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Module 11: Voltage Regulators

The document discusses voltage regulators and AC motors. It provides details on how voltage regulators use a sensing circuit to compare generator output voltage to a reference value, and a signal output circuit adjusts field excitation to maintain the desired output voltage under varying loads. It also explains how AC motors use a rotating magnetic field in the stator to induce current in the rotor and produce torque, with induction motors being the most common type. Key details are provided on torque production and types of single-phase and synchronous AC motors.

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Christian Agano
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61 views4 pages

Module 11: Voltage Regulators

The document discusses voltage regulators and AC motors. It provides details on how voltage regulators use a sensing circuit to compare generator output voltage to a reference value, and a signal output circuit adjusts field excitation to maintain the desired output voltage under varying loads. It also explains how AC motors use a rotating magnetic field in the stator to induce current in the rotor and produce torque, with induction motors being the most common type. Key details are provided on torque production and types of single-phase and synchronous AC motors.

Uploaded by

Christian Agano
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 11: Voltage Regulators

AC voltage from an AC generator varies as ​output load and power factor change​. ​Voltage
Regulator​ circuit is necessary to ​permit continuity of desired output voltage.
Purpose of VR
- Maintain​ output voltage of generator at a desired value.
- Load on AC generator changes ​due to
- Change in voltage drop​ across armature winding caused by
- IR drop​ ⇒ depends on amount of load change
- IX​L​ drop​ ⇒ depends on amount of load change and power factor
Block Diagram

Sensing circuit
- Senses voltage output of AC generator​ (based on load) ⇒ sent to comparison circuit
Reference Circuit
- Maintains constant output​ for reference; ​desired voltage output​ of AC generator
Comparison circuit
- Compares reference voltage to sensed voltage and provides an error signal
- Error signal represents increase or decrease in output voltage
- Signal sent to amplification circuit
Amplification circuit
- Can be ​magnetic amplifier or transistor amplifier​, takes signal from comparison circuit
and ​amplifies the milliamp to an amp output
- Sent to signal output
Signal output circuit
- Controls field excitation of AC generator; ​increases or decreases field excitation to either
raise or lower AC voltage
Feedback Circuit
- Takes some of the output of signal output circuit and feeds it back to the amplification
circuit
- Prevents overshooting and undershooting of the desired voltage by slowing down
circuit response

Example:

● ↑ load, ↓ output voltage ⇒ sensing circuit


● Comparison circuit ⇒ develops (+) error signal
● Error signal is amplified by amplifier circuit, sent to signal output circuit
● Signal output circuit, ↑ field excitation causes generated voltage to increase to the
desired output

Module 12: AC MOTOR THEORY


AC MOTORS used to drive machinery

Principles of Operation
- Relies on interaction of
- Revolving magnetic field created in the stator by AC current
- Opposing magnetic field either
- Induced on the rotor
- Provided by separate DC source
- Interaction produces usable torque (w/c can be coupled to desired loads)

Rotating Field
- Windings are connected in wye

-
- Magnetic field generated by each phase depends on current through that phase
- Currents in stator windings are 120​o out of phase, thus magnetic fields are 120​o out of
phase too. Magnetic fields will combine to produce one field that will act upon a rotor
Torque Production
- When AC is applied to stator windings, rotating magnetic field is developed
- Rotating magnetic field cuts the bars of the rotor and induces a current in them
- Induced current will produce a magnetic field, opposite in polarity of the stator field
- Since stator field is rotating, rotor cannor line up or lock onto the stator field and
therefore must follow behind it

Slip
- Virtually impossible for rotor of an AC induction motor to turn at same speed as rotating
magnetic field.
- If rotor speed = stator speed, no relative motion, then no induced EMF in the rotor
- Thus rotor must rotate at a speed less than stator for relative motion to exist
- % slip ⇒ difference between roto and stator speed
- Slip = (N​s​ - N​R​)/N​s​ * 100
- Where N​s​ ⇒ synchronous speed (rpm)
- N​R​ ⇒ rotor speed (rpm)
- N​s​ = (120f) / P

Torque
- Torque of an AC induction motor is dependent upon strength of interacting rotor and
stator fields

-
- K, (phi), (thetaR) are constant ⇒ torque is directly proportional to rotor current
- In an AC induction motor, as slip increases from zero to ~10%, the torque increases
linearly. As the load and slip are increased beyond full-load torque, the torque will reach
a maximum value at about 25% slip.
- If load is increased beyond this point, the motor will stall and come to a rapid stop.
- The typical induction motor breakdown torque varies from 200 to 300% of full-load
torque. Starting torque is the value of torque at 100% slip and is normally 150 to 200%
of full-load torque.
AC Motor Types
Induction Motor
- Most common in industrial applications because of simplicity, rugged construction, and
relatively low manufacturing costs
- Self contained unit with no external connections

Single-phase AC induction Motors


- For very small commercial applications (household appliances and buffers)
- 2 stator windings of unequal impedance are spaced 90 electrical degrees apart and
connected in parallel to a single phase source, field produced will appear to rotate ⇒
phase splitting
- Starting winding is used ⇒ higher resistance and lower reactance than main winding
- If the same Vt is applied to the starting and main winding, the current in the main
winding lags behind the current of the starting winding.
- Angle between two windings is phase difference to provide rotating magnetic field to
produce starting current

Synchronous Motors
- Used to accommodate large loads and improve power factor of transformers in
industrial complex
- Not a self starting motor because torque is only developed when running at
synchronous speed
- Use wound rotor
- With stator windings that produce rotating magnetic field
- Excited by external DC source, requires slip rings and brushes to provide current to rotor
- Rotor locks into step with rotating magnetic field and rotates at synchronous speed
- No torque if not synchronous
Starting Synchronous motors
- Started by a DC motor on a common shaft or by squirrel cage winding imbedded in the
face of the rotor poles
Field Excitation
- Power factor of a synchronous motor can be varied from leading to lagging value by
adjusting DC field excitation.
- Field excitation increased ⇒ leading
- Field excitation decreased ⇒ lagging

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