CBE 202 Part Two: Energy Balances

Chapter 7 : Energy and Energy balances

Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

Tae-Hyun Bae
School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
Office: 4108@W1-3
[email protected]

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering

 Chapter 7 Key concepts

• Introduction: what is energy

• Energy balance in a closed and open systems
• Steam Table (Thermodynamic data)
• Mechanical energy balance

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 2

Chapter 7.1: Introduction
• What is Energy?
• System, Surroundings, and
Boundary

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 3

 7.1 Introduction: What is Energy

• Energy is ability to do Work, W.

• Work = Force X Distance, (Unit: Joule, J)
- 1 Joule (N.m) = 1 Newton X 1 Meter
- Force = Mass X Acceleration
! ! #
- 𝑁= 𝑘𝑔 !, 1𝐽 = 1𝑘𝑔 Pulley
" "
• Power, P is the rate of doing work.
- P = Work/Time, unit is Watt or
Horsepower.
Force
- 1 Watt = J/s
- 1 Horsepower = 0.7457 kW

Weight
Energy required to pull the
weight = Work, W

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 4

Two Means of Energy Transfer
• Work and Heat are two means of energy transfer.
• Let us understand this further with the help of Joule’s
experiment.
In Joule’s experiment, the kinetic energy of the plates
is transformed into heat, because the force of gravity
performs work on the weight falling a distance d. This
gave an experimental confirmation of the
equivalence between heat and work.
Let us understand the experiment.

James P. Joule
(1818 – 1889)

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 5

What are Typical Energy Issues?

Energy Save energy,

Energy save the world
crisis is
shortage
looming!
drags our
economy !

Politically: Correct Why?

Scientifically Wrong (or misleading)

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 6

Law of Energy Conservation

Law of Nature

Energy can neither

be created nor Foundation of
destroyed – it is Energy Balance
simply converted.

First Law of
Thermodynamics

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 7

The Quality of Energy and Energy Crisis

Characteristics of high quality energy:

• High in density: kJ/kg
• Easy to convert to other forms
- High ratio of conversion
• Easy to store and transport.

“Energy Crisis”

Shortage of Plenty of low

“useful”(high grade (low
quality) energy quality) energy

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 8

System, Surroundings, and Boundary

What we want
System to study

Interface between
system and
surroundings
Boundary

Other than the

Surroundings system

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 9

Open, Closed, and Isolated Systems

Closed system: Only

allow energy transfer,
no mass interchange
with surroundings

Open system (also Isolated system: No mass,

called control volume): no energy interchange
Mass and energy with surroundings, or a
interchange with closed system
surroundings without energy flow)

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 10

Examples: Open and Closed Systems

Open System

120 Kg H2O (l)/min

$ = 125.7 kJ/Kg
30°C, 𝐻
Boiler 295 Kg H2O (v)/min
175 Kg H2O (l)/min 17 bar, saturated (204°C)
$ = 271.9 kJ/Kg
65°C, 𝐻 $ = 2793 kJ/Kg
𝐻
6-cm ID pipe
Heat
̇
𝑄(kJ/min)

Closed System
Batch Reactor

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 11

 Three Components of Energy in a System

System Kinetic Potential Internal

Energy energy energy energy

Summation of these three forms of energy

E, total energy

𝑬𝑲 𝑬𝑷 U

With respect to certain references

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 12
Kinetic Energy
• Kinetic energy, E", is due to the relative motion of the system
as a whole to a reference.
1
𝐸# = 𝑚𝑢!
2
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 = 𝐽
𝑚 !
1𝐽 = 1𝑘𝑔
𝑠

1
̇ ̇ ! 𝐸̇ # : 𝑊
𝐸# = 𝑚𝑢
𝑚̇ kg/s 2
Rate of Kinetic Energy:
$%&" (()
Power watt = *+,- (.)
CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 13
Potential Energy

• Potential energy, E/, is due to the position in a potential

(gravitational) field.

𝐸+ = 𝑚𝑔∆ℎ 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 = 𝐽

∆𝒉: Height difference with respect

to a reference plane at which EP is
arbitrarily defined to be zero
𝐸+̇ = 𝑚𝑔∆ℎ
̇

𝐸+̇ : 𝑊
𝑚:
̇ 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 14
Internal Energy, U
• Internal energy, U, is sum of all
energies other than kinetics and
potential energy of a system (but
excluding the chemical bond energy,
for example, H2 and He at same
Temperature, T, and Pressure, P,
may have very similar U).
• It is a summation of motion/
interactions/vibration of molecules in
the system.
• Generally, it is a function of
Temperature, Pressure, Components,
and state of aggregation:
à f (T, P, x, state)

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 15

Examples: Internal Energy
Ideal Gas Large Molecule

U: Strongly depends on Temperature. For Ideal Gas, U = f(T) only.

For real gas, solid or liquid, it also depends on P.

Ideal gas is a hypothetical gas consisting of identical particles of:
• Negligible volume
• No intermolecular forces.

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 16

Chapter 7.2: Energy Balance
in a Closed System
• Volumetric Work
• First Law in Closed Systems

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 17

 7.2 Energy Balance in a Closed System

• In a closed system, energy transfer take places only in two

forms:
- Heat, Q
- Work, W
• From first law of thermodynamics (energy conservation):
ΔE = Q + W , where

E (total energy) = U (internal) + 𝐸' (kinetic) + 𝐸( (potential)

∆E (change in total energy) = EFinal ― EInitial
= ΔU + ΔEK + ΔEP

ΔU + Δ𝐸0 + Δ𝐸/ = Q + W
Note: The sign of W is different from the textbook to be consistent with other SCBE subjects.

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 18

Definition of Q and W

Final system
total Energy
− Initial system
total Energy =
Net energy
Transfer

( U + 𝐸. + 𝐸/ )Final (U + 𝐸. + 𝐸/ )Initial Q + W

Q > 0 Heat transfer from surrounding to system

Q < 0 Heat transfer from system to surrounding
W < 0 System does work to surroundings
W > 0 Surroundings does work to system
Gain = positive ‘+’ ; lose = negative ‘-’

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 19

 How to Describe Volumetric Work?

• Piston-Cylinder system is a good demonstration of the first

law in closed system.
A piston-cylinder with 1 Kg of air

100°C,1atm
For constant pressure expansion:

−W = F × ∆S = Pair × A × (S2 − S1) = Pair ∆V

30°C, 1atm ∆U + ∆ Ek \
\ + ∆Ep = Q + W à ∆U = Q + W = Q −Pair ∆V

System does work to surrounding, W<0

System gains heat, Q>0

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 20

 Simplification of First Law

Simplification of first law in

1. Chemical reactors
typical closed systems
ΔEK, ΔEP ≅ 0, vs ΔU

2. System is Adiabatic (Q = 0, ΔE𝐾 and ΔEP = 0)

ΔE = Q + W à ΔU = W

3. System boundary is fixed (and no moving part, W=0, no

volumetric work, ΔE𝐾 and ΔEP = 0)
ΔE = Q + W à ΔU = Q

4. System is isolated (no heat transfer, no volumetric work)

ΔE = Q + W à ΔU = 0, Q=0, W=0

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 21

Example: Energy Balance in a Closed System

A gas is contained in a cylinder fitted with a movable piston. The initial

temperature is 25°C. The cylinder is placed in boiling water with the piston
held in a fixed position.
1. 2.0 kcal of heat is transferred to the gas, which equilibrates at 100°C
(and a high pressure).
2. The piston is then released, and the gas does 100J of work in moving
the piston to its equilibrium position. The final gas temperature is 100°C.

Write the energy balance equation for each of the two

stages of this process, and in each case solve for the
unknown energy term in the equation.
Neglect the change in potential energy of the gas as the
piston moves vertically, and assume the gas is ideal. 25°C
Express all energy in Joule.
100°C

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 22

Solution: Energy Balance in a Closed System

1. Draw process diagram, mark the knowns for stages 0 to 1.

T0 = 25ºC T1 = 100ºC W = -100 J

0 1 2

Q = 2 kcal

T2 = 100ºC

2. Assumptions: ideal gas, neglect potential energy, no

friction, no heat loss
3. Target: find Energy Balance in stage (0-1), (1-2).

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 23

Solution: Energy Balance in a Closed System

4. Identify the tools (first law in a closed system):

ΔU + ΔEK + ΔEP = Q + W
Using assumptions, ΔU = Q + W
Stage 0 à 1,
W = 0 (boundary fixed, no volumetric work done)

∆𝑈 = 𝑄 = 2 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙
2×1000 𝑐𝑎𝑙
= = 8368𝐽
0.239 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝐽

The gas gained 8368 J of internal energy in stage (0à1).

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 24

Solution: Energy Balance in a Closed System

Stage: 1à2 (Isothermal)

ΔU + ΔEK + ΔEP = Q + W

= 0 = 0 = 0 Ideal gas isothermal U= f(T)

0 = Q + W
W = − 100 J, so
Q= 100J

An additional 100J of heat is transferred to the gas as it

expands and re-equilibrated at 100ºC.

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 25

First Law in Daily Life

• Our body can be treated as a closed system à Δ U = Q + W

Assumptions:
1. U = Fat/Muscle (accumulated)
2. Q = Food supply
3. W = Exercise

To reduce U (fat), à ΔU < 0 ,

1. Less input, Q > 0 à Eat less!
2. Do more work to surroundings, W <0 à Exercise more!

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 26

Chapter 7.3: Energy Balance
For open Systems
• Steam Turbine
• Energy Balance Equation

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 27

Key Definitions

• Steady state process: Example: the volume of tea in

the cup
o System parameters that • Transient state, V = f(t)
do not change with time before the cup’s full
• Transient state process: • Steady State, V = Const
o System parameters which after the cup’s full
are function of time •
m = const

Batch Continuous
Process Process

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 28

Properties
Extensive Intensive Specific property is an intensive
property property is property calculated by dividing an
depends on the independent of extensive property by the total amount
size or quantity the size, for (or flow rate) of the process material:
of the system: example, • Volume/mass à specific volume, m3/kg
for example, W, Density, T, and • Specific kinetic energy, kJ/mol
V, and U. P. • Specific internal energy, kJ/mol
• Specific properties also use
the unit XX /kg.

𝑉! = 𝑉/𝑚
𝐸!! = 𝐸! /𝑀
( = 𝑈/𝑀
𝑈
( = 𝑈/
𝑈 ̇ 𝑚̇
CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 29
Deriving Extensive Properties
Derive extensive properties (total amount) from specific properties
5
Total internal energy (U) in Closed system: 𝑈 = 𝑚×𝑈

5%
For multi-components: 𝑈 = 6 𝑚% 𝑈

Total volume (V): 𝑉 = 𝑚×𝑉8

Overall internal energy rate in an open system: 𝑈̇ (𝑘𝐽/𝑠) = 𝑚̇ (𝑘𝑔/𝑠) ×𝑈(𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔)

5

Overall volumetric flow rate: 𝑉̇ (𝑘𝐽/𝑠) = 𝑚̇ (𝑘𝑔/𝑠) ×𝑉(𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔)

8

Specific properties are easy to compare and represent a system.

100 g Which one has 10 g

U=10kJ U=4kJ
H2O a higher T? H2O

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 30

 7.3 Energy Balance for Open Systems

• For open systems, both energy and mass interchange with

surroundings across the boundary.
• Steady State è Constant 𝑋,̇ 𝑋 = 𝑊, 𝑄, 𝑈, 𝐸, 𝑚
o Example: a steam turbine (convert thermal energy to mechanical
energy)

Boundary

Steam, Steam,

̇ 1 , P1
𝒎,T ̇ 2 , P2
𝒎,T

Schematic Diagram of a Steam Turbine

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 31

Flow Work and Shaft Work in an Open System

Total system work rate = shaft work + flow work = 𝑊̇ = 𝑊̇ " + 𝑊̇ 12

Useful
Shaft work = rotation of shaft (mechanical work output)

Flow work: work done by the surrounding to the system

𝑊̇ 12 = 𝑃34 𝑉̇34 − 𝑃567 𝑉̇567 Useless

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 32

Steady State

At steady state: Rate of energy in = Rate of energy out

Rate of Energy in = 𝐸̇@ + 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇
Rate of Energy out = 𝐸̇ ! For closed system

∆𝑬̇ = ∆𝑼̇ + ∆𝑬𝒌̇ + ∆𝑬𝒑̇ = 𝑸̇ + 𝑾̇ Vs. ΔE=ΔU + ΔEK + ΔEP = Q + W

T@ + 𝐸U#@ + 𝐸UA@ + 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ BC + 𝑊̇ D
T! + 𝐸U#! + 𝐸UA! = 𝑚̇ 𝑈
𝑚̇ 𝑈
T! + 𝐸U#! + 𝐸UA! − 𝑈
𝑚̇ 𝑈 T@ + 𝐸U#@ + 𝐸UA@ = 𝑄̇ + 𝑃@𝑉@̇ − 𝑃!𝑉̇! + 𝑊̇ D

T𝟐 + 𝑬
𝒎̇ 𝑼 T 𝒌𝟐 + 𝑬
T 𝒑𝟐 − 𝑼
T𝟏 + 𝑬
T 𝒌𝟏 + 𝑬
T 𝒑𝟏

= 𝑸̇ + 𝑷𝟏 𝒎̇ 𝑽
T 𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 𝒎̇ 𝑽
T 𝟐 + 𝑾̇ 𝒔

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 33

Steady State

J/ + 𝑃/ 𝑉M/ − 𝑈
𝑚̇ 𝑈 J0 + 𝑃0 𝑉M0 + 𝐸M1/ − 𝐸M10 + 𝐸M2/ − 𝐸M20 = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ 3

Note
J≡𝑈
Define: 𝐻 J + 𝑃𝑉M Enthalpy •H is an “artificial” thermodynamic
property, not a physical property,
𝐻̇ = 𝑚̇ 𝐻
J = 𝑈̇ + 𝑃𝑉̇
but convenient for application.
•U and S (entropy) are “real” or
physical property.

J + ∆𝐸M: + ∆𝐸M; = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ "

𝑚̇ ∆𝐻

𝑚∆ J = 𝑚̇ 𝐻
̇ 𝐻 J# − 𝐻
J< = 𝐻̇ # − 𝐻̇ < = ∆𝐻̇

Since ̇ 𝐸M: = 𝑚̇ 𝐸M:# − 𝐸M:< = 𝐸̇ :# − 𝐸̇ :< = ∆𝐸̇ :

𝑚∆

̇ 𝐸M; = ∆𝐸̇ ;
𝑚∆

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 34

Steady State in Open System

• General equation for E-Balance in an open system at

steady state:
∆𝐻̇ + ∆𝐸̇ # + ∆𝐸̇ A = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ D

Previous discussion is for single-stream turbine system,

but it is still valid for multi streams and any open system
For open system with multiple streams at inlet/ outlet:

∆𝐻̇ = O 𝑚̇ = 𝐻
J= − O 𝑚̇ = 𝐻
J=
567;67 34;67

∆𝐸̇ : = O 𝑚̇ = 𝐸M:= − O 𝑚̇ = 𝐸M:=

567;67 34;67

∆𝐸̇ ; = O 𝑚̇ = 𝐸M;= − O 𝑚̇ = 𝐸M;=

567;67 34;67

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 35

Why to use H? No need to consider volumetric/flow work.

Calculate the enthalpy change for the expansion of ideal gas

at constant pressure in a closed system (piston-cylinder)
assuming negligible Ek and Ep .

Solution for a Closed System

ΔU = U2– U1 = Q + W P
= Q - P(V2 – V1) volumetric work
(U2 + P2V2) – ( U1 + P1V1) = Q
à H2 –H1 = ΔH = Q

• Specific Enthalpy: J≡𝑈

𝐻 J + 𝑃𝑉M
Q
• Enthalpy rate: 𝐻̇ ≡ 𝑈̇ + 𝑃𝑉̇

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 36

Example: Calculation of Enthalpy
The specific internal energy of helium at 300K and 1 atm is 3800
J/mol and the specific molar volume at the same temperature and
pressure is 24.63 L/mol. Calculate the specific enthalpy of helium at
this T and P, and the rate at which enthalpy is transported by a
stream of helium at 300K and 1 atm with molar flow rate of 250
kmol/h.

Solution for a Closed System

T=𝑈
𝐻 T + 𝑃𝑉U = 3800 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 1×24.63 𝑎𝑡𝑚. 𝐿/𝑚𝑜𝑙
(Conversion factor: 1 L.atm = 101.3 J)
So that:
T = 6295 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
1 𝐻
2 𝐻̇ = 𝑛× T = 6295×250,000 = 1.57×10J 𝐽/ℎ
̇ 𝐻

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 37

 Simplification of Energy Balance Equation

∆𝐻̇ + ∆𝐸̇ # + ∆𝐸̇ A = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ D

Key considerations for simplification of Energy balance equation in

typical open systems are:
• Chemical reactors, (∆𝑬̇ 𝒌𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∆ 𝑬̇ 𝒑 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒅 𝒃𝒆 𝟎)
o The linear velocities of all streams are the same.
o All steams enter and leave the process at a single height.

• System is Adiabatic (𝑄̇ = 0).

• There is no moving part in the system (𝑊̇ " = 0).
• Specific variable has the same value for all input and output streams (no
T change, phase change, chemical reaction, and pressure change).

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 38

Example: E-balance on a Turbine
500kg/h steam drives a turbine. The steam enters at 44 atm and 450ºC and
a linear velocity of 60 m/s and leaves at a point 5 m below the turbine inlet
at atmospheric pressure and a velocity of 360 m/s. The turbine delivers a
shaft work at the rate of 70 kW, and the heat loss from the turbine is
estimated to be 10,000 kcal/h. Calculate the specific enthalpy change
associated with the process.

Solution

500 kg/h T=𝐻

∆𝐻 T!,LMN − 𝐻
T@,OP =?
W = -70 kW
44 atm
450 ºC 500kg/h
5m
60 m/s 1 atm

Q = -104 kcal/h 360m/s

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 39

E-Balance of Open System

∆𝐻̇ + ∆𝐸̇ # + ∆𝐸̇ A = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ D

∆𝐻̇ = g 𝑚̇ Q 𝐻
TQ − g 𝑚̇ Q 𝐻
TQ
LMNAMN RPAMN

= 𝑚̇ 𝐻TLMN − 𝐻
TOP
= 𝑚∆ T
̇ 𝐻
target

Therefore, we need to ∆𝐸̇ # =? 𝑄̇ =?

find all the other
parameters.
∆𝐸̇ A =? 𝑊̇ D =?

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 40

E-Balance of Open System

500kg/h
Mass Flow (rate) ṁ = = 0.139 kg/s
3600s/h
360 m/s 60 m/s

ṁ /
Kinetic E (rate change) ∆Ė 4 = u/ − u0/ = 8.75 kW
2
-5 m
Potential E (rate change) ∆Ė 5 = mg
̇ z/ − z0 = −6.81×1067 kW
9.8 m/s2
𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 1𝐽 1ℎ 1𝑘𝑊
Heat Transfer (rate) 𝑄̇ = −10& × × ×
ℎ 0.239×10'( 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 3600𝑠 10( 𝐽/𝑠

= −11.6𝑘𝑊

Power output (rate) 𝑊̇ 3 = −70 𝑘𝑊

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 41

First Law for Open System at Steady State

∆𝐻̇ = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ ] − ∆𝐸̇ ^ − ∆𝐸̇ _

= −11.6 − 70 − 8.75 + 6.81×10`a
= −90.3 𝑘𝑊

∆𝐻̇ = 𝑚∆ 5
̇ 𝐻

−90.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑠
5=
∆𝐻 = −650 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
0.139 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 42

Chapter 7.4: Steam Table
(Thermodynamic data)
• State Parameters
• Different Steam Tables

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 43

 7.4: Steam Table (Thermodynamic Data)
Process design: When designing a process involving water or
saturated steam or superheated steam, how to find work or heat
input rate?

∆𝐻̇ + ∆𝐸̇ # + ∆𝐸̇ A = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ D

We need to find their

specific enthalpy at
given conditions.

∆𝐻̇ = O 𝑚̇ = 𝐻
J= − O 𝑚̇ = 𝐻
J=
567;67 34;67

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 44

Steam Table (Thermodynamic Data)

To solve energy balance equation involving water or saturated

steam or superheated steam, or any other system, we need:
J 𝑈,
• Their thermodynamic properties of (𝐻, J 𝑉)
M
• State properties:
- Their values are independent of path
- But only depend on the initial and final states of the system (T,P)

P
Path b State 2
J/0 = 𝑈
∆𝑈 J/ − 𝑈
J0
c
J/0 = 𝐻
∆𝐻 J/ − 𝐻
J0
State1 Path a

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 45

Path Example
• Mountain climbing: the change in your potential energy is
independent of the path
State Property
• Though the work done by you is path dependent
• Therefore:

ΔEp = mgΔh

h 1
a t
P
Path 2
CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 46
Reference States
• It is impossible to know the absolute value of potential
energy, U and H. Therefore, a reference state is necessary
for computation purpose.

Example: Normally, the ground is used as

the reference level (h=0) to calculate
potential energy, Ep = mgΔh

The choice of reference state will not affect the change of state
properties in a process.

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 47

Specific Enthalpy

• The specific enthalpy (internal energy) is actually the

enthalpy (internal energy) change relative to the reference
point.
- For example: the specific enthalpy of CO(g) at 100°C and 1 atm
relative to CO(g) at 0°C and 1 atm is 2919 J/mol.

CO (g, 0°C, 1 atm) à CO (g,100°C, 1 atm)

5 = 2919 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 𝐻
∆𝐻 5

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 48

Properties of Water in Steam Table
T 𝑈,
• Steam table give physical properties of (𝐻, T 𝑉) for:
U
- Subcooled water
J 𝑇, 𝑃 = ∆𝐻
𝐻 J
- Saturated water
- Saturated steam Enthalpy change relative
- Superheated steam to the reference point

Reference point of
steam table:
Triple point of water:
T = 0.01°C
P = 0.00611 bar
we set:
J = 0 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑈

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 49

Recap: Fundamental Concepts for Steam Table

1. Kinetic/ dynamic equilibrium: For a

water-vapour system, at a certain
temperature, the number of molecules
escaping from liquid water equals the
number of molecules condensing into
the water.

2. Saturation: At this point the vapour is said to be saturated,

and the pressure of that vapour (mmHg) is called the
saturated vapour pressure.
3. Boiling point: The temperature at which the vapour
pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure is called the
normal boiling point.

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 50

Boling water @ constant pressure
Cooking water under constant pressure in plot:

P = 1 atm
Saturated liquid (2)

ed
Saturat
vapour
Saturated vapour (4) Compressed liquid
Saturated
mixture

Superheated vapour (5)

What if the pressure increases, for example by putting more weight
on top of the piston?
If we repeat the process, how will the result change?

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 51

Results 1) Compressed liquid
(subcooled liquid)
2) Saturated liquid-vapour
mixture (wet region)
3) Superheated vapour

(1) (2) (3)

A multiple-pressure T~v diagram

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 52
 Saturated Steam – Temperature Table

Table B.5: Saturated Steam – Temperature Table (0-102°C)

Corresponding Reference State

Sat. pressure Specific volume

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 53

Table B.6: Saturated Steam – Pressure Table
Reference

Tsat (same as boiling temperature)

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 54

Table B.7: Superheated Steam/Subcooled Water
kJ/kg, m3/kg

Superheated
Steam
Region

Liquid Water
Region

Pressure, and the corresponding Temperature

at which the steam is saturated

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 55

Example1: Using Steam Table
• Using steam table, show water at 350°C, 10 bar is
T 𝑈,
superheated steam, and determine: 𝐻, T 𝑉U
Answer: Using Table B.7: P = 10 bar, Tsat = 179.9°C < 350°C
^ ^ ^
V = 0.282 m3 / kg U = 2876 kJ / kg H = 3159 kJ / kg

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 56

Example 2: Linear Interpolation @ No Phase Change
Determine P, 𝑉U for saturated water (steam) at 9°C:

T=9

Y x2,y2
à Use the values at 8°C and 10°C
to interpolate the values at 9°C. x3,y3
𝑦a − 𝑦f 𝑦g − 𝑦f
=
𝑥a − 𝑥f 𝑥g − 𝑥f x1,y1
X
@ x 3 , y3 = ? With triangle geometry
CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 57
Example 2: Linear Interpolation @ No Phase Change

(x1,y1) = (8, 0.01072)

X(T) Y(P) Y(V)
9 0.011495 113.7 (x2,y2) = (10, 0.01227)

𝑦$ − 𝑦#
𝑦" = 𝑦# + 𝑥" − 𝑥#
𝑥$ − 𝑥#
CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 58
 A 𝑈,
Example 3: Double Interpolation for 𝑉, 5𝐻5
(No phase change is
Example: water @ 3 bar and 220°C allowed during
interpolation)

2865 2968

T = 2906𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Answer: 𝐻

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 59

Example 4: Unknown Properties of Steam
Determine the unknown properties of a steam with the
known two state parameters.

T, P, à Find the state of water

à compressed liquid
P = 5 bar, T= 111°C

H, P, à U, V,
H = 3052, P = 10 bar à Superheated vapour

T = 300°C, V = 0.258, U = 2794

Note: U, H are state properties which can also be used

as state parameters to determine the system state.

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 60

Self-Test

At a constant pressure of 10 bar, water is heated from 20°C

179.9 (°C), with a
onwards. It will boil at a temperature of ____
2776.2 kJ/kg If the
specific enthalpy of the vapour phase ___________.

temperature is further increased to 325°C then the steam is:

(a) compressed liquid or (b) superheated steam

(0.258+0.282)/2 m /kg
With the specific volume of __________________.
3

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 61

Example 5: Energy Balance Using Steam Table

Steam at 10 bar absolute with 190°C of superheat is fed to a turbine at a rate

of 2000 kg/h. The turbine operation is adiabatic and effluent is saturated
steam at 1bar. Determine: power output in kW, neglecting kinetic and
potential energy changes.
Solution: Draw the diagram and label the knowns.

2000 kg/h 2000 kg/h

10 bar 1 bar
With 190°C superheat Saturated steam

Adiabatic:
Q =0
Ws = ?

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 62

Example 5: Analysis

1. The system: Open System @ Steady State

2. Assume ΔEk, ΔEP negligible
3. Turbine is adiabatic

∆𝐻̇ + ∆𝐸̇ / + ∆𝐸̇ 0 = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ 1

Using Assumptions and
given conditions

𝑊̇ ] = ∆𝐻̇ = 𝑚̇ 𝐻
5hij − 𝐻
5kl

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 63

Example 5: Solution
T of inlet
The key consideration is to get the specific enthalpy 𝐻
and outlet steams.

Inlet P = 10 bar, Tsat = 180°C

T = 3201 (kJ/kg)
𝐻
T = 190 + 180 = 370°C
outlet P= 1 bar, T =?
T = 2675 (kJ/kg)
𝐻
Saturated

2000 𝑘𝑔 2675 − 3201 𝑘𝐽 1ℎ

𝑊̇ % = ∆𝐻̇ = × ×
ℎ 𝑘𝑔 3600𝑠
= −292 𝑘𝐽/𝑠 = −292 𝑘𝑊

The turbine delivers 292 kW of work.

(System does work to surroundings.)
CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 64
Example 6: E-Balance of Multi-stream Process

Two streams of water are mixed to form the feed to a boiler. Process data are
as indicated.

Feed 1: 120 kg H* O(l)/min at 30°C

Feed 2: 175 kg H* O(l)/min at 65°C
Boiler pressure: 17 bar (absolute)

The existing steam emerges from the boiler through a 6-cm ID pipe. Calculate
the required heat input to the boiler in KJ/min if the emerging steam is saturated
at the boiler pressure. Neglect the kinetic energies of the liquid inlet streams.

Stream 1
Boiler Stream 3
(17 bar)
Stream 2 17 bar
6 cm ID pipe

Heat

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 65

Example 6: Analysis

Energy balance

∆𝐻̇ + ∆𝐸̇ / + ∆𝐸̇ 0 = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇

Procedures:
1. Draw the process diagram, labeled with knowns and
unknowns
2. Determine flow rate of all components via material
balance
3. Get the specific enthalpy of each component
4. Set up energy balance to solve the required quantity

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 66

Example 6: Analysis
1. Draw the flowchart

Stream 1
120 kg H* O(l)/min Boiler Stream 3
30°C 295 kg 𝐻* 𝑂(𝑙)/𝑚𝑖𝑛

175 kg H* O(l)/min
17 bar, saturated,
6 cm ID pipe
𝑚̇
65°C
Stream 2 Heat
̇
𝑄(kJ/min)

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 67

Example 6: Analysis
2. Determine flow rate of all components via material balance
𝑚̇ k = 𝑚̇ @+ 𝑚̇ ! = 295 kg/min

3. Get the specific enthalpy of each component

• Enthalpy of inlet water using steam table (Table B.5)
• Enthalpy of saturated steam @ outlets (Table B.6)

4. Set up energy balance to solve the required quantity

∆𝐻̇ + ∆𝐸̇ / + ∆𝐸̇ 0 = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇

Generally assumed unless No moving parts
displacements through
large heights are involved

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 68

Example 6: E-Balance of Multi-stream Process
Stream 1
120 kg H* O(l)/min Boiler Stream 3
5 = 125.7 kJ/kg
30°C, H 295 kg 𝐻* 𝑂(𝑙)/𝑚𝑖𝑛
17 bar, saturated (204°C)
175 kg H* O(l)/min 5
𝐻=2793 kJ/kg
5 = 271.9 kJ/kg 295 kg steam/min
65°C 𝐻 6 cm ID pipe
Stream 2 Heat
̇
𝑄(kJ/min)

∆𝐻̇ + ∆𝐸̇ / = 𝑄̇
∆𝐻̇ = O 𝑚̇ = 𝐻
J= − O 𝑚̇ = 𝐻
J= = 2793×295 – (120×125.7 + 175×271.9)
567;67 34;67
1
= 7.61×10? 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛
̇ ̇ !
∆𝐸# = 𝑚∆𝑢
2
??
CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 69
Review: Three Rates @ Steady State

1. Mass flow rate: Constant for steady state 𝑚̇ kg/s

2. Volumetric flow rate: Constant for 𝑉̇ 𝑚" /s

incompressible liquid

3. Linear velocity: Varying with the tube diameter 𝑢 m/s

(cross-sectional area)

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 70

Review: The Relation Between the Three Rates
Suppose water (constant density) flowing through the
channel below (assuming no reaction)
Volumetric flow rate 𝑉̇ 𝑚k/𝑠
Mass flow rate 𝑚̇ 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
A1 , u1 A2, u2
Linear velocity 𝑢 𝑚/𝑠
1 2
A: cross
section area

𝑉̇ 𝑚" /𝑠 = 𝐴# 𝑚$ ×𝑢1 𝑚/𝑠 = 𝐴$ ×𝑢$

𝑚̇ = 𝜌 𝑘𝑔/𝑚" ×𝑉̇

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 71

Example 6: E-Balance of Multi-stream Process
Therefore 0.1166 m3/kg from Table B.6 at 17 bar, 204°C
at outlet: 295 kg/min

𝑉̇ 𝑚̇ 𝑉A 𝑚̇
𝑢= = = = 202 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 𝐴𝜌 𝐴
π(0.03 m)2

1
∆𝐸̇ ^ = 𝑚𝑢
̇ g = 6.02×10a 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛 Neglect inlet EK
2

𝑄̇ = ∆𝐻̇ + ∆𝐸̇ K

= 7.61×10& + 6.02×10" = 7.67×10& 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 72

Example 7: Simultaneous Material and E-Balance

Saturated steam at 1atm is discharged from a turbine at a rate of

1150 kg/h. Superheated steam at 300°C and 1 atm is needed as a
feed to heat exchanger; to produce it, the turbine discharge stream
is mixed with superheated steam available from a second source at
400°C and 1 atm. The mixing unit operates adiabatically. Calculate
the amount of superheated steam at 300°C produced and the
required volumetric flow rate of the 400°C steam.

Solution: Draw the process diagram, labeled with knowns and

unknowns
Assume 1 bar = 1 atm
Turbine discharge
1150kg 𝐻"O(v)/h
1atm, saturated(100°C) Adiabatic Super heated
$ = 2676 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝐻 Mixer 𝑚̇ " kg 𝐻"𝑂(𝑣)/ℎ
300°C, 1 atm
𝑚̇ # kg 𝐻"𝑂(𝑣)/ℎ $
𝐻=3074 kJ/kg
400°C, 1 atm
$ = 3278𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 Super heated
𝐻

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 73

Analysis

2 unknowns: 𝑚̇ M =? , 𝑚̇ N =?
2 equations :
(a) Mass Balance:
1150 + 𝑚̇ M = 𝑚̇ N (1)
(b) Energy Balance:

∆𝐻̇ + ∆𝐸̇ / + ∆𝐸̇ 0 = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ 1

assumption adiabatic no moving parts

∆𝐻̇ = 0
CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 74
Analysis

∆𝐻̇ = g 𝑚̇ Q 𝐻
TQ − g 𝑚̇ Q 𝐻
TQ = 0
LMNAMN OPAMN

→ 1150×2676 + 𝑚̇ @×3278 = 𝑚̇ !×3074 (2)

Solving (1) and (2):
𝑚̇ # = 2240 𝑘𝑔/ℎ 𝑚̇ $ = 3390 𝑘𝑔/ℎ
à To convert to volumetric rate of steam @ inlet (1)

𝑉Af = 3.11 𝑚a /𝑘𝑔 @ 400°C, 1 atm (Table B.7)

𝑉ḟ = 𝑚̇ f ×𝑉Af = 2240×3.11 = 6980 𝑚a /ℎ

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 75

Chapter 7.5: Mechanical Energy
Balance
• Mechanical Processes
• Bernoulli equation

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 76

 7.5 Mechanical Energy Balance

• Chemical processes with large T variations,

concerning:
- Q, H, U, Ws (Usually, EK and EP can be neglected)
(represented by reactor, heat engine, and piston-cylinder which
convert thermal energy to shaft work)

• Mechanical processes, concerning:

- Shaft work (Ws)
- Kinetics energy (EK)
- Potential energy (EP)
(represented by hydraulic-turbine, which converts kinetic or
potential energy into shaft work)

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 77

Example of Application: Hydropower Plant

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 78

System Analysis
First law for an open system

∆𝐻̇ + ∆𝐸̇ / + ∆𝐸̇ 0 = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ 1

For a single incompressible liquid:
𝑢K/ 𝑢K/
JK + 𝑃L 𝑉MK +
𝑚̇ 𝑈 + 𝑔𝑧K JK + 𝑃K 𝑉MK +
− 𝑚̇ 𝑈 + 𝑔𝑧K = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ 3
2 MNOPNO
2 QRPNO

1/ρ
∆𝑃 ∆𝑢! 𝑄̇ 𝑊̇ D
+ T−
+ 𝑔∆𝑧 + ∆𝑈 =
𝜌 2 𝑚̇ 𝑚̇

Friction loss, 𝐹U >0

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 79

 Bernoulli Equation (Fluid Mechanics)
First law of open system at steady state for mechanical
energy balance
Assuming:

∆𝑝 ∆𝑢$ 𝑊̇ % (1) Steady state flow,

+ + 𝑔∆𝑧 + 𝐹! = (2) Incompressible fluid
𝜌 2 𝑚̇
(3) 𝐹! = ∆𝑈
( − 𝑄/
̇ 𝑚̇
Either given to you or neglected

If no friction loss, no shaft work 𝐹! ≈ 0 𝑊̇ % = 0

∆𝑃 ∆𝑢!
+ + 𝑔∆𝑧 = 0 Bernoulli Equation
𝜌 2

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 80

Example 1: Bernoulli Equation

Water flows through a system at the rate of 20 L/m. Estimate the

pressure required at point (1) if friction losses are negligible.

Solution:
• Draw the process diagram, marked
with knowns and unknowns 50 m
(2)
• Analysis: The volumetric flow rate 1-cm ID pipe
𝑃" = 1𝑎𝑡𝑚
are same @ (1) and (2)
(1)
Linear velocity are
different for (1) and (2):
̇
𝑢 = 𝑉/𝐴
0.5 cm ID tube
20L 𝐻"𝑂/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑃# =?

Bernoulli equation: ∆𝑃 ∆𝑢!

+ + 𝑔∆𝑧 = 0
𝜌 2

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 81

Example 1: Bernoulli Equation
𝐿 1𝑚k 1 10q𝑐𝑚! 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑢@ = 20 × k × = 17.0 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑛 10 𝐿 𝜋 0.25 !× 𝑚 ! ×
60𝑠

𝐿 1𝑚k 1 10q𝑐𝑚! 1𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑢! = 20 × k × !× ! × = 4.24 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚𝑖𝑛 10 𝐿 𝜋 0.5 𝑚 60𝑠

∆𝑃 ∆𝑢!
With Bernoulli equation + + 𝑔∆𝑧 = 0
𝜌 2

Δ𝑢2 = 4.242 − 17.02 = −271.0 𝑚2/𝑠2

Δ𝑧 = 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 50 𝑚
𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚/𝑠2
r
ρ= 1 st$ = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 82

Example 1: Bernoulli Equation
Be careful with unit conversion!

∆𝑃 ∆𝑢!
+ + 𝑔∆𝑧 = 0
𝜌 2

𝑃! − 𝑃@ 𝑚
k − 135.5 𝑁. + 490 𝑁. 𝑚/𝑘𝑔 = 0
1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 𝑘𝑔

Note that 1 N = 1 kg.m/s2

𝑃! = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1.013×10u𝑁/𝑚!

𝑁
𝑃@ = 4.56×10u = 4.56×10u 𝑃𝑎 = 4.56 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑚!

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 83

Example 2: Siphoning

Gasoline ρ = 50.0 lbm/ft3 is to be siphoned from a tank. The friction

loss in the line is 𝐹M = 0.80 ft.lbZ /lb[ . Estimate how long it will take to
siphon 5.00 gal, neglecting the change in liquid level in the gasoline
tank during this process and assuming that both point (1, at the
liquid surface in the gas tank) and point (2, in the tube just prior to
the exit) are at 1 atm.
ρ = 50 lbm/ft3
1/4 – in. ID hose
1
Solution:
P1=1 atm, P2=1 atm,
the process diagram with
knowns/unknowns u1 ≈ 0 2.5ft z2 = 0 ft
z1 = 2.5 ft
2

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 84

Analysis

Mechanical energy
∆𝑃 ∆𝑢! 𝑊̇ D
Balance for open system + + 𝑔∆𝑧 + 𝐹U =
at steady state 𝜌 2 𝑚̇

For the system: 𝑃! = 𝑃@, 𝑢@ = 0, 𝑤̇ = 0

∆𝑢!
Therefore: + 𝑔∆𝑧 + 𝐹U = 0
2
u22 ( ft 2 / s 2 ) 1lb f 1lb f
× + 32.174 ft / s × (-2.5 ft ) ×
2

2 32.174lbm × ft / s 2
32.174lbm × ft / s 2
= -0.80 ft × lb f / lbm
Be careful with unit conversion!

u2 = 10.5 ft/s

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 85

Analysis

10.5 𝑓𝑡 𝜋 0.125 𝑖𝑛 ! 1 𝑓𝑡 !
𝑉̇ = 𝑢!×𝐴 = × ×
𝑠 1 144 𝑖𝑛!
vk k
= 3.58×10 𝑓𝑡 /𝑠

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝑡=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑓𝑡3
(5.00 𝑔𝑎𝑙)(0.1337 )
𝑔𝑎𝑙
= _3
3.58×10 𝑓𝑡3/𝑠
=187 𝑠 = 3.1 𝑚𝑖𝑛

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 86

Example 3: Hydraulic Power
Water flows from an elevated reservoir through a conduit to turbine at
a lower level and out of the turbine through a similar conduit. At a point
100m above the turbine, the pressure is 207 kPa, and at the point 3 m
below the turbine the pressure is 124 kPa. What must be the water
flow rate if the turbine output is 1.00 MW.

1
∆𝑃 ∆𝑢! 𝑊̇ D
207kPa + + 𝑔∆𝑧 + 𝐹U =
100m 𝜌 2 𝑚̇

3m 2
𝑊̇ + = −1.00𝑀𝑊
124kPa

Solution: Draw process diagram, mark knowns – neglect friction

loss.

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 87

Analysis

Since the diameter of the conduit at point 1 and 2 are the

same and water may be considered incompressible:

Using mechanical energy balance equation:

∆𝑃 ∆𝑢$ 𝑊̇ %
+ + 𝑔∆𝑧 + 𝐹! =
𝜌 2 𝑚̇
𝑊̇ %
𝑚̇ =
∆𝑃/𝜌 + 𝑔∆𝑧

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 88

Using Unit Conversion

𝑊̇ 𝑠 = −1.00 𝑀𝑊 = −1.00×10' 𝑁 W 𝑚/𝑠

∆𝑃 = 124 − 207 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = −83 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = −83×10" 𝑁/𝑚$

∆𝑃 −83×10" 𝑁/𝑚$
= " "
= −83 𝑁 W 𝑚/𝑘𝑔
𝜌 1.00×10 𝑘𝑔/𝑚
𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚/𝑠 $

∆𝑧 = −103𝑚
9.81𝑚 −103𝑚 1𝑁
𝑔∆𝑧 = = −1010𝑁 W 𝑚/𝑘𝑔
𝑠$ 1𝑘𝑔 W 𝑚/𝑠 $
𝑊̇ % −1.00×10' 𝑁 W 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚̇ = = = 915 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
∆𝑃/𝜌 + 𝑔∆𝑧 −83 − 1010 𝑁 W 𝑚/𝑘𝑔

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 89

Applications of Bernoulli Equation

∆𝑃 ∆𝑢$
+ + 𝑔∆𝑧 = 0
𝜌 2

Example 1: Flow in a tube

The relation between pressure and velocity (incompressible fluid)
A1 , u1 A2, u2 A = Cross-Section area
1 2 Question: For Δz =0, what is
the relation btw P and u?

𝑉̇ 𝑚@ /𝑠 = 𝐴< 𝑚# ×𝑢< 𝑚/𝑠 = 𝐴# ×𝑢#

𝜌 𝑢## − 𝑢<# 𝜌𝑢<# 𝜌𝑢##
𝑃< − 𝑃# = 𝑃< + = 𝑃# +
2 2 2

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 90

Applications of Bernoulli Equation
𝜌 𝑢$$ − 𝑢#$
𝑃# − 𝑃$ =
A1 A2 2

P1-P2 = (ρm-ρ)×g×h

𝑉̇ = 𝐴f ×𝑢f = 𝐴g ×𝑢g
ρm

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 91

 Summary

Systems
(Three forms of energy)

Close Open
ΔU + ΔEk + ΔEP = Q + W ∆𝑯̇ + ∆𝑬̇ 𝒌 + ∆𝑬̇ 𝒑 = 𝑸̇ + 𝑾̇ 𝒔

∆𝐻̇ = O 𝑚̇ = 𝐻
J= − O 𝑚̇ = 𝐻
J=
• Sign of Q and W. 567;67 34;67
• Volumetric work:
• How to simplify ∆𝐸̇ : = O 𝑚̇ = 𝑢=# /2 − O 𝑚̇ = 𝑢=# /2
the equation? 567;67 34;67

T=𝑈
𝐻 T + 𝑃𝑉U ∆𝐸̇ ; = O 𝑚̇ = 𝑔𝑧= − O 𝑚̇ = 𝑔𝑧=
567;67 34;67

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 92

5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻
𝑈 5

! 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻
𝑈 ! are state properties and it is impossible to determine their
absolute values – what we calculate is the change relative to the
reference.

"The specific enthalpy of CO(g) at 100°C and 1 atm relative to

CO(g) at 0°C and 1 atm is 2919 J/mol"

T = 2919 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 𝐻
CO(g, 0°C, 1 atm) à CO(g,100°C, 1 atm): ∆𝐻 T

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 93

5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻
𝑈 5

• The steam tables (Tables B.5, B.6, and B.7):

- T, H
U T for liquid water and steam (water vapour) at any
specified temperature and pressure
- Reference: liquid water @ triple point

• Mechanical energy balances:

For open systems with
negligible heat flows and ∆𝑃 ∆𝑢! 𝑊̇ D
internal energy (and + + 𝑔∆𝑧 + 𝐹U =
𝜌 2 𝑚̇
enthalpy) changes
Bernoulli equation
∆ refers to two locations

CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 94