4.

2 Example of [ZBus ] matrix building algorithm

The single line diagram of a power system is shown in the Fig. 4.16. The line impedances in pu are
also given. The step-by-step procedure for [Z¯ Bus ] matrix formulation is explained as given below:

Figure 4.16: Single Line Diagram of the Power System for the example

Preliminary Step: The graph of the network and a tree is shown in Fig. 4.17. Elements 1,2,4
and 5 are the tree branches while 3, 6 and 7 are the links.

Figure 4.17: Graph and a tree of the network of Fig. 4.17

Step 1: The step-by-step [Z¯ Bus ] matrix building algorithm starts with element 1, which
is a tree branch connected between nodes 1 and the reference node 0 and has an impedance
of z¯10 = j0.10 pu. This is shown in the accompanying figure ,Fig. 4.18.

118
 Figure 4.18: Partial network of Step 1

The resulting [Z¯ Bus ] matrix is

(1) (1)

Z¯ Bus = (1) z10 = (1) j0.10

Step 2: Next, the element 2 connected between node 2 (q = 2) and the reference node ‘0’ is
selected. This element has an impedance of z¯20 = j0.10 p.u. As this is the addition of a tree
branch
it will add a new node ‘2’ to the existing [Z¯ Bus ] matrix. This addition is illustrated in Fig. 4.19.

Figure 4.19: Partial network of Step 2

The new bus impedance matrix is given by :

(1) (2) (1) (2)

( 1) j0.10 0 (1) j0.1 0

Z¯ Bus = =
(2) 0 z20 (2) 0 j0.10

Step 3: Element 3 connected between existing nodes, node 1 (p = 1) and node 2 (q = 2),
having an impedance of z¯12 = j0.20 p.u. is added to the partial network, as shown in Fig. 4.20.
Since this is an addition of a link to the network a two step procedure is to be followed. In the
 Figure 4.20: Partial network of Step 3

first step a new row and column is added to the matrix as given below :
(1) (2) (`) (1) (2) (`)
<@ ¯ ¯11 ) = (1) < j0.10 =
(1) j0.10 0.0 (Z12 A @ 0.0 −j0.10 A
@ AA @ 0.0 j0.10 j0.10 A
¯ (temp)
Z = (2) @ 0.0 j0.10 ¯ − ¯21 )
(Z22 A = (2) @
Bus
@@ A
@
− ¯ ) (Z ¯ − ¯ ) Z¯Z AA @
@
A
A
(`) > 21
(Z¯ Z
11 22 12 `` ? (`) > −j0.10 j0.10 j0.40 ?
Z
where,
Z¯`` = ¯11 + ¯22 − 2Z12
¯+ = j0.10 + j0.10 − 0.0 + j0.20 = j0.40 p.u.
Z Z z¯20

Next this new row and column is eliminated to restore the size of [Z¯ Bus ] matrix as given below:

−j0.10
−j 0.10 j 0.10
j0.10 0.0 j 0.10
[Z¯ Bus ] = −
0.0 j0.10 j0.40

Hence, the impedance matrix after the addition of element 3 is found out to be :

(1) (2)

1)( j0.075 j0.025

[Z¯ Bus ] =
(2) j0.025 j0.075

Step 4: The element 4 , which is added next, is connected between an existing node, node 2
(p = 2) and a new node, node 3 (q = 3). The impedance of this element is z¯23 = j0.30 p.u.
and it is a tree branch hence, a new node, node 3 is added to the partial network. This addition,
shown
in Fig. 4.21, thus increases the size of [Z¯ Bus ] to (3 × 3).
 Figure 4.21: Partial network of Step 4

The new impedance matrix can be calculated as:

(1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3)
< Z¯12 = (1) < j0.075 j0.025 j0.025 =
@@ j0.075 j0.025
(1) AA A
@
Z¯ Bus = @@ j0.025 j0.0.075 Z¯22 A = (2)
A
@ j0.025 j0.0.075 j0.075 A
@ A
(2)
@ A @ A
(3) @> Z¯21 Z¯22 Z¯22 + 23 A? (3) @
> j0.025 j0.075 j0.375 ?
A
z¯
Step 5: Element 5 is added next to the existing partial network. This is a tree branch connected
between an existing node, node 3 (p = 3) and a new node, node 4 (q = 4). This is illustrated
in Fig. 4.22.

Since a new node is added to the partial network, the size of [Z¯ Bus ] increases to (4 × 4).
The impedance of the new element is z¯34 = j0.15 p.u. The new bus impedance matrix is :

(1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (4)

< =
(1) @@ j0.075 j0.025 j0.025 Z¯31 =A (1) @< j0.075 j0.025 j0.025 j0.025 A
@ Z¯32 AAA (2) @@
j0.075 j0.075 A
¯ Bus =
(2) @ j0.025 j0.075 j0.075 A= @@ j0.025 j0.075 AA
Z @ ¯ @@
(3) @@ j0.025 j0.075 j0.375 A (3) A
Z
33
A @ j0.025 j0.075 j0.375 j0.375
A
¯ ¯ ¯
13
@ @
(4) Z23 Z33 Z33 z¯34 (4)
@> j0.025 j0.075 j0.375 j0.525 A?
Z ¯ + A
> ?

Step 6: Next,the element 6 connected between two existing nodes node 1 (p = 1) and node
4 (q = 4) is added to the network, as shown in the Fig. 4.23. The impedance of this element
is z¯23 = j0.25 p.u. As this is a link addition, the two step procedure is used. The bus
impedance
 Figure 4.22: Partial network of Step 5

Figure 4.23: Partial network of Step 6

matrix is modified by adding a new row and column as given below:

(1) (2) (3) (4) (`)

(1) < @ j0.075 j0.025 j0.025 j0.025 (Z¯14 − Z¯11 ) =A

@@ j0.025 j0.075 j0.075 j0.075 (Z¯ Z¯ ) AA
(2) @ 24 21 A
@@ j 0. −¯34 −
¯ (temp)
Z (3) Z A Z)¯ A
= j 0. ¯44
Bus @ >
(4) @@@ ( − − ¯4112 ¯11 43
¯ ) (Z¯
(`) @ Z Z 42
Z ) (Z¯
 3
1
¯ ) (Z¯ ¯) Z −A − − ¯ ¯ A
14 13 44 A
Z Z
Z41 )
A
`À Z
?
Substituting the values of appropriate [Z¯ Bus ] matrix elements in the last row and column
the intermediate impedance matrix is:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (`)

(1) @< j0.075 j0.025 j0.025 j0.025 −j0.05 =A

@@ A
(2) @@ j0.025 j0.075 j0.075 j0.075 j0.05 AA
¯ (temp) @ A
Z Bus = (3) @ j0.25 j0.075 j0.375 j0.375 j0.35 AA
(4) @@ j0.025 j0.075 j0.375 j0.525 j0 .50 A
@ A
A
(`) @> − j0.05 0.05 j0.35 j0.50 j0.80 ?A

where,

Z¯`` = ¯44 + ¯11 − 2Z14

¯+ = j0.075 + j0.525 − 2 × j0.025 + j0.25 = j0.80 p.u.
Z Z z¯14

The additional row and column ‘`’ are to be eliminated to restore the impedance matrix size to
(m × m), and the [Z¯ Bus ] matrix after the addition of element 6 is calculated as:

<
@−j0.05A=
@ A
@@ j0.50 AA
@ A −j0.05 j0.05 j0.35 j0.50
<@j0.075
@ j0.025 j0.025 j0.025AA= @@
@@
j0.35 AA
A
Bus @
j0.075AA > j0.50 A
@ ¯ ] [email protected]
[Z
j0.075 j0.075
A− ?
@@ j0.25 j0.075 j0.375 j0.375AA j0.80
@@ AA
>j0.025 j0.075 j0.375 j0.525 ?

Hence,
(1) (2) (3) (4)

(1) @@< j0.0719 j0.0281 j0.0469 j0.0563 =A

@ j0.0281 j0.0719 j0.0531 j0.0437 A
¯ Bus =
(2) @ AA
Z @
(3) @@ j0.0469 j0.0531 j0.2219 j0.1562 A
@ AA
(4) @
> j0.0563 j0.0437 j0.1562 j0.2125 A?
Step 7: Finally the element 7 connected between two existing nodes node 2 (p = 2) and node 4
(q = 4) is added to the partial network of step 6. The impedance of this element is is z¯23 =
j0.40 pu. This is also a link addition, as shown in Fig. 4.24 and hence the two step precedure
will be to obtain the
followed Bus matrix. In the first step the is calculated after a row and a
[Z¯ Z¯
( temp)
] Bus
 Figure 4.24: Partial network of Step 7

column are added to the exiting Z¯ Bus as follows:

(1) < @ Z¯12 ) =

A
(1) (2) (3) (4) (`)

(2) @@@ j0.0719 j0.0281 j0.0469 j0.0563 (Z¯1424 − Z¯22) AA

A
¯ (temp)
Z (3) @@ j
j0.0281 j0.0719 j0.0531 j0.0437 (ZZ¯ A Z)¯ A
=
Bus @ 0.0469 j0.0531 j0.2219 j0.1562 −
@ 32 A

Z 44 − Z42 ) AAA
(4)
@@ j 0. ¯ ¯
@> ( ¯41 − ¯21 ) (Z¯42 ¯− )22 (Z¯ 43 − ¯23 ) (Z¯44 − ¯24 ) Z¯`` A
(`) ?
Z Z Z Z Z
Substituing the values of the elements of impedance matrix one gets:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (`)

(1) @< j0.0719 j0.0281 j0.0469 j0.0563 j0.281 =

@ A
− A
(2) @@ j0.02810 j0.0719 j0.0531 j0.0437 j0.281 AA
¯ (temp) @ A
Z
Bus =
(3) @ j0.0469 j0.0531 j0.2219 j0.1562 j1031 AA
@@
(4) @@ j0.0563 j0.0437 j0.1562 j0.2125 j0.1688 AAA
(`) @ j0.281
> −j0.281 j0.1031 j0.1688 j0.5969 A?
where,

Z¯`` = ¯22 + ¯44 − 2Z24

¯+ = j0.0719 + j0.2125 − 2 × j0.0563 + j0.40 = j0.5969 p.u.
Z Z z¯24
The additional row and column ‘`’ are to be eliminated to restore the impedance matrix size to
(m × m), and [Z¯ Bus ] after the addition of element 7 is calculated as:

<
@ j0.0281 A=
@@ AAA
<
@j0.0719 j0.0281 j0.0469 @@ j0.1031 AAA j 0281 −
j0.0563AA= @
0.1688
@ @ A
Bus @
@ ¯ ] [email protected] j0.0719 j0.0531 j0.0437AA @> j0.1688 ? A
[Z A−
@@ j0.469 j0.0531 j0.2219 j0.1562AA j0.5969
@@ AA
>j0.0563 j0.0437 j0.1562 j0.2125 ?

Hence,
(1) (2) (3) (4)

(1) @@< j0.0705 j0.0295 j0.0420 j0.0483 =A

@ j0.0295 j0.0705 j0.0580 j0.0517 A
¯ Bus =
(2) @ AA
Z @
(3) @@ j0.0420 j0.0580 j0.2041 j0.1271 A
@ AA
(4) @
> A
j0.0483 j0.0517 j0.1271 j0.1648 ?

As can be seen that the final [Z¯ Bus ] matrix is a (4 × 4) matrix, as the network has 4 nodes
and a reference node. As there are 7 elements is the network, 7 steps are required for the
formation of [Z¯ Bus ] matrix.

4.2.1 Modifications in the existing [Z¯ Bus ]

:

If in an existing network, for which the [Z¯ Bus ] matrix is known, some modification such as
line removal or line impedance alteration is carried out then the [Z¯ Bus ] matrix can be easily
modified without any need of reconstructing the matrix from scratch.
As an example, let the Z¯ Bus matrix be the final bus impedance matrix given for the network
of Fig. 4.16. Next, let the element 7 connecting nodes 2 and 4 be removed from the network and
it is required to find the modified Z¯ Bus .
Removal of element 7 is equivalent to setting its impedance z¯24 to infinite. This can be
org
obtained by connecting a fictitious element z¯add in parallel to the existing element z¯ such that
the resultant 24 24
impedance z¯24result is infinite
i.e.
1 1 1 1
result
= org + add
= 0
z¯ z¯ = z¯ ∞
24 24 24

or
org
z¯add24 = −z¯ 24 = −j0.40
p.u.
org
Hence, by adding an element z¯add = −j0.4 p.u. in parallel to z¯ the removal of line between
nodes
 24 24
2 and 4 can be simulated. The new added fictitious element is a link addition between the two nodes,
p = 2 and q = 4 and is shown in Fig. 4.25 . Hence, this will require a two-step procedure. The
addition of the fictitious element 8 , which is a link, will introduce a temporary row and column.
 Figure 4.25: Adding a link to simulate the removal of element 7

The Bus is given as:

Z¯
(temp)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (`)

(1) @< j0.0705 j0.0295 j0.0420 j0.0483 (Z¯14 − Z¯12 ) =A

(2) @@@ j0.0295 j0.0705 j0.0580 j0.0517¯ − ¯22 ) AA

AA
¯ (temp) @ (Z 24 Z ¯
Z
Bus = 0. Z¯
34 32 ) A
(3) @@ j A
@ j 0. − Z¯44 − Z¯42 ) A
(4) @
@@ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ − ¯ ¯ Z ¯24 ) A
(`) > ( 41 − ¯21 ) (Z42 − 22 ) (Z43 Z 23 ) (Z44 Z¯`` ?
Z Z Z
Substituting the appropriate values one gets:
(1) (2) (3) (4) (`)

(1) @< j0.0705 j0.0295 j0.0420 j0.0483 j0.0188 =

@ A
− A
(2) @@ j0.0295 j0.0705 j0.0580 j0.0517 j0.0188 AA
¯ (temp) @ A
Z
Bus =
(3) @ j0.0420 j0.0580 j0.2041 j0.1271 j0.0691 AA
@ A
(4) @@ j0.0483 j0.0517 j0.1271 j0.1648 j0.1131 AA
@ @>
whe ? (`)
re,

24 24
j0.018 −j0. 0188 j0.0691 j0.1131 −j0.2681 A
8

Z¯`` = ¯22 + ¯44 − 2Z¯ + z¯add = j0.0705 + j0.1648 − 2 × j0.0483 + (−j0.40) = −j0.2681
Z Z p.u.
The additional row and column is eliminated in the following step:

<
@ j0.0188 A=
@@ AAA
<
@j0.0705 j0.0295 j0.0420 @@ j0.0691 AAA j 0188 −
j0.0483AA= @
0.1131
@ @ A
Bus @
@[Z¯ ] [email protected] j0.0705 j0.0580 j0.0517AA @> j0.1131 ? A
A−
@j0.0420
@ j0.0580 j0.2041 j0.1271AA −j0.2681
@@ AA
>j0.0483 j0.0517 j0.1271 j0.1648 ?

Thus, the final impedance matrix after the removal of element 7 is :

(1) (2) (3) (4)

(1) @@< j0.0719 j0.0281 j0.0469 j0.0563 =A

@ j0.0281 j0.0719 j0.0531 j0.0437 A
¯ Bus =
(2) @ AA
Z @
(3) @@ j0.0469 j0.0531 j0.2219 j0.1562 A
(4) @@ A
A
> j0.0563 j0.0437 j0.1562 j0.2125 A?

The obtained Z¯ Bus matrix is identical to the Z¯ Bus matrix obtained in step 6 of the
previous example, which is the impdance matrix of the network before the addition of element 7.
So far we have considered the Z¯ Bus matrix building algorithm without any presence of mutually
coupled elements. In the next lecture, we will take into account the presence of mutually coupled
elements while forming the Z¯ Bus matrix.