2user's Guide PDF
2user's Guide PDF
User's Guide
Introduction
The DesignDRIVE is a hardware and software platform that facilitates developing and evaluating solutions
for many industrial drive and servo topologies. The DesignDRIVE kit and software offer an easy path to
begin exploring a wide variety of motor types, sensing technologies, encoder standards, and
communications networks. The DesignDRIVE kit and software also offer easy expansion to develop with
real-time Ethernet communications and functional safety topologies that enable more comprehensive and
integrated system solutions.
With the C2000™ DesignDRIVE Software and Kit (IDDK), TI wants to help you spend more time
differentiating your product in your core areas and less time evaluating new technologies that will
eventually become table stakes in the industry. Using DesignDRIVE can help you deliver a more valuable
product to market faster.
Based on the real-time control architecture of TI’s C2000 microcontrollers, DesignDRIVE is ideal for the
development of industrial inverter and servo drives used in robotics, computer numerical control (CNC)
machinery, elevators, materials conveyance, and other industrial manufacturing applications.
This guide explains the steps required to run the motor with the IDDK using the software supplied through
controlSUITE™. controlSUITE is a suite of example projects using TI’s C2000 devices. This suite contains
technical literature that includes software to verify the control systems as given by the names of various
projects. The projects in controlSUITE are open source code from TI supporting C2000 devices and can
be downloaded from http://www.ti.com/tool/controlsuite.
The following projects are currently available for IDDK based on TMS320F28377x MCU:
• IDDK_PM_Servo_F2837x: Sensored Field Oriented Control of Permanent Magnet Motor
The features of this project include the following:
• Position, Speed, and Torque Control Loops
• On-chip Position Sensor Support: Resolver and Incremental Encoder (QEP)
• Simultaneous Current Sensing Support for: Fluxgate/Hall, Delta-Sigma, and Shunt
NOTE: Read this guide and the DesignDRIVE Development Kit IDDK v2.2 Hardware Reference
Guide (SPRUI23) before using the kit.
Ensure you understand the safety measures required to use the kit.
When controlSUITE is installed, you can find the Hardware Reference Guide at:
controlSUITE\development_kits\TMDSIDDK_v1.0\~Docs\
The software is at:
controlSUITE\development_kits\TMDSIDDK_v1.0\IDDK_PM_Servo_F2837x
WARNING
TI intends this EVM to be operated in a lab environment only and
does not consider it to be a finished product for general consumer
use.
TI intends this EVM to be used only by qualified engineers and
technicians familiar with risks associated with handling high-
voltage electrical and mechanical components, systems, and
subsystems.
This equipment operates at voltages and currents that can cause
shock, fire, and/or injure you if not properly handled or applied.
Use the equipment with necessary caution and appropriate
safeguards to avoid injuring yourself or damaging property.
TI considers it the user’s responsibility to confirm that the voltages
and isolation requirements are identified and understood before
energizing the board and or simulation. When energized, do not
touch the EVM or components connected to the EVM.
To experiment with IDDK for digital motor control, you will need following components:
• An IDDK EVM
• A TMDXCNCD28377D control processor
• A USB-B to A cable
• A PMSM motor for evaluation
– The motor is not included with the TMDXIDDK377D.
– The motor is included with the TMDXIDDK377D-MTR-BNDL bundle.
– The motor is available standalone from TI eStore. (The part number is HVPMSMMTR.)
• An incremental encoder or resolver (QEP included with motor available on the TI eStore)
• An external, isolated, 15-V power supply for MCU code development (TI recommends a power supply
with a barrel connector [a DC-jack])
• An isolated high-voltage DC-power supply
• A PC with Code Composer Studio ™(version 6 or greater) installed
• Additional instruments such as:
– An oscilloscope
– A digital multimeter
– A current sensing probe
– A function generator
The experimental setup and connection are illustrated in the following sections. For details about the kit
hardware, see the DesignDRIVE Development Kit IDDK v2.2 Hardware Reference Guide (SPRUI23).
For the schematic details of the IDDK EVM, see the schematic at
controlSUITE\development_kits\TMDSIDDK_v1.0\IDDK_HwDevPkg\IDDK_HwDevPkg_v2.2.
• [M6] – An overcurrent protection module that generates a TRIP signal to shutdown the inverter in the
event of overcurrent through the motor
• [M7] – A sigma-delta interface module that provides motor phase current feedback to the CPU for
digital control of motor
• [M10] – An interface module that translates 5-V logic signals from an incremental encoder into 3.3 V
for the C2000 and its QEP peripheral
• [M11] – An analog interface module to work with the Resolver position sensor
• [M12] – A digital interface module to work with a BISS or EnDAT position encoder
• [M13] – An analog interface module to work with the Sin/Cos position encoder
Each component is referenced with their macro number in the brackets followed by a dash and the
reference number.
The following is an example of this reference format:
• [M3] - J1 refers to jumper J1 in the macro M3.
• [Main] - J1 refers to jumper J1 on the board but outside of the macro blocks defined previously.
NOTE: Because the input voltage range of this module is from 90 V to 400 V, the auxiliary modules
are unsuitable if the DC-bus voltage goes below 90 V during the tests. In such cases, TI
recommends using the first method.
• Configuring [M3] and [M9], which are identical macros that provide the same set of output voltages, to
power the entire controller or the gate drives of the inverter. (See the DesignDRIVE Development Kit
IDDK v2.2 Hardware Reference Guide [SPRUI23].)
Default configuration of the kit:
• Set up [M9] as the low-voltage power source.
• Connect both control GND and power GND planes.
For applications requiring a COLD control GND:
• Do not use the shunt current sensing method. (See Section 3.7, Power Supplies and GND Plane
Configurations in DesignDRIVE Development Kit IDDK v2.2 Hardware Reference Guide [SPRUI23] for
details.)
NOTE: The control GND and power GND can be separate or tied together. If control GND and
power GND are tied together, the control GND is HOT. If they are not tied together, the
control GND is COLD. (See the DesignDRIVE Development Kit IDDK v2.2 Hardware
Reference Guide [SPRUI23]).
For your safety and convenience during general code development, testing, and verification,
use an external isolated 15-V power supply to power the control section of the board through
DC-power entry macro [M9] (or [M3]).
WARNING
The ground planes of both the power domains can be same or
different depending on hardware configuration.
Meet proper isolation requirements before connecting any test
equipment with the board to ensure the safety of yourself and your
equipment.
Review the GND connections in the DesignDRIVE Development Kit
IDDK v2.2 Hardware Reference Guide (SPRUI23) before powering the
board.
As the default configuration, the experiment uses one common HOT GND that connects the control and
power circuits. (See entry 4 of Table 3-2, Power Supply Connection Configuration in the DesignDRIVE
Development Kit IDDK v2.2 Hardware Reference Guide [SPRUI23].)
For setting up the experimental hardware, perform the following steps:
1. Ensure that jumpers [Main]-J6, [Main]-J7, and [Main]-J8 in front of macro M9, are populated.
2. Ensure that resistors [Main] R8 through R13 are populated.
3. Ensure that GND plane resistors R14 and R15 are mounted. (See Figure 3-12,Various GND Planes on
the Bottom Side of Board and Figure 3-13, Default Connection of Various GND Planes of
DesignDRIVE Development Kit IDDK v2.2 Hardware Reference Guide [SPRUI23].)
4. Unpack the TMDXCNCD28377D control card.
5. Slide the card into the connector slot of [Main]-H1. (Push down using even pressure on both ends of
the card until it cannot slide further. To remove the card, spread open the retaining clips and pull the
card out, applying even force at the edges.)
6. Connect a USB cable to connector J1 on the control card. (The control card isolates the JTAG signals
between the C2000 device and the computer. LED D2 on the control card should light.)
7. Ensure that toggle switch [M9]-SW1 is in the Int position.
8. Connect an isolated 15-V DC-power supply to [M9]-JP1.
9. Turn on toggle switch [M9]-SW1. ([M9]-LD1 should turn on.
NOTE: More LEDs on the control card light up. These LEDs indicate that the control card is
receiving power from the board.
Connect the motor to the [Main]-TB1 terminals only after finishing the first incremental build.
10. Apply the DC-bus power only when the guide instructs by. Two options exist to get DC-bus power:
• To use an external, variable DC-power supply, do the following:
(a) Set the power-supply output to zero.
(b) Connect [Main]-BS2 and [Main]-BS3 to the + and – terminals of the DC-power supply,
respectively. (See Figure 3-1.)
• To use AC-Mains power, do the following:
(a) Connect [Main]-BS1 to [Main]-BS2 using a banana plug cord.
(b) Connect the end of the AC-power cord to [Main]-P1.
(c) Set the output of the variac to zero.
(d) Connect the variac to the wall supply through an isolator. (See Figure 3-2.)
(e) Connect the other end fo the AC-power cord to the output of the variac.
WARNING
DC-bus capacitors remain charged long after the mains supply is
disconnected. Use caution.
Figure 3-1. Connection Diagram With External Variable DC-Power Supply Providing DC-Bus Voltage
NOTE: Allow the installer to download and update any automatically-checked software for C2000.
NOTE: When Code Composer Studio opens, the workspace launcher may appear that requests the
selection of a workspace location on the hard drive where all the settings for the IDE, that is,
which projects are open, what configuration is selected, and so forth. are saved. This can be
anywhere on the disk. The location mentioned in the following steps is for reference. If this is
not your first time to run Code Composer, the dialog in the following steps may not appear).
2. Click Browse.
3. Create the following path: C:\c2000 projects\CCSv6_workspaces\IDDK_workspace
4. Uncheck the box labeled Use this as the default and do not ask again.
5. Click OK.
NOTE: A Getting Started tab opens with links to tasks for creating a new project, importing an
existing project, and watching a tutorial on CCS.
NOTE: You must set up the Target Configuration to configure Code Composer Studio to recognize
the MCU to which it must connect. The target configurations are already set up in
xds100v2_F2837x.ccxml in the project files.
6. If you intend to use the configuration file included in the project files, skip to step 28. To create your
own configuration file, proceed to the next step.
7. Click View to set a new configuration file.
8. Click Target Configuration to open the Target Configuration window.
9. Click in the Target Configuration window.
10. Name the new configuration file based on the target device.
NOTE: If Use shared location is checked, store this configuration file in a common location by CCS
for use by other projects.
NOTE: Alternatively, to use the Target Configuration file in the controlSUITE project at any time,
proceed to step 22 or skip to step 28.
NOTE: If this is your first time using Code Composer, xds100v2-F2837x must be the default target
configuration.
1. To verify if xds100v2-f2837x.ccxml is the default configuration file, view this file in the expanded project
structure and check to see if [Active/Debug] status is marked next to it.
2. Click Target Configurations to edit existing target configurations or change the default or active
configuration.
3. Right-click the name of the target configuration to link a target configuration to a project in the
workspace.
4. Select Link to Project.
NOTE: The project can be configured to create code and run in either flash or RAM. For lab
experiments, use the RAM configuration most of the time and use the flash configuration for
production.
5. Right-click the project you wish to work with if there are multiple projects in the workspace.
6. Click View.
7. Select Active Build Configuration.
8. Click the F2837x_RAM configuration. (See Figure 4-4.)
NOTE: After testing build 1, redefine BUILDLEVEL to LEVEL2 for the next level tests. Increment the
BUILDLEVEL and perform the tests for each level until all builds are complete.
DlogCh1=rg1.Out;
DlogCh2=svgen1.Ta;
DlogCh3=svgen1.Tb;
DlogCh4=svgen1.Tc;
7. Confirm that the datalog buffers point to the correct variables.
NOTE: These datalog buffers are large arrays that contain value-triggered data that can be
displayed in a graph. In other incremental builds, variables may be put into this buffer to be
graphed. The previous code is an example where the datalog buffers are pointed to the
space vector generator module.
NOTE: A window as shown in Figure 4-5 may pop up if this is the first time opening the debug
window. The window requests that you select one of the two CPUs in F28377x with which to
connect.
NOTE: Clicking this mode automatically selects (Enable polite real-time mode). This action lets
you edit and view variables in real-time. Do not reset the CPU unless you disable these real-
time options.
22. If a message box appears, select yes to enable the debug events.
NOTE: This action sets bit 1 (the DGBM bit) of status register 1 (ST1) to 0. The DGBM is the debug
enable mask bit. When the DGBM bit is set to 0, memory and register values can pass to the
host processor to update the debugger windows.
NOTE: The watch window uses the same number format with which the variable is declared.
Alternately, you can import a group of variables into the Expressions window by doing the following:
(a) Right-click in the Expressions window.
(b) Click Import.
(c) Navigate to the .txt file containing these variables.
(d) Navigate to the root directory of the project.
(e) Pick Variables_IDDK_Level1.txt.
(f) Click OK to import the variables. (See Figure 4-6.)
4. Click (Continuous Refresh) in the watch window.
NOTE: This action enables the window to run with real-time mode. If you click the down arrow in this
watch window, you can select Customize Continuous Refresh Interval and edit the refresh
rate of the watch window. Choosing an interval that is too fast can affect performance.
The datalog buffers point to different system variables depending on the build level. The
buffers let you inspect the variables and judge the performance of the system. Figure 4-7
shows open and setup time graph windows to plot the data log buffers.
Alternatively, you can import graph configurations files in the project folder by doing the following:
(a) Click Tools.
(b) Click Graph.
(c) Click DualTime...
(d) Click Import.
(e) Navigate to C:\TI\ControlSUITE\developement_kits\TMDSIDDK_v1.0\IDDK_PM_Servo_F2837x.
(f) Select Graph1.graphProp. (The Graph Properties window should look like Figure 4-7.)
(g) Click OK to add graphs to your debug perspective.
(h) Click (Continuous Refresh).
NOTE: If using a second graph window, import Graph2.prop (the beginning address for this
should be DBUFF_4CH3 and DBUFF_4CH4).
The default dlog.prescaler is set to 5, which lets the dlog function to only log one out of
every five samples.
Set the default dlog.trig_value to the correct value to generate trigger for the plot similar
to using an oscilloscope within a debug environment.
NOTE: The project runs and the values in the graphs and watch window continuously update. The
following screen captures are typical CCS perspectives while using this project. You may
resize the windows.
NOTE: This halts the program and disconnects Code Composer from the MCU.
Terminating the debug session each time you change or run the code is unnecessary. Instead of
terminating, do the following after rebuilding the project:
1. Click Run.
2. Click Reset.
3. Click (CPU Reset).
4. Click Run.
5. Click (Restart).
6. Enable real-time options.
NOTE: After completing the tests, you can end the debug session as follows.
NOTE: Feel free to change the PWM switching frequency (ISR frequency). Choose the ISR
frequency as a submultiple of the PWM frequency.
3 Regulatory Notices:
3.1 United States
3.1.1 Notice applicable to EVMs not FCC-Approved:
This kit is designed to allow product developers to evaluate electronic components, circuitry, or software associated with the kit
to determine whether to incorporate such items in a finished product and software developers to write software applications for
use with the end product. This kit is not a finished product and when assembled may not be resold or otherwise marketed unless
all required FCC equipment authorizations are first obtained. Operation is subject to the condition that this product not cause
harmful interference to licensed radio stations and that this product accept harmful interference. Unless the assembled kit is
designed to operate under part 15, part 18 or part 95 of this chapter, the operator of the kit must operate under the authority of
an FCC license holder or must secure an experimental authorization under part 5 of this chapter.
3.1.2 For EVMs annotated as FCC – FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Part 15 Compliant:
CAUTION
This device complies with part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) This device may not
cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause
undesired operation.
Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to
operate the equipment.
3.2 Canada
3.2.1 For EVMs issued with an Industry Canada Certificate of Conformance to RSS-210
Concerning EVMs Including Radio Transmitters:
This device complies with Industry Canada license-exempt RSS standard(s). Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
(1) this device may not cause interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference, including interference that may
cause undesired operation of the device.
3.3.2 Notice for Users of EVMs Considered “Radio Frequency Products” in Japan: EVMs entering Japan may not be certified
by TI as conforming to Technical Regulations of Radio Law of Japan.
If User uses EVMs in Japan, not certified to Technical Regulations of Radio Law of Japan, User is required by Radio Law of
Japan to follow the instructions below with respect to EVMs:
1. Use EVMs in a shielded room or any other test facility as defined in the notification #173 issued by Ministry of Internal
Affairs and Communications on March 28, 2006, based on Sub-section 1.1 of Article 6 of the Ministry’s Rule for
Enforcement of Radio Law of Japan,
2. Use EVMs only after User obtains the license of Test Radio Station as provided in Radio Law of Japan with respect to
EVMs, or
3. Use of EVMs only after User obtains the Technical Regulations Conformity Certification as provided in Radio Law of Japan
with respect to EVMs. Also, do not transfer EVMs, unless User gives the same notice above to the transferee. Please note
that if User does not follow the instructions above, User will be subject to penalties of Radio Law of Japan.
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【無線電波を送信する製品の開発キットをお使いになる際の注意事項】 開発キットの中には技術基準適合証明を受けて
いないものがあります。 技術適合証明を受けていないもののご使用に際しては、電波法遵守のため、以下のいずれかの
措置を取っていただく必要がありますのでご注意ください。
1. 電波法施行規則第6条第1項第1号に基づく平成18年3月28日総務省告示第173号で定められた電波暗室等の試験設備でご使用
いただく。
2. 実験局の免許を取得後ご使用いただく。
3. 技術基準適合証明を取得後ご使用いただく。
なお、本製品は、上記の「ご使用にあたっての注意」を譲渡先、移転先に通知しない限り、譲渡、移転できないものとします。
上記を遵守頂けない場合は、電波法の罰則が適用される可能性があることをご留意ください。 日本テキサス・イ
ンスツルメンツ株式会社
東京都新宿区西新宿6丁目24番1号
西新宿三井ビル
3.3.3 Notice for EVMs for Power Line Communication: Please see http://www.tij.co.jp/lsds/ti_ja/general/eStore/notice_02.page
電力線搬送波通信についての開発キットをお使いになる際の注意事項については、次のところをご覧くださ
い。http://www.tij.co.jp/lsds/ti_ja/general/eStore/notice_02.page
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4 EVM Use Restrictions and Warnings:
4.1 EVMS ARE NOT FOR USE IN FUNCTIONAL SAFETY AND/OR SAFETY CRITICAL EVALUATIONS, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO EVALUATIONS OF LIFE SUPPORT APPLICATIONS.
4.2 User must read and apply the user guide and other available documentation provided by TI regarding the EVM prior to handling
or using the EVM, including without limitation any warning or restriction notices. The notices contain important safety information
related to, for example, temperatures and voltages.
4.3 Safety-Related Warnings and Restrictions:
4.3.1 User shall operate the EVM within TI’s recommended specifications and environmental considerations stated in the user
guide, other available documentation provided by TI, and any other applicable requirements and employ reasonable and
customary safeguards. Exceeding the specified performance ratings and specifications (including but not limited to input
and output voltage, current, power, and environmental ranges) for the EVM may cause personal injury or death, or
property damage. If there are questions concerning performance ratings and specifications, User should contact a TI
field representative prior to connecting interface electronics including input power and intended loads. Any loads applied
outside of the specified output range may also result in unintended and/or inaccurate operation and/or possible
permanent damage to the EVM and/or interface electronics. Please consult the EVM user guide prior to connecting any
load to the EVM output. If there is uncertainty as to the load specification, please contact a TI field representative.
During normal operation, even with the inputs and outputs kept within the specified allowable ranges, some circuit
components may have elevated case temperatures. These components include but are not limited to linear regulators,
switching transistors, pass transistors, current sense resistors, and heat sinks, which can be identified using the
information in the associated documentation. When working with the EVM, please be aware that the EVM may become
very warm.
4.3.2 EVMs are intended solely for use by technically qualified, professional electronics experts who are familiar with the
dangers and application risks associated with handling electrical mechanical components, systems, and subsystems.
User assumes all responsibility and liability for proper and safe handling and use of the EVM by User or its employees,
affiliates, contractors or designees. User assumes all responsibility and liability to ensure that any interfaces (electronic
and/or mechanical) between the EVM and any human body are designed with suitable isolation and means to safely
limit accessible leakage currents to minimize the risk of electrical shock hazard. User assumes all responsibility and
liability for any improper or unsafe handling or use of the EVM by User or its employees, affiliates, contractors or
designees.
4.4 User assumes all responsibility and liability to determine whether the EVM is subject to any applicable international, federal,
state, or local laws and regulations related to User’s handling and use of the EVM and, if applicable, User assumes all
responsibility and liability for compliance in all respects with such laws and regulations. User assumes all responsibility and
liability for proper disposal and recycling of the EVM consistent with all applicable international, federal, state, and local
requirements.
5. Accuracy of Information: To the extent TI provides information on the availability and function of EVMs, TI attempts to be as accurate
as possible. However, TI does not warrant the accuracy of EVM descriptions, EVM availability or other information on its websites as
accurate, complete, reliable, current, or error-free.
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6. Disclaimers:
6.1 EXCEPT AS SET FORTH ABOVE, EVMS AND ANY WRITTEN DESIGN MATERIALS PROVIDED WITH THE EVM (AND THE
DESIGN OF THE EVM ITSELF) ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" AND "WITH ALL FAULTS." TI DISCLAIMS ALL OTHER
WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, REGARDING SUCH ITEMS, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGEMENT OF ANY
THIRD PARTY PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, TRADE SECRETS OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS.
6.2 EXCEPT FOR THE LIMITED RIGHT TO USE THE EVM SET FORTH HEREIN, NOTHING IN THESE TERMS AND
CONDITIONS SHALL BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING OR CONFERRING ANY RIGHTS BY LICENSE, PATENT, OR ANY
OTHER INDUSTRIAL OR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT OF TI, ITS SUPPLIERS/LICENSORS OR ANY OTHER THIRD
PARTY, TO USE THE EVM IN ANY FINISHED END-USER OR READY-TO-USE FINAL PRODUCT, OR FOR ANY
INVENTION, DISCOVERY OR IMPROVEMENT MADE, CONCEIVED OR ACQUIRED PRIOR TO OR AFTER DELIVERY OF
THE EVM.
7. USER'S INDEMNITY OBLIGATIONS AND REPRESENTATIONS. USER WILL DEFEND, INDEMNIFY AND HOLD TI, ITS
LICENSORS AND THEIR REPRESENTATIVES HARMLESS FROM AND AGAINST ANY AND ALL CLAIMS, DAMAGES, LOSSES,
EXPENSES, COSTS AND LIABILITIES (COLLECTIVELY, "CLAIMS") ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH ANY
HANDLING OR USE OF THE EVM THAT IS NOT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS. THIS OBLIGATION
SHALL APPLY WHETHER CLAIMS ARISE UNDER STATUTE, REGULATION, OR THE LAW OF TORT, CONTRACT OR ANY
OTHER LEGAL THEORY, AND EVEN IF THE EVM FAILS TO PERFORM AS DESCRIBED OR EXPECTED.
9. Return Policy. Except as otherwise provided, TI does not offer any refunds, returns, or exchanges. Furthermore, no return of EVM(s)
will be accepted if the package has been opened and no return of the EVM(s) will be accepted if they are damaged or otherwise not in
a resalable condition. If User feels it has been incorrectly charged for the EVM(s) it ordered or that delivery violates the applicable
order, User should contact TI. All refunds will be made in full within thirty (30) working days from the return of the components(s),
excluding any postage or packaging costs.
10. Governing Law: These terms and conditions shall be governed by and interpreted in accordance with the laws of the State of Texas,
without reference to conflict-of-laws principles. User agrees that non-exclusive jurisdiction for any dispute arising out of or relating to
these terms and conditions lies within courts located in the State of Texas and consents to venue in Dallas County, Texas.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, any judgment may be enforced in any United States or foreign court, and TI may seek injunctive relief
in any United States or foreign court.
Mailing Address: Texas Instruments, Post Office Box 655303, Dallas, Texas 75265
Copyright © 2015, Texas Instruments Incorporated
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