Mass Transfer - II 3350502: Parth Modi, Lecturer
Mass Transfer - II 3350502: Parth Modi, Lecturer
Mass Transfer - II 3350502: Parth Modi, Lecturer
3350502
Parth Modi, Lecturer
Chemical Engineering
CHAPTER-2
Distillation
What is Distillation ?
• Use for “Separation” of components from mixture.
• Separation of more volatile components
from less volatile.
• Henry's law takes care of what happen in the solution when you have gas over it.
P=K*C
P is Partial pressure of solute above solution
C is concentration of solute in solution
K is Henry’s law constant
Vapor Liquid Equilibrium…
• It is useful for graphical design in determining the number of theoretical stages
required for a distillation column.
• A typical equilibrium curve for a binary mixture on x-y plot is shown in Figure.
• The VLE Plot expresses the bubble-point and the dew-point of a binary mixture at
constant pressure. The curved line in Figure is called the equilibrium line and it
describes the compositions of the liquid and vapor in equilibrium at some fixed
pressure.
• This particular VLE plot shows a binary ideal mixture that has a uniform vapor-
liquid equilibrium that is relatively easy to separate.
Vapor Liquid Equilibrium
• The relative volatility of component ‘A’ with respect to component ‘B’ in a binary
mixture is defined as
where,
yA = mole fraction of component ‘A’ in the vapor,
xA = mole fraction of component ‘A’ in the liquid.
• In general, relative volatility of a mixture changes with the mixture
composition. For binary mixture, xB = 1-xA.
Relative Volatility
• If the system obeys Raoult’s law
• The relationship
between the scale
of vaporization and
mole fraction of A
in vapor and liquid
(y and x) is known
as the Operating
Line Equation.
Flash Distillation…
• Define f as molal fraction of the feed that is vaporized and withdrawn
continuously as vapor.
• Therefore, for 1 mole of binary feed mixture, (1- f) is the molal fraction of the
feed that leaves continuously as liquid.
Assume,
• yD = mole fraction of A in vapor leaving,
• xB = mole fraction of A in liquid leaving,
• xF = mole fraction of A in feed entering.
•The fraction f depends on the enthalpy of the liquid feed, the enthalpies of the
vapor and liquid leaving the separator.
• For a given feed condition, and hence the known value of f and xF, the Equation
is a straight line Equation with slope - (1-f)/f and intercept xF/f as shown in Figure.
• From this value, the composition of the vapor and liquid leaving the separator
can be obtained.
Differential Distillation…
• The column is charged
with a 'batch' and then
the distillation process
is carried out.
• Consider a binary
mixture of components
A (more volatile) and B
(less volatile).
Differential Distillation…
• The system consists of a batch of liquid (fixed quantity) inside a kettle (or still)
fitted with heating element and a condenser to condense the vapor produced as
shown in Figure.
Ans.
Calculate 1/(y-x) As per Rayleigh Equation
Differential Distillation
x1= 0.4,
Feed L1 = 100,
Distillate (D) = 70,
Liquid residue as L2 = L1-D = 30
Find x2 by equating
The value of x2 = 0.067
yD = 0.543
Fractional Distillation…
• Fractional distillation
is a process in which
vaporisation of liquid
mixture gives rise to a
mixture of constituents
from which desired one
is separated in pure
form.
• When a liquid mixture
is distilled, the partial
condensation of the
vapour is allowed to
occur in a fractionating
column.
Fractional Distillation…
• In the column, ascending vapor from the still is allowed to come in contact with
the condensing vapor returning to the still.
• This results is enrichment of the vapor with the more volatile component.
• It is used to
separate High boiling
substances from non
–volatile impurities
Separate immiscible
liquids.
Steam Distillation…
• A mixture of immiscible liquids begins to boil when sum of their vapor pressure
is equal to atmospheric pressure.
• Provision are made to heat both steam can and flask separately.
Vacuum Distillation
• The distillation process in
which the liquid is distilled
at a temperature lower
than its boiling point by the
application of vacuum.
Vacuum pumps, suction
pumps, etc. are used to
reduce the pressure on the
liquid surface.
• Distillation under the
reduced pressure is based
on the principle of the
simple distillation with
some modifications.
Molecular Distillation
• It is defined as a
distillation process in which
molecule in the vapor
phase travels mean free
path and gets condensed
individually without Inter
molecular collisions on
application of vacuum.
• Molecular distillation is
based on the principle of
the simple distillation with
some modifications.
• This is also called
Evaporation distillation.
Azeotropic & Extractive Distillation
Azeotropic distillation:
In which azeoptorpic mixture is broken by the addition of third Substance, which
forms a new azeotrope with one of the components.
Extractive distillation:
The third substance added to the azeoptorpic mixture is relatively nonvolatile
liquid compared to the components to be separated.
• This method uses the equilibrium curve diagram to determine the number of
theoretical stages (trays) required to achieve a desired degree of separation.
• The reflux ratio R is important because the concentration of the more volatile
component in the distillate (in mole fraction xD) can be changed by changing the
value of R.
feed is a mixture of liquid and vapor q is the fraction of the feed that is liquid
McCabe and Thiele method…
3. Determination of the feed section
operating line (q-line):
• In the feed tray the feed is introduced at F
moles/hr with liquid of q fraction of feed and
vapor of (1-f) fraction of feed.
y = xF
• At this condition the q-line passes
through the point (xF, xF) on the 45o
diagonal. Different values of q will
result in different slope of the q-line.
McCabe and Thiele method…
4. Determination of the stripping section operating line (SOL):
• The stripping section operating line (SOL) can be obtained from the ROL and q-
line without doing any material balance.
•The SOL can be drawn by connecting
point xB on the diagonal to the point of
intersection between the ROL and q-line.
• The Above Equation is called the stripping operating line (SOL) which is a
straight line with slope ( L' / L' - B) and intercept ( B xB / L' - B ).
• When x = xB , y = xB, the SOL passes through (xB, xB ) on the 45 degree diagonal
line.