Name: Suresh A
Basic Statistics (Module -3)
Q1) Calculate Skewness, Kurtosis & draw inferences on the following data
a. Cars speed and distance
Sol:-
skewness(speed) = -0.1139548 (Negative Skew)
kurtosis (speed) = 2.422853 (distribution is peaked and possess thick tails)
skewness(dist) = 0.7824835 (Positive Skew) (The right tail is longer; the mass of the
distribution is concentrated on the left of the figure.)
kurtosis (dist)= 3.248019 (distribution is peaked and possess thick tails)
b. Top Speed (SP) and Weight (WT)
Sol:-
skewness(SP) = 1.581454 (Positive Skew) (The right tail is longer; the mass of the
distribution is concentrated on the left of the figure.)
kurtosis(SP)= 5.723521 (distribution is peaked and possess thick tails)
skewness(WT)= -0.6033099 (Negative skew)
kurtosis(WT) = 3.819466 (distribution is peaked and possess thick tails)
Q2) Draw inferences about the following boxplot & histogram
Sol: Skewed right implies the mass of the distribution is concentrated on the left, (Mean >
Median>Mode
Sol:-
The above box plot has outliers at upper extreme.
When the median is closer to the bottom of the box, and if the whisker is shorter on the
lower end of the box, then the distribution is positively skewed (skewed right)
Q3) Suppose we want to estimate the average weight of an adult male in Mexico. We
draw a random sample of 2,000 men from a population of 3,000,000 men and weigh
them. We find that the average person in our sample weighs 200 pounds, and the
standard deviation of the sample is 30 pounds. Calculate 94%, 98%, 96% confidence
interval?
Sol:- Given
Population Size, N= 3,000,000
Sample Size, n= 2000
Sample Standard Deviation, s = 30
Sample Mean, X = 200
Population σ unknown here, we proceed with ‘t’ distribution
Standard error SE =(s/sqrtn)=((30/sqrt1000) = 0.95
The degrees of freedom (df): df = n-1 = 1000-1 = 999
94% confidence interval
Alpha (α): α = 1-(confidence level / 100) =1-(94/100)=0.06
Critical probability (p*): p* = 1-(α/2) = 1-(0.06/2) = 0.97
The critical value is the t score having 999 degrees of freedom and a probability equal to
0.97. From the t chart , we find that the critical value is 1.883.
Margin of error (ME): ME = critical value * standard error = 1.883 * 0.95 = 1.789
The range of the confidence interval is sample statistic + margin of error.
Therefore internal estimate , 94% confidence interval = 200+1.789
= [198.211, 201.789]
98% confidence interval
Alpha (α): α = 1-(confidence level / 100) =1-(98/100)=0.02
Critical probability (p*): p* = 1-(α/2) = 1-(0.02/2) = 0.99
The critical value is the t score having 999 degrees of freedom and a probability equal to
0.99. From the t chart , we find that the critical value is 2.056.
Margin of error (ME): ME = critical value * standard error = 2.330 * 0.95 = 2.213
The range of the confidence interval is sample statistic + margin of error.
Therefore internal estimate , 98% confidence interval = 200+2.213
= [197.787, 202.213]
96% confidence interval
Alpha (α): α = 1-(confidence level / 100) =1-(96/100)=0.04
Critical probability (p*): p* = 1-(α/2) = 1-(0.04/2) = 0.98
The critical value is the t score having 999 degrees of freedom and a probability equal to
0.98. From the t chart , we find that the critical value is 2.056.
Margin of error (ME): ME = critical value * standard error = 2.056 * 0.95 = 1.953
The range of the confidence interval is sample statistic + margin of error.
Therefore internal estimate , 96% confidence interval = 200+1.953
= [198.047, 201.953]
Q4) Below are the scores obtained by a student in tests
34,36,36,38,38,39,39,40,40,41,41,41,41,42,42,45,49,56
1) Find mean, median, variance, standard deviation.
Sol:- mean; mean()= 41
median; median()=40.5
variance; var()=25.52941
standard deviation; sd()= 5.052664
2) What can we say about the student marks?
Sol:- discrete data type, Normally distributed, where mean= median=mode
Q5) What is the nature of skewness when mean, median of data are equal?
Sol:- Zero skewness; symmetrical distribution
Q6) What is the nature of skewness when mean > median?
Sol:- Positive skew, the mass of the distribution is concentrated on the left side and long
tail on right side.
Q7) What is the nature of skewness when median > mean?
Sol:- Negative skewness, mass of the distribution concentrated on right side and long tail
on left side.
Q8) What does positive kurtosis value indicates for a data?
Sol:- Distribution is peaked and possess thick tails
Q9) What does negative kurtosis value indicates for a data?
Sol:- Distribution has wider peak thinner tails
Q10) Answer the below questions using the below boxplot visualization.
What can we say about the distribution of the data?
Sol:- When the median is closer to the top of the box, and if the whisker is shorter on the
upper end of the box, then the distribution is negatively skewed (skewed left)
What is nature of skewness of the data?
Sol:- Negative Skew (Left Skewed)
What will be the IQR of the data (approximately)?
Sol:- IQR= Q3-Q1=18-10=8
Q11) Comment on the below Boxplot visualizations?
Draw an Inference from the distribution of data for Boxplot 1 with respect Boxplot 2.
Sol:- Boxplot 1 is not widely spread, where as Boxplot2 is widely spread.
IQR of Boxplot 1 is less compared to Boxplot2
Q12)
Answer the following three questions based on the boxplot above.
(i) What is inter-quartile range of this dataset? (please approximate the numbers)
In one line, explain what this value implies.
Sol:- IQR= Q3-Q1= 12-5= 7, This value implies Median
(ii) What can we say about the skewness of this dataset?
Sol:- Positive Skew, When the median is closer to the bottom of the box, and if the
whisker is shorter on the lower end of the box, then the distribution is positively
skewed (skewed right).
(iii) If it was found that the data point with the value 25 is actually 2.5, how
would the new boxplot be affected?
Sol:- The distribution of the data will become symmetrical
Q13)
Answer the following three questions based on the histogram above.
(i) Where would the mode of this dataset lie?
Sol:- between 4 &8
(ii) Comment on the skewness of the dataset.
Sol:- Positive skew, the mass of the distribution is concentrated on the left side.
(iii) Suppose that the above histogram and the boxplot in question 12 are plotted for
the same dataset. Explain how these graphs complement each other in
providing information about any dataset.
Sol:- Based on the two graphs, we can find the exact number of outliers.
I have assessed your assignments, in Q13(3) histogram will give you information about only
distribution about data whether its normally distributed or not, and with box plot you can look into outliers and
the IQR regions as well.
Hints:
1. Business Problem
1.1. Objective
1.2. Constraints (if any)
2. For each assignment the solution should be submitted in the below format
3. Research and Perform all possible steps for obtaining solution
4. For Basic Statistics explanation of the solutions should be documented in black and white
along with the codes.
One must follow these guidelines as well:
4.1. Be thorough with the concepts of Probability, Central Limit Theorem and Perform the
calculation stepwise
4.2. For True/False Questions, explanation is must.
4.3. R & Python code for Univariate Analysis (histogram, box plot, bar plots etc.) for data
distribution to be attached
5. All the codes (executable programs) should execute without errors