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ENDOSPORES  Low molecular weight compounds

- specialized resting cells
- Bacillus spp The Cytoplasmic Membrane
- spherical or oval in shape - Sturdy barrier ( cause of lipid molecules)
- Dormant – unable to take up nutrients FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
because endospores are product of o 75% phospholipids
sporogenesis o 20% cholesterol (steroid with attached
- Location : hydroxyl group)
 terminal (at one end) o 5% glycolipids (lipids with
 central carbohydrates)
 subterminal (near one end) - Glycoproteins – production of toxins
- can tolerate extreme cold and heat (virulence factor)
- can tolerate lack of water - Phospholipid bilayer – 30%-60% of its
- can tolerate many toxic chemicals (because weight
it has a thick wall and 3 additional layer - Glycolipid : protection and lubrication
- produced by Gram-positive bacteria (lipids are stored as fat which serves as
(capable of producing endospores) except energy source and insulin)
Coxiella burnetti ( Gram positive bacteria - No sterol content
that causes Q fever ) Functions:
- can tolerate extreme heat and toxic 1. Selective barrier
chemicals - Selectively permeable membrane
Sporulation or Sporogenesis - Separates intracellular and extracellular
- process of endospore formation 2. Secretion and synthesis of enzymes and
- due to nutritional deprivation bacterial toxins
 Resistant to destruction  respiration (aerobic and anaerobic)
- Dipicolinic acid, calcium ions  oxidative phosphorylation (ATP
** Carbon and nitrogen - scarce molecules from other sources)
Germination  biosynthesis (formation of new chemical
- Return of endospore to its vegetative state compounds)
What happens during germination? 3. Energy generation-insulating barrier
1. Physical or chemical damage 4. Cell membrane proteins involved:
- Starts breaking down in endospores a. Electron transport
permitting entry of nutrients and water b. Lipid biosynthesis
then finally returning to its vegetative c. Synthesis of the cell all constituents
cell d. DNA replication
2. Endospore’s enzymes 5. Active transport of materials into the
3. Water cytoplasm
4. Metabolism Passive processes:
CYTOPLASM  simple diffusion: movement
- 80% water of molecules from higher
- fluid substance within cell protected by concentration to lower
cytoplasmic membrane concentration
- contains primarily:  facilitated diffusion: channel
 Proteins (enzymes) & carrier proteins (integral
 Carbohydrates and peripheral proteins)
 Lipids  osmosis: movement of water
 Inorganic ions molecules from an area of
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lower concentration of Bacterial

solutes to higher - 30 S – 16 S rRNA
concentration of solutes - 50 S – 23 S & 5 S rRNA
Active Transport
 active transport uses ATP to Enzymes
move substances  Anabolic enzymes – responsible for forming
 Group translocation: complex substances from simpler ones
- substances being  Catabolic enzymes – catabolize large
transported is altered molecules to form simple ones
- exclusively for prokaryotes Inclusions and Granules
 also known as phospho  Polysaccharide inclusions
6. Site of antibiotic action  chains of monosaccharides
consisting primarily of glycogen and
NUCLEOID starch and can be demonstrated by
- Single and continuous double stranded Iodine staining (glycogen granules
DNA that carries all genetic material appear as reddish-brown, while
- Cell structure and function starch appear blue)
- Not surrounded by a nuclear envelope  Lipid inclusions
Mycobacterium, Bacillus, Azobacter,
EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNA Spirillum
1. Plasmids - Common lipid storage ( Poly – B –
- Double-stranded DNA hydroxylbutyric acid)
- Inherited by the progeny (result of - Stained by fat-soluble dyes (Sudan
sexual/asexual reproduction) cells Black, Oil Red “O”)
- Covalently closed circles of dsDNA  Metachromatic Dyes of Volutin Granules
2. Transposons - Reddish pink color when stained by
- Sequences of DNA that jump from methylene blue
one location to another: - Composed of inorganic phosphate
 Creating or reversing  Corynebacterium, Yersinia,
mutations Mycobacterium
 Altering cell’s genetic identity  Sulfur granules
 Altering genome size  “sulfur bacteria”
RIBOSOMES - Thiobacillus (responsible for oxidizing
- Site of protein synthesis sulfur and other sulfur containing
Prokaryotes: 70S compounds)
Eukaryotes: 60S CARBOXYSOMES
Svedberg unit(S) – indirect measure - ribosome – 1,5 – diphosphate
of ribosomal unit based on carboxylase
sedimentation rate - because of our photosynthetic bacteria,
Total cellular RNA: they utilize CO2 as sole source of
80% rRNA (protein builders) carbon
20% tRNA (translation of nucleic - nitrifying bacteria (utilizes carbon as
acids as proteins and amino acids) & source of energy), cyanobacteria
mRNA(relaying information from GAS VACUOLES
DNA to ribosomes) - hollow cavities covered by protein
- responsible for cells buoyancy
- found in aquatic prokaryotes
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 cyanobacteria Vitamin K which is beneficial to host

 anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria cell)
 halobacteria  Bacterial antagonism (getting nutrients
 Thiobacillius and protecting host against pathogenic
- move downward to reach nutrients and light organisms)
MAGNETOSOMES PARASITISM
- attach to specific sides at deeper level of - Beneficial to one symbiont
water - Detrimental to another symbiont
- inclusions of iron oxide - Opportunistic organism
- acts as a magnet SYNERGISM
- Found in Gram negative bacteria ( A. Synergistic infections
Magnetospirillum, Magnetotacticum ) - Team up or 2 or more organism to
- They attach to different sides in deeper cause infection/disease which they do
ocean using magnetosomes not normally cause themselves
HOST – BACTERIA INTERACTION - E.g. Chronic hepatitis
*Environment can select reservoir B. Mix infections: Polymicrobic
ECOLOGY - presence of 2 or more bacteria to cause
- Systematic study of interrelationships that specific infection/disease
exist between organisms and their - E.g. Vincent’s disease – trench mouth or
environment and other living organisms and Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
its non-living environment caused by :
- MICROBIAL ECOLOGY: Fusobacterium
 microbes to microbes Actinomyces
 microbes with other organisms Spirochetes
 microbes with non-living Prevotella
environment Bacterial Vaginosis – common for
SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS pregnant women caused by
SYMBIOSIS Mobiluncus spp
- interaction by two dissimilar organism Gardnerella vaginalis
NEUTRALISM
MICROBIAL RESERVOIR AND TRANSMISSION
- neither symbiont (organism that is part of
Reservoir – it is where organisms thrive and
symbiosis) is affected by the relationship
multiply
- neither harmed nor benefited
Transmission – a way where microorganisms are
COMMENSALISM
transmitted to susceptible host
- beneficial to one symbiont and no
A. Living reservoir
consequence to the other organism
1. HUMANS: has infectious disease, carriers
- indigenous microbiota (normal microflora)
*because of strong immune system we humans are  Passive Carrier
not harmed - Harbor pathogen, no signs and
** Opportunistic pathogens – suppressed or being symptoms but can transmit the
immunocompromise disease
MUTUALISM  Convalescent Carrier
- beneficial to both symbiont - Can transmit pathogen during
- e.g. normal GIT flora (best example) recovery
 Enterococcus faecalis which is formerly - Ex. Chicken pox
known as Staphylococcus faecalis ( gets  Active Carrier
nutrients from its host and produces
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- Harbor pathogen, have signs 2. Specific defenses

and symptoms can transmit the - Specific defense mechanism
pathogen directed to microorganism (e.g.
2. ANIMALS antibiotics)
 Direct Transmission
- Through animal bites (e.g. INTERACTION: HOST, PATHOGEN,
rabies) ENVIRONMENT
 Indirect Transmission Pathogen:
- Reservoir to host (e.g. eating  Virulence – degree of pathogenicity
infected animal products)  Portal of entry – access of pathogen
3. INSECTS when it enters the susceptible host
- Bridge the transmission of reservoir and  Infectious dose – number of
the host organism to cause a disease
 Mechanical vectors: vectors can Host:
acquire pathogen and transmit  Health status
without developing  Nutritional status
 Biological vector: (e.g. Anopheles  Susceptibility – the person is
mosquito – can transmit Malaria) predisposed to a certain disease, or
B. Non-living reservoir ability to resist an infection
1. Environment – air, soil, dust Environment:
2. Food, Water and milk – vehicular e.g. diarrhea – can thrive in tropical
transmission (via contamination) countries
3. Fomites - well, also known as travelling
- Inanimate objects which can be disease
contaminated and transport the  Physical factors – weather, climate,
pathogen geographic location
 Sanitation and Hygiene – bacteria
Modes of Transmission can be favorable to unsanitized area
Principal Modes of Transmission:  Availability of potable water – safe
1. Content water
2. Airborne
3. Droplet CHAIN OF INFECTION
4. Vehicular
5. Vector-borne

MICROORGANISM COLONIZATION SURFACE

Colonization – initial encounter with microorganism
- persistent survival of the microorganism on
a surface of the human body
- colonization is dictated by the host’s
defenses
1. Inducible defenses
- Triggered in response to presence of
pathogens (e.g. inflammation – a
way for body to produce chemical
attractants for WBC)
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FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF Infections that may develop:

INFECTIOUS AGENT  UTI
A. Sporadic Infection  surgical wound infections
- Infectious disease that occur  Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
occasionally in a given geographic  Septicemia – can lead to death if
area untreated because of shutting of
Why? organs
a. Neglect of vaccination Susceptibility
b. Neglect of proper sanitation - Patients who have undergone surgeries
B. Endemic infection - Burn patients
- Infectious diseases that are - Diabetic and carrier patients
constantly present within a - Extreme ages – pediatric and geriatric
population of a particular geographic patients
area - Intake of immunosuppressive drugs – graft
Factors affecting rate of occurrence: transplant, kidney transplant
- Patients who take in steroids
1. Conditions of the environment - Hemodialysis patients
2. Susceptibility of the population F. Community – Acquired Infections
3. Behavioral factors - infections acquired outside of the health
4. Number of immune people care facility
5. Virulence of pathogen
6. Presence of reservoir

C. Epidemic Infection
- Outbreaks
- Number of cases is greater than
usual occurring within a relatively
short period of time
Ex. nCov
D. Pandemic Infection
- Wide geographic area affecting
exceptionally large population
- e.g. HIV-AIDS
E. Nonsocomial Infections
 hospital – acquired infections
 Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative
bacilli
Common:
 Staphylococcus aureus
 Enterococcus spp.
 Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus
spp.
 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
 Enterobacter spp.
 Klebsiella spp.