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Class Exercise: Transformer Overcurrent Protection: 1 Prot401 - Exercise - Transformerocprotection - R5

This document provides details for an exercise to determine settings for instantaneous overcurrent elements on the primary side of a 5 MVA, 34.5/13.8 kV distribution transformer. It includes short circuit current values, requirements to secure the elements for secondary faults and inrush, and guidelines for setting relays to provide transformer through-fault protection using Category II damage curves. The exercise involves calculating relay pickup settings, fault currents, and comparing operating times to damage curves to ensure adequate protection.

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435 views8 pages

Class Exercise: Transformer Overcurrent Protection: 1 Prot401 - Exercise - Transformerocprotection - R5

This document provides details for an exercise to determine settings for instantaneous overcurrent elements on the primary side of a 5 MVA, 34.5/13.8 kV distribution transformer. It includes short circuit current values, requirements to secure the elements for secondary faults and inrush, and guidelines for setting relays to provide transformer through-fault protection using Category II damage curves. The exercise involves calculating relay pickup settings, fault currents, and comparing operating times to damage curves to ensure adequate protection.

Uploaded by

pol
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class Exercise: Transformer Overcurrent Protection

PROT401_Exercise_TransformerOCProtection_r5 1
Class Exercise: Transformer Overcurrent Protection

Exercise: Given the following data, your task is to determine the settings of the instantaneous
overcurrent elements on the 34.5 kV side of the example industrial substation transformer and to
check transformer through-fault protection.

• Transformer data: 5 MVA, 34.5/13.8 kV, Z = 6.5%

• Three-phase short-circuit currents:

 34.5 kV bus = 5,000 A

 13.8 kV bus = 2,572 A

Requirements:

• The instantaneous overcurrent element must be secure for secondary side faults and
transformer inrush conditions

• Relays 1 and 3 must provide proper transformer through-fault protection

PROT401_Exercise_TransformerOCProtection_r5 2
Class Exercise: Transformer Overcurrent Protection

For Category II transformers, two through-fault protection curves apply, as the figure shows.

The left-hand curve reflects both thermal and mechanical damage considerations and may be used for
selecting feeder protective device time-current characteristics for frequent fault incidence
applications (for example, faults occurring more than five times during the service life of the
transformer). There are different curves for different transformer impedances.

The right-hand curve reflects primarily thermal damage considerations and may be used for selecting
feeder protective device time-current characteristics for infrequent fault incidence applications. This
curve may also be used for selecting a main secondary side protective device (if applicable) and
primary side protective device time-current characteristics for all applications regardless of the
anticipated level of fault incidence.

PROT401_Exercise_TransformerOCProtection_r5 3
Class Exercise: Transformer Overcurrent Protection

The Relay 3 50 element pickup setting must comply with two conditions:

1. The 50 element should not operate for faults on the secondary side bus. We use a security
factor of 1.25 in this example.

2. The 50 element should not operate during a severe transformer inrush condition. We assume
a maximum expected inrush current equal to 15 times transformer rated current.

PROT401_Exercise_TransformerOCProtection_r5 4
Class Exercise: Transformer Overcurrent Protection

For small transformers, the heating produced during an energization with a large inrush current is
equivalent to the heating produced by a sinusoidal current with an rms value of 12 times the
transformer rated current for 0.1 second.

Using this criterion for fuses (which responds to the rms current) ensures that the fuse operation time
is longer than 0.1 second for a current equal to 12 times the transformer rated current.

Applying the same criterion for relays provides a conservative margin, because relays are known to
respond less sensitively to inrush than fuses. Digital overcurrent elements, for example, typically
respond to the current fundamental frequency component, which is smaller than the rms value of the
inrush current.

PROT401_Exercise_TransformerOCProtection_r5 5
Class Exercise: Transformer Overcurrent Protection

Relay 1 and Relay 3 must protect the transformer against through-fault damage. We need to compare
the Relay 1 and Relay 3 operating times with the damage times given by the Category II damage
curves for the maximum through-fault current, which is that for a three-phase fault at the low-side
bus. This slide shows the calculation of the per-unit fault current MT.

PROT401_Exercise_TransformerOCProtection_r5 6
Class Exercise: Transformer Overcurrent Protection

Relay 1 provides the primary protection function for external faults. In an overhead feeder, this fault
is a frequent event. For this reason, use the Category II transformer frequent fault curve for Relay 1.
We must ensure that the instantaneous overcurrent element of Relay 1 operates before the fault
damages the transformer.

PROT401_Exercise_TransformerOCProtection_r5 7
Class Exercise: Transformer Overcurrent Protection

For external faults, Relay 3 must operate only if the faulted feeder protection (Relay 1) fails to
operate, which is a rare event. For this reason, use the Category II transformer unfrequent fault curve
for Relay 3 setting calculation. We must ensure that Relay 3 operates before the fault damages the
transformer.

Calculate the relay operating time for the three-phase external fault current. Compare the results and
determine if the transformer is well protected. Leave a security factor for the breaker clearing time.

PROT401_Exercise_TransformerOCProtection_r5 8

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