2
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 = cos 2𝑥 8𝑥
8 𝑥 = tan
= tan 2𝛼 = cos 2 ∙ 2
𝜋 2 = tan 4𝑥
= tan 2 ∙ = cos 𝑥
8
𝜋
= tan = 1
4
 “
Use the Double-Angle and Half-Angle
Identities to prove trigonometric identities
Example 4: Prove the following identities.

1 − cos 2𝑥
𝑎. = tan 𝑥
sin 2𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 − 1
𝑏. cos 2𝑥 =
𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 + cos = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
4 2 4
 “
Use the Product-to-Sum and Sum-to-
Product Identities to rewrite a trigonometric
expression.
Example 5: Write the product cos 4𝑥 cos 7𝑥 as a sum or
difference containing sines or cosines.

1
Solution: Use the identity 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵)
2
where A = 4x and B = 7x.

1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 + 𝐵) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐴 − 𝐵)
2
1
= cos 4𝑥 + 7𝑥 + cos 4𝑥 − 7𝑥
2
1
= cos 11𝑥 + cos −3𝑥
2
1
= cos 11𝑥 + cos 3𝑥
2
Example 6: Write the sum sin 5𝑦 + sin 3𝑦 as a product of sines
or cosines.
𝑢+𝑣 𝑢−𝑣
Solution: Use the identity 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2
where u = 5y and v = 3y.

𝑢+𝑣 𝑢−𝑣
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑣 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2
5𝑦 + 3𝑦 5𝑦 − 3𝑦
= 2 sin cos
2 2
8𝑦 2𝑦
= 2 sin cos
2 2
= 2 sin 4𝑦 cos 𝑦
Problem Set / Seatwork / Assignment / Quiz:

1. Derive the half-angle identities.

2. Simplify the following expressions:

𝜋 𝜋
𝑎. sin cos
12 12
1 + cos 8𝑥
𝑏.
2
𝑥
1 − cos
𝑐. 2
2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑. 2 csc sin cos
2 4 4
3. Prove the following identities:
𝑎. cos 3𝑥 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥
𝑥
1 − tan
𝑏. sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 = 2
𝑥
1 + tan
2
sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥
𝑐. + = csc 𝑥
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑥
tan 𝑥
𝑑. 4
𝑥 = csc 2
1 − cos 2
 5
4. If cos 𝑥 = 13
and the terminal side of x lies on the fourth
𝑥 𝑥
quadrant, find the exact value of (a) cos 2 and (b) sin 2.

4
5. Find the exact values of tan 2𝑥 if cos 𝑥 = and the
5
terminal side of x lies on the fourth quadrant.