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Basic Concepts-I: (Terminology)

1) There are three types of systems: closed systems where mass cannot enter or leave, open systems where mass can cross boundaries, and isolated systems where neither energy nor mass can cross boundaries. 2) Properties of a system can be either intensive or extensive. Intensive properties are independent of system size, like temperature and pressure. Extensive properties depend on system size, like total mass and volume. 3) For engineering analysis, the system under study must be carefully defined, such as a control volume around a device where mass crosses boundaries.

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35 views13 pages

Basic Concepts-I: (Terminology)

1) There are three types of systems: closed systems where mass cannot enter or leave, open systems where mass can cross boundaries, and isolated systems where neither energy nor mass can cross boundaries. 2) Properties of a system can be either intensive or extensive. Intensive properties are independent of system size, like temperature and pressure. Extensive properties depend on system size, like total mass and volume. 3) For engineering analysis, the system under study must be carefully defined, such as a control volume around a device where mass crosses boundaries.

Uploaded by

DechenPema
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BASIC CONCEPTS-I

(Terminology)
System
Quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study
Surroundings
Mass or region outside the system

Boundary
Real or imaginary surface –separates the system from surroundings. Fixed or
movable-zero thickness
Contact surface-shared
Types of system
Closed or open ???
-depends on fixed M/V in space is chosen for study.

Closed system (CS)/Control mass:


-Consists of fixed amt of mass
-No mass can cross its boundaries (i.e no mass can enter or leave a CS)
-Energy (heat or work) can cross the boundary.
Open system (OS)/Control Volume
-mass and energy can cross – boundaries
-mass can enter or leave a CV
-Energy (heat or work) can cross the boundary.
Isolated system
-Neither energy nor matter through the boundaries with its surroundings
-Fixed mass & energy
-Not influenced /affected by changes in environment/ surroundings
Example for Isolated system
-System – thermally insulated from surroundings
-Does not give Q to surroundings nor receive
-No heat interaction of system with surroundings
-e.g: flask
Summary
1) Closed system/control mass
2) Open system/control volume
3) Isolated system
NOTE
 CV encloses a device that involves mass flow
-e.g compressor, turbine, nozzle, water heater

 Should be analyzed CV instead of CM

 Flow through devices-selecting region within as CV

 Mass & energy (H & W) cross the boundary like CS

 Boundary of CV is control surface- real or imaginary


 e.g. Nozzle- no physical surface
 inner surface forms real part of boundary
 Entrance/exit→ imaginary part
 CV –fixed in size & shape

 May involves moving boundary (rarely) & Q,W (closed)

 e.g: open system (CV) -water heater.

Hot & cold stream as mass leaving &


entering the CV. Mass crosses the CV

 Aim: hw much Q to supply to cold water to get hot?

 Not convenient to choose fixed mass as system

 Attention : on V formed by interior surface of tank & it form CS.


Remark-2
In Engg analysis-system under study must be defined carefully.
Thermodynamic properties of system
Every system -characteristics by which its physical condition –described :
properties of system
e.g.Vol, T, P etc…

Macroscopic & describes state, state variables of system

2 Types
-Intensive properties
-Extensive properties
Intensive properties (IP)
Independent of mass of the system
-e.g: T, P, ρ ,color, odor, ductility, hardness, melting / freezing point
-physical properties of substances

Extensive properties (EP)


Depends on size or extend of the system
-e.g: total mass, total volume, total momentum, weight, length
Criterion to differentiate IP & EP
Divide the system into 2 equal parts with imaginary partition

Each part has same value of intensive properties as the original


=> but half the value of the extensive properties

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