Bayu Muhammad Aji 02511950010008

Zaid Sulaiman 02511950010007

TUGAS TERMODINAMIKA
Exercise 1.1
The enthalpy changes for the following reactions are as follows :
2B + 3H2 + 3O2 + aq = 2H3BO3
ΔH 298 = -512,8 kkal (-2146,6 kJ)
0

B2O3 + 3H2O(l) + aq = 2H3BO3

ΔH 298 = -4,12 kkal (-17,24 kJ)
0

H2 + 1/2O2 = H2O
ΔH 298 = -68,73 kkal (-287,57 kJ)
0

Calculate the standard heat of formation of B2O3 in terms of per mole of B2O3 and per g of B2O.
Atomic weights of B and O are 10,82 and 16,0 respectively.

Answer :
2B + 3H2 + 3O2 + aq = 2H3BO3 ΔH0298 = -512,8 kkal (-2146,6 kJ)
2H3BO3 = B2O3 + 3H2O(l) + aq ΔH0298 = +4,12 kkal (+17,24 kJ)
3H2O = 3H2 + 3/2O2 ΔH0298 = + 68,73 kkal (-287,57 kJ)x3
__________________________________________________________________ +
2B + 3O2 = B2O3 + 3/2O2 ΔH0298 = -302,49 kkal

Mr B2O3 = 2(10,82) + 3(16)

= 21,64 + 48
= 69,64

ΔH = -302,49 kkal /69,64

= -4,343 kkal / gram

So the heat standart of formation of B2O3 per mole is -302,49 kkal and heat standart of formation
of B2O3 per gram is -4,343 kkal/gram
Bayu Muhammad Aji 02511950010008
Zaid Sulaiman 02511950010007

Exercise 1.6
Calculate (a) the enthalphy of NiO at 1707°C (1980 K), (b) the heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 mole of NiO from 25°C {298 K) to 1707°C (1980 K).

Given: ΔΗ°298 NiO = -57,5 kcal/mole (-240.6 kJ/mol).

Cp NiO = 12.91 cal/deg/mole (54.01 J/K/mol)

Answer :
Ni + ½ O2 → NiO
1980
a) ΔH°1980= ΔH°298 + ∫298 [ΣCp,produk – ΣCp, reaktan] dT
1980
= ΔH°298 + ∫298 [ΣCp,<NiO> – ΣCp,<Ni> – ½ ΣCp,<O2>] dT
1980
= -57500 + ∫298 [12,91 – (6,03 +10,44 x 10-6 T2 – 2,5 x 10-3 T - ½ (7,16 + 1,0 x
10-3 T – 0,4 x 105 T-2)] dT
1980
= -57500 + ∫298 [12,91 - 6,03 - 3,58 + 2,5 x 10-3 T - 0,5 10-3 T + 0,2 x 105 T -2
- 10,44 x 10-6 T2)] dT
2 𝑥 10−3 1 1
= -57500 + [ 3,3 (1980 – 298) + (19802 - 2982) - 0,2 x 105 (1980 - 298) –
2
10,44 𝑥 10−6
(19803-2983)
3
= -57500 + 5550,6 + 3831,6 + 57,01 -26921,031 )
ΔH°1980= -74,982 kcal
b) ΔH =q
= n x Cp x ΔT
= 1 x 12,91 x (1980 – 298)
ΔH = 21,7 kcal

So the enthalphy of NiO at 1707°C (1980 K) is -74,982 kcal and the heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 mole of NiO from 25°C {298 K) to 1707°C (1980 K) is 21,7 kcal
Bayu Muhammad Aji 02511950010008
Zaid Sulaiman 02511950010007

Exercise 1.17

The transformation in manganese can be represented as:

720°C 1100°C 1136°C
Mn(α) → Mn(β) → Μη(γ) → Μη(δ).
Calculate the heat of reaction when Μη(δ) is oxidized by pure oxygen to form MnO at 1200°C
(1473 K).
Given: Mn(α) + 1/2(O2) MnO;
ΔΗ°298 = -92,000 cal/mole (-384,928 J/mol).
Μη(α) + Μη(β);
ΔHf = 0.48 kcal /mole (2.0 kJ/mol).
Μη(β) - Μη(γ);
ΔHf = 0.55 kcal/mole (2.30 kJ/mol).
Μη(γ) + Μη(δ);
ΔΗ = 0.43 kcal/mole (1.80 kJ/mol).
Cp Mn (α) = 5.16 + 3.81 x 10-3 T cal/deg/mole
(21.59 + 15.94 x 10-3 T J/K/mol).
Cp Μη (β) = 8.33 + 0.66 x 10-3 T cal/deg/mole
(34.85 + 2.76 x 10-3 T J/K/mol).
Cp Mn (γ) = 10.7 cal/deg/mole (44.77 J/K/mol).
Cp Μη(δ) = 11.30 cal/deg/mole (47.28 J/K/mol).
Cp MnO = 11.1 + 1.94 x 10-3 T – 0.88 x 105 T-2 cal/deg/mole
(46.44 + 8.12 x 10-3 T - 3.68 x 105 T-2 J/K/mol).
Cp O2 = 7.16 x 10-3 T - 0.4 x 105 T-2 cal/deg/mole
(29.96 + 4.184 x 10-3 T - 1.67 x 106 T-2 J/K/mol).
Bayu Muhammad Aji 02511950010008
Zaid Sulaiman 02511950010007

Answer :

1473K
Mn(δ)

1409 K Mn(δ)
1409 K
Mn(γ)

1373 K Mn(γ)
1373 K
Mn(β)

993 K Mn(β) 993 K

Mn(α)

Mn(α) 298 K

Keterangan :
→ ∆Ha
→ ∆Hb
→ ∆Hc
→ ∆Hd
→ ∆He
→ ∆Hf
→ ∆Hg

993
 ∆Ha = ∆Ho298 + ∫298 𝐶𝑝𝑀𝑛𝑂 − 𝐶𝑝𝑀𝑛(𝛼 ) − ½ 𝑂2 𝑑𝑇
993
=-92000 + ∫298 11,1 + 1,94 x 10-3T – 0,88 x 105T-2 – (5,16 + 3,81 x 10-3T) –
½(7,16 + 1 x 10-3T – 0,4 x 105T-2) 𝑑𝑇
=-92000 + [(11,1T + 1,94 x 10-3T2 – 0,88 x 105T-1) – (5,16T + 3,81 x 10-3T2) -
993
½(7,16T + 1 x 10-3T2 – 0,4 x 105T-1)] 298
= -92000+1640,2-1063,24-159,71
= -91582,75 kal/mol

 ∆Hb = ∆Hf Mn(α)→Mn(β)

= 0,48 kkal/mol
= 480 kal/mol

1373
 ∆Hc = ∫993 𝐶𝑝𝑀𝑛(𝛽)𝑑𝑇
Bayu Muhammad Aji 02511950010008
Zaid Sulaiman 02511950010007
1373
= ∫993 8,33 + 0,66 x 10-3T 𝑑𝑇
1373
= [8,33T + 0,66/2 x 10-3T2]
993
= 3462,1 kal/mol

 ∆Hd = ∆Hf Mn(β)→Mn(γ)

= 0,55 kkal/mol
= 550 kal/mol

1409
 ∆He = ∫1373 𝐶𝑝𝑀𝑛(𝛾 )𝑑𝑇
1409
= ∫1373 10,7 𝑑𝑇
1409
= [10,7T]1373
= 15076,3 – 14691,1
= 385,2 kal/mol

 ∆Hf = ∆Hf Mn(γ)→Mn(δ)

= 0,43 kkal/mol
= 430 kal/mol

1473
 ∆Hg = ∫1409 𝐶𝑝𝑀𝑛(𝛿)𝑑𝑇
1473
= ∫1409 11,3 𝑑𝑇
1473
= [11,3T]1409
= 16644,9 – 15921,7
= 723,2 kal/mol

∆HTotal = ∆Ha + ∆Hb + ∆Hc + ∆Hd + ∆He + ∆Hf + ∆Hg

= (-91582,75 - 480 + 3462,1 - 550 + 385,2 - 430 + 723,2) kal/mol
= -88472,52 kal/mol
Bayu Muhammad Aji 02511950010008
Zaid Sulaiman 02511950010007

Exercise 1.18

A fuel gas containing 40% CO, 10% CO2 and rest N2 (by volume) is burnt completely with air in a
furnace. The incoming and outgoing temperatures of the gases in the furnace are 500°C (773 K) and
977°C (1250 K) respectively. Calculate (a) the maximum flame temperature, and (b) heat supplied to
the furnace per cu.ft of exhaust gas.

Given :
(i) ∆H°298, CO = - 26.400 kal/mol (- 110.458 J/mol)
(ii) ∆H°298, CO2 = - 94.000 kal/mol (- 393.296 J/mol)
(iii) CP,CO = 6,8 + 1 x 10-3T – 0,11 x 105 T-2 kal/der/mol
(28,45 + 4,184 x 10-3T – 0,46 x 105 T-2 J/K/mol)
(iv) CP,O2 = 7,15 + 0,98 x 10-3T – 0,4 x 105T-2 kal/der/mol
(29,92 + 4,1 x 10-3T – 1,67 x 105T-2 J/K/mol)
(v) CP,CO2 = 10,6 + 2,2 x 10-3T – 2 x 105 T-2 kal/der/mol
(44,35 + 9,2 x 10-3T – 8,37 x 105 T-2 J/K/mol)
(vi) CP,N2 = 6,7 + 1 x 10-3 T kal/der/mol
(28,03 + 4,184 x 10-3 T J/K/mol)

JAWAB :
a) Diketahui gas yang sudah ada di soal atas dibakar sempurna dalam tungku, gas-gas tersebut
adalah :
 CO + ½ O2 = CO2
 N2 + O2 = 2NO
 CO2 + O2 ≠
∆H (I) = 40% (∆H CO2 − ∆H CO) = 40% (−94000−(−26400)) =−27040
∆H (II) = 50% (2∆H NO) = 50% (2.21556) = 21556
∆H (III) = 0
∑∆H = − 27040 + 21556 = − 5484
Jadi panas yang dikeluarkan selama reaksi berlangusng adalah 5484 kal
Rumus panas reaksi adalah :
𝑇𝑚
Q = ∫298 Σ𝐶𝑝 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑘 𝑑𝑇
𝑇𝑚
5848 = ∫298 (10,6 + 2,2 x 10−3 𝑇 − 2 x 105 𝑇 −2 ) + (6,7 + 1 𝑥 10−3 𝑇)
𝑇𝑚
5848 = ∫298 (17,3 + 3,2 x 10−3 𝑇 − 2 x 105 𝑇 −2
2
5848 = 17,3 (𝑇𝑚 − 298) + 1,6 𝑥 10−3 (𝑇𝑚 − 298) + 2 𝑥 105 (𝑇𝑚 − 298)−1
Dengan mengabaikan 𝑇𝑚−1
Bayu Muhammad Aji 02511950010008
Zaid Sulaiman 02511950010007

5848 = 17,3 (𝑇𝑚 ) + 1,6 𝑥 10−3 (𝑇𝑚 )2 − 5155,8

0= 17,3 (𝑇𝑚 ) + 1,6 𝑥 10−3 (𝑇𝑚 )2 − 328,12

Didapatkan Tm/ suhu nyala maksimum adalah 1083,14 K
b) Suhu gas masuk keluar adalah 773K dan 1250K

𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑘 𝑡𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑘𝑢 773

=
1083,14 1250
Panas masuk tungku = 669,81/volume gas keluar
Bayu Muhammad Aji 02511950010008
Zaid Sulaiman 02511950010007

Exercise 2.2
Hitung perubahan content panas dan entropy dengan oksida logam dan aluminium pada
temperature 25OC, dengan persamaan sebagai berikut
Fe2O3 + 3C = 2Fe + 3CO
Al2O3 + 3C = 2Al + 3CO
Dengan diketahui
𝑂
2 Fe + 3/2O2 = Fe2O3 ∆𝐻298 = -200.000 cal
𝑂
2 Al + 3/2O2 = Al2O3 ∆𝐻298 = -404.000 cal
𝑂
C + ½ O2 = CO ∆𝐻298 = -25.000 cal
𝑂
Dengan ∆𝑆298 CO = 47,3 cal/deg/mole C = 1,39 cal/deg/mole
Al = 6,7 cal/deg/mole Al2O3 = 12,8 cal/deg/mole
Fe = 6,5 cal/deg/mole Fe2O3 = 21,5 cal/deg/mole

a) Entalpi dan entropy logam besi oksida

Entalpi
𝑂
Fe2O3 = 2Fe + 3/2 O2 ∆𝐻298 = 200.000 cal
𝑂
3C + 3/2O2 = 3CO ∆𝐻298 = -75.000 cal +
𝑂
Fe2O3 + 3C = 2Fe + 3CO ∆𝐻298 = 125.000 cal
Entropy
𝑂
∆𝑆298 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 − 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑂
∆𝑆298 = (3 𝑥 47,3 + 2 𝑥 6,5) − (21,5 + 3 𝑥 1,39)
𝑂
∆𝑆298 = 129,23 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑑𝑒𝑔
b) Entalpi dan entropy logam Aluminium oksida
Entalpi
𝑂
Al2O3 = 2Al + 3/2O2 ∆𝐻298 = 404.000 cal
𝑂
3C + 3/2O2 = 3CO ∆𝐻298 = -75.000 cal +
𝑂
Al2O3 + 3C = 2Al + 3CO ∆𝐻298 = -329.000 cal
Entropy
𝑂
∆𝑆298 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 − 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑂
∆𝑆298 = (3 𝑥 47,3 + 2 𝑥 6,7) − (12,8 + 3 𝑥 1,39)
𝑂
∆𝑆298 = 138,33 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑑𝑒𝑔
Bayu Muhammad Aji 02511950010008
Zaid Sulaiman 02511950010007

Exercise 2.5
Hitung perubahan standart entropy dengan reaksi pada temperature 727 oC (1000 K)
2Al + 3/2O2 = Al2O3

𝑂
𝑐𝑎𝑙
∆𝑆298 = −74,87 /𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑑𝑒𝑔
Diketahui temperature lelehnya : 932K
Heat fusion Al = 2500 cal/mol
Cp<Al2O3> = 25,14 cal/deg/mole
Cp,(O2) = 7,57 cal/deg/mole
Cp,<Al> = 6,76 cal/deg/mole
Cp,{Al} = 7,00 cal/deg/mole
Jawaban
932 1000
𝑂 𝑂
𝐶𝑝′ 𝐻932 𝐶𝑝′′
∆𝑆1000 = ∆𝑆298 + ∫ 𝑑𝑇 + + ∫
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
298 932
𝑂
∆𝑆1000 = −74,87 + (25,14 − (1,5 𝑥 7,57) − (2 𝑥 6,76)) 𝑥 (ln(932) − ln(298))
2 𝑥(−2500)
+ + (25,14 − (1,5 𝑥 7,57) − (2 𝑥 7)) 𝑥 (ln(1000) − ln(932))
932
𝑂
∆𝑆1000 = −74,87 + (25,14 − 11,355 − 13,52) 𝑥 (1,14) − 5,364
+ (25,14 − 11,355 − 14) 𝑥 0,07
𝑂
∆𝑆1000 = −74,87 + 0,3021 − 5,364 − 0,01505
𝑂
∆𝑆1000 = −79,94 𝑐𝑎𝑙
Bayu Muhammad Aji 02511950010008
Zaid Sulaiman 02511950010007

Exercise 2.11
Terdapat 2 allotropik pembentukan timah berwarna abu-abu dan putih. Delta entalphy pada
temperature 25oC pada reaksi
Sn (grey)  Sn (white)
Adalah 0,5 kcal. Perubahan entrophynya adalah 1,745 cal/deg. Asumsikan bahwa energy
bebasnya adalah setimbang (∆𝐺 = 0), dan diasumsikan bahwa ∆𝐻 𝑜 dan ∆𝑆 𝑜 tidak dipengaruhi
oleh temperature.
∆𝐺 = ∆𝐻 𝑜 − 𝑇∆𝑆 𝑂
Pada keadaan setimbang
0 = 500 − 𝑇 1,745
500
𝑇=
1,745
𝑇 = 286𝐾 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑢 13𝑂 𝐶
Bayu Muhammad Aji 02511950010008
Zaid Sulaiman 02511950010007

Exercise 2.15
Tentukan logam mana yang di produksi oleh reduksi logam sulfida dengan logam oksida pada
temperature 1000OC (1273K) dan 1 atm
Cu2S + 2Cu2O = 6Cu + SO2 ∆𝐺 0 = 28.530 + 14,06 𝑇 log 𝑇 − 70,43 𝑇 𝐶𝑎𝑙
PbS + 2PbO = 3Pb + SO2 ∆𝐺 0 = 98.440 + 16,1 𝑇 log 𝑇 −
121,14 𝑇 𝐶𝑎𝑙
Ni3S2 + 4NiO = 7Ni + 2SO2 ∆𝐺 0 = 139.800 − 98,59 𝑇 𝐶𝑎𝑙
Pada temperature 1273K
Cu2S + 2Cu2O = 6Cu + SO2 ∆𝐺 0 = 28.530 + 14,06 𝑇 log 𝑇 − 40,43 𝑇 𝐶𝑎𝑙
∆𝐺 0 = 28.530 + 14,06 𝑥 1273 log 1273 −
70,43 𝑥 1273 𝐶𝑎𝑙
∆𝐺 0 = 28.530 + 55.571,39 − 89657,39 𝐶𝑎𝑙
∆𝐺 0 = −5556 𝐶𝑎𝑙

PbS + 2PbO = 3Pb + SO2 ∆𝐺 0 = 98.440 + 16,1 𝑇 log 𝑇 − 121,14 𝑇 𝐶𝑎𝑙

∆𝐺 0 = 98.440 + 16,1 𝑥 1273 log 1273 −
121,14 𝑥 1273 𝐶𝑎𝑙
∆𝐺 0 = 98.440 + 63.634,38 − 154.211,22 𝐶𝑎𝑙
∆𝐺 0 = 7875,899 𝐶𝑎𝑙

Ni3S2 + 4NiO = 7Ni + 2SO2 ∆𝐺 0 = 139.800 − 98,59 𝑇 𝐶𝑎𝑙

∆𝐺 0 = 139.800 − 98,59 𝑥 1273 𝐶𝑎𝑙
∆𝐺 0 = 14.294,93 𝐶𝑎𝑙
Karena dari antara logam pembentukan Nickel, Timbal dan Tembaga yang memiliki
∆𝐺 0 < 0 adalah logam Tembaga (Cu). Sehingga dari antara ketiga logam hanya logam Cu yang
terbentuk pada temperature 1000oC (1273K)
Bayu Muhammad Aji 02511950010008
Zaid Sulaiman 02511950010007

Exercise 3.1
The molar heat capacities of aluminium at different temperatures are given below.

Calculate the standard entropy of aluminium at 25°C (298 K) from the third law of
thermodynamics and Debye's equation.
Tabel Heat Capacity, Temperature dan Luasan Kurva Cp vs ln (T)

Temp (K) Ln T Cp (Cal/mole)

15 2.708 0.030
32.4 3.478 0.250
35.1 3.558 0.320
83 4.419 2.360
88.3 4.481 2.570
137 4.920 4.100
235 5.460 5.340
298 5.697 5.630

Kurva Cp vs ln (T)
6.000

5.000
Cp (cal/mole)

4.000

3.000

2.000

1.000

0.000
2.708 3.478 3.558 4.419 4.481 4.920 5.460 5.697
ln (T)

Kurva Cp vs ln (T)
Bayu Muhammad Aji 02511950010008
Zaid Sulaiman 02511950010007
1 298 𝐶𝑝
So298 = 3 𝐶𝑝 + ∫15 𝑑𝑇
𝑇
1 298 𝐶𝑝
So298 = 3 (0,03) + ∫15 𝑑𝑇
𝑇
298 𝐶𝑝
∫15 𝑑𝑇 = luasan area dibawah kurva ln (T) vs Cp (Cal/mole)
𝑇

Area dibawah kurva

0.300

0.250
Cp (cal/mole)

0.200

0.150
0.250
0.100

0.050
0.030
0.000
2.708 3.478
ln (T)

𝑡 𝑥 (𝑎+𝑏)
Luas = (rumus trapesium) , sehingga dari kurva sebelumnya didapatkan luasan dibawah
2
kurva sebagai berikut :
Tabel luas dibawah kurva ln (T) vs Cp

No Luasan daerah dibawah kurva

1 0.1078
2 0.0228
3 1.1533
4 0.1526
5 1.4649
6 2.5469
7 1.3027
Total 6.7510
298 𝐶𝑝
Sehingga ∫15 𝑇 𝑑𝑇 = 6,751
1
So298 = (0,03) + 6,751
3

So298 = 6,761 cal/deg/mole

Bayu Muhammad Aji 02511950010008
Zaid Sulaiman 02511950010007

Exercise 3.2
From the following molar heat capacities data for nickel and Debye's equation, calculate
graphically the standard entropy of nickel at 25°C (298 K).

1 298 𝐶𝑝
So 298 = 3 Cp 15 + ∫15 dT
𝑇

1 298 𝐶𝑝
= 0,046 cal/deg/mol + ∫15 dT
3 𝑇

298 𝐶𝑝
= 0,0153 cal/deg/mol + ∫15 dT
𝑇

Cp
T (K) Ln T (Cal/deg/mol)
15 2.708 0.046
25 3.219 0.140
47 3.850 0.850
67 4.205 1.820
82 4.407 2.410
133.5 4.894 4.270
204 5.318 5.430
256.5 5.547 5.930
283 5.645 6.230
298 5.697 6.300

298 𝐶𝑝
∫15 𝑇 dT = luas daerah di bawah kurva (Cp vs ln T) yang dapat ditentukan dengan rumus luas
trapesium
Bayu Muhammad Aji 02511950010008
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Cp vs ln T
7.000
6.000

Cp (cal/deg.mol)
5.000
4.000
3.000
2.000
1.000
0.000
2.708 3.219 3.850 4.205 4.407 4.894 5.318 5.547 5.645 5.697
ln T

298 𝐶𝑝 1
∫15 𝑇
dT = 2 {(0,046 + 0,140) × (3,219 - 2,708) + (0,140 + 0,850) × (3,850 - 3,219) + (0,850 +
1,820) × (4,205 – 3,85) + (1,820 + 2,41) × (4,407 – 4,205) + (2,41 + 4,27) × (4,894 –
4,407) + (4,27 + 5,43) × (5,318 – 4,894) + (5,43 + 5,93) × (5,547 – 5,318) + (5,93 +
6,23) × (5,645 – 5,547) + (6,23 + 6,3) × (5,697 – 5,645) }
1
= 2 (0,095 + 0,625 + 0,9466 + 0,5846 + 3,2557 + 4,1130 + 2,6015 + 1,1955 +
0,6471)

= 7,1670

So 298 = (0,0153 + 7,1670) cal/deg/mol

= 7,1823 cal/deg/mol