Chapter 01 – Introduction and Properties of Sections

PROBLEM 01
Locate the centroid of the shaded area.

Solution

A1=8 ( 4 )=32 m2 x 1=0 y 1=2 m

A2=2 ( 2 )=4 m2 x 2=−2 m y 2=3 m
1 4 (1)
A3 = π (1)2=0.5 π m2 x 3=2 m y 3=4− =3.576 m
2 3π

[ A T =A 1+ A 2 + A 3 ] AT =32−4−0.5 π
AT =26.429 m 2

[ A T Y G=∑ Ay ] 26.429 Y G=32 ( 2 )−4 ( 3 ) −0.5 π ( 3.576)

Y G =1.755 m

[ A T X G =∑ Ax] 26.429 Y G=32 ( 0 ) −4 (−2 )−0.5 π (2)

Y G =0.18 m
PROBLEM 02
With reference to the plane area, determine the following:
a.) The area of the plane in square millimeters.
b.) The x-coordinate of the centroid.
c.) The y-coordinate of the centroid.

Solution
1
A1= ( 30 )( 90 )=1350
2
x 1=20 ; y 1=30
A2=50 ( 90 )=4500
x 2=55 ; y 1=45
1
A3 = (50) ( 30 )=750
2
190
x 3= ; y 3=100
3
1
A 4= (20) ( 120 )=1200
2

260
x4 = ; y 3=40
3

AT =∑ A=7800 m2

[ A T x́=∑ ax ]
 7800 x́=1350 ( 30 ) +4500 ( 45 )+750 ( 1903 )+1200( 2603 )
x́=54.62 mm

[ A T ý=∑ ay ]
7800 x́=1350 ( 30 ) +4500 ( 45 )+750 ( 100 ) +1200(40)
ý=46.92 mm

PROBLEM 03

A tee section is made up of a 30mm x 150 mm flange and a 30 mm x 160 mm web. Determine the
properties of the section.

Solution

A1=150 ( 30 ) =4500 mm2

y 1=15 mm
A2=160 ( 30 )=4800 mm2
y 1=110 mm

AT = A1 + A2 =9300 mm2

[ A T Y G=∑ Ay ]
9300 Y G =4500 ( 15 ) +4800 (110)
Y G =64.03 mm

d 1=Y G −15=49.03 mm
d 2=110−Y G =45.97 mm

X-Axis:
¿
150(30)3 3
2 30(160) 2
I X= + 4500 ( 49.03 ) + + 4800 ( 45.97 )
12 12
I X =31,538,790 mm 4

IX 31,538,790
[S X = ] SX=
c (190−64.03)
S X =250,367 mm3

IX 31,538,790
[r x =
√ AT
] r x=
√ 9,300
r x =58.23 mm
Y-Axis:
¿
30(150)3 160(30)3
I X= +
12 12
4
I X =8,797,500mm

IY 8,797,500
[S Y = ] SY =
c 75
SY =117,300 mm 3

Iy 8,797,500
[r y =
√ AT
] r x=
√ 9,300
r x =30.76 mm

Chapter 02 – Bolted and Riveted Connections and

Tension Members
PROBLEM 01
The single 200 mm x 10 mm steel plate is connected to a 12-mm thick steel plate by four 16 mm diameter
rivets. The rivets used are A502, Grade 2, hot driven rivets. The steel ASTM A36 with F y = 248 MPa and
Fu = 400MPa. Determine the value of P in all possible modes of failure and the safe value of P that the
connection can resist.

Solution:

Riveted Diameter = 16 mm
Hole = 16 = 1.6 = 17.6 mm
Tension on gross area:
F t=0.6 F y =0.6 ( 248 )=148.8 MPa
A g=200 ( 10 )=2000 mm 2
P=F t A g=148.8(2000)
P=297600 N =297.6 kN

Tension on net area:

F t=0.5 F u=0.5 ( 400 )=200 MPa

Tension on net area Tension on gross area

Net area along section a-a:

Ae =[200−2 ( 17.6 ) ](10)
Ae =1648 mm2
85 % A g=0.85(2000)
85 % A g=1700 mm 2
P=F t Ae =200 ( 1648 )
P=329000 N =329.6 kN

Bearing on projected area:

F p=1.2 F u=1.2 ( 400 )=480 MPa
A p =∑ dt=[ 16 ( 10 ) ] ( 4 )=640 mm2
P=F p A p=480 ( 640 )
P=307200 N =307.2kN

Shear on rivets
F v =152 MPa
π
A v =4 ( )¿
4
P=F v A v =152( 804.25)
P=122246 N =122.246 kN

Shear rapture (block shear):

P=F v A v + F t A t
F v =0.3 Fu =0.3 ( 400 )
F v =120 MPa
A v =2 A bc =2{ [135−1.5 ( 17.6 ) ] (10 ) }
A v =2172 mm2
F t=0.5 F u=0.5 ( 400 )
F t=200 MPa
At =2 ( A ab ) =2{ [ 50−0.5 ( 17.6 ) ] ( 10 ) }
At =824 mm2
 P=120 ( 2172 ) +200 ( 824 )
P=425,440 N =425.44 kN

Therefore, the safe load is 122.246 kN governed by shear on rivets.

PROBLEM 02

For the lap connection shown, the rivets are 19-mm diameter and the plates are 8 mm thick. The rivets
used are A502, Grade 1 and the plates are ASTM A36 with Fu = 400 MPa. Determine the value of P in all
possible modes of failure and the safe value of P that the connection can resist.

Solution
For A36 steel, Fy = 248 MPa
Shear on rivets (single shear):
F v =120 MPa
π
A v= ¿
4
P=F v A v
P=2552 ( 120 )=306240 N
P=306.24 kN

Bearing on projected area:

F p=1.2 F u=1.2 ( 400 )=480 MPa
A p =19 ( 8 )( 9 )=1368 mm2
P=F p A p=480 (1368 )=656640 N
P=656.6 kN

Tearing (tension) on gross area:

F t=0.6 F y =0.6 ( 248 )=148.8 MPa
A g=250 ( 8 ) =2000 mm2
P=F t A g=148.8 ( 2000 )
P=297600 N =297.6 kN

Tearing on net area:

F t=0.5 F u
F t=0.5 ( 400 )=200 MPa
Hole =19 + 1.6 = 20.6 mm
85% Ag = 1700 mm2

Along first row:

 An =( 250−20.6 )( 8 )
An =1835.2mm 2
Use An =1700 mm2
A ' n =A g =1700 mm2

Along second row:

An =[ 250−2 ( 20.6 ) ] ( 8 )
An =1670.4 mm2
An
A 'n =
n
1−
N
1670.4
A 'n =
1
1−
9
A ' n =1879.2mm 2

Along third row:

An =[ 250−3 ( 20.6 ) ] ( 8 )
An =1505.6 mm2
An
A 'n =
n
1−
N
1505.6
A 'n =
3
1−
9
A ' n =1879.2mm 2
Use A ' n =1700 mm2 (governed by tearing along the first row)

P=F t A ' u
P=200 ( 1700 ) =340000 N
P=340 kN

The safe load P=297.6 kN , governed by tension on gross area.

PROBLEM 03

A plate with a width of 400 mm and thickness of 12 mm is to be cconnected to a plate of the same width
and thickness by 34 mm diameter bolts, as shown. The holes are 2 mm larger than the bolt diameter. The
plate is A36 stel with yield strength Fy = 248 MPa. Assume allowable tensile stress on the net area is
0.60Fy. It is required to determine the value of b such that the net width along bolts 1-2-3-4 is equal to the
net width along bolts 1-2-4.
a) Calculate the value of b in millimeters.
b) Calculate the value of the net area for tension in plates in square millimeters.
 c) Calculate the value of P so that the allowable tensile stress on the net area will no be
exceeded.

Solution

Any critical path of the top plate shown above, the load is 100% of P, hence no reduction of net area is
required. For the bottom plate, for path 1-2-3, only 75% of P acts on the net area, while for path 1-2-3-4,
100% of P acts on the net area.

Part a:

s2
Net width=Gross width−∑ holes+ ∑
4g
Net width (1-2-4) = Net width (1-2-3-4)
2
602 ( 150−b ) 60 2 b2 1502
400−3 ( 34+2 )+ + =400−4 ( 34 +2 ) + + +
4 ( 100 ) 4 (200 ) 4 ( 100 ) 4 ( 100 ) 4 ( 100 )
( 150−b )2 b2
− =20.25
4 ( 200 ) 4 ( 100 )
22500−300 b+b2−2b 2=16200
b 2+300 b−6300=0
−300± √ (300)2−4 ( 1 ) (−6300)
b=
2(1)
b=19.71 mm
Part b:

Considering path 1-2-3-4 or 1-2-4:

2
602 ( 150−b )
Net width=400−3 ( 34+ 2 )+ +
4 ( 100 ) 4 ( 200 )
2
602 ( 150−19.71 )
Net width=400−3 ( 34+ 2 )+ +
4 ( 100 ) 4 ( 200 )
Net width=322.22 mm

Considering path 1-2-3:

602 b2
Net width=400−3 ( 34+ 2 )+ +
4 ( 100 ) 4 ( 100 )
602 19.712
Net width=400−4 34+2 +
( ) +
4 ( 100 ) 4 (100 )
Net width = 301.97 mm

Critical net area = 301.97(12) = 3624 mm2

Part c:
P=F t An
P=[ 0.6 ( 248 ) ](3624)
P=539251 N
P=539.25 kN

Eccentric Shear
PROBLEM 01
Determine the shear fore on the most stressed fastener.
Solution
Since there are two identical plates, let us analyze one plate only using half of the given load,
P = 1000/2 = 500 kN

Direct load:
P 500
R D= = =62.5 kN
N 8

Load due to moment:

Ty Tx
R x= 2 2
R y=
∑ (x + y ) ∑ ( x 2+ y 2 )
T =Pe=500 ( 0.29 )=145 kN ∙ m2
∑ (x 2+ y 2)=4 ( 90 2+120 2) + 4 ( 902+ 402 ) =128800mm 2
Note: The farther the fastener is from the cg, the greater is load due to moment

Considering bolt 1: ( x=90 , y=120 ¿

145 ×106 (120)

R1 Tx= =135093 N
128800
 145 ×10 6 (90)
R1 Ty = =101320 N
128800
R1 x =R 1Tx =135093 N
R1 y =R1 Ty + R D =101320+62500=163820 N
R1= √ R1 Tx2 + R1 y 2
R1= √ (135093)2 +( 163820)2
R1=212337 N =212.34 kN

PROBLEM 02

The gusset is riveted to a larger plate by four 22-mm rivets in single shear arranged and loaded as shown.
Calculate the stress in the most heavily loaded rivet.

Solution
 Direct load on each rivet:
P 48
R Dx = = =12kN
N 4
36
R Dy = =9 kN
4

Moment:
T =36 ( 0.04 )+ 48 ( 0.08 )=5.28 kN ∙ m
Ty
RTx =
∑ ( x 2+ y 2 )
Tx
RTy =
∑ (x 2 + y 2)
∑ ( x2 + y 2 ) =( 402 +1202 + 402+ 1202 )=32000
Since the Y-coordinate of each rivet (relative to the cg) is zero, then
RTx =R T 2 x =R T 3 x =R T 4 x =0

The most heavily loaded rivet is Rivet 1:

Tx
RTy =
∑ (x 2 + y 2)
5.28 × 106 (120)
RTy =
32000
RTy =19800 N =19.8 kN

R1= √ (R¿¿ Dx)2+( R ¿ ¿ Dy+ RT 1 y )2 ¿¿

R1= √ (12)2 +( 9+18)2
R1=31.2 kN

Maximum shear stress:

R1
f v max =
Av

31200
f v max = =82.08 MPa
π 2
(22)
4
PROBLEM 03
The gusset shown is riveted to the column flange by 7 20-mm diameter rivet in single shear. Determine
the stress in the most-heavily loaded bolt.

Solution

Direct load:
140
R D= =20 kN
7

Moment:
Centroid
n × X G= ∑ x
7 X G =0 ( 3 ) +200(4)
X G =114.29 mm
 n ×Y G =∑ y
7 Y G =0 ( 1 )+ 150 ( 2 ) +300 ( 2 ) +450 (2)
Y G =257.14 mm

e=200+175−X G =375−114.29
e=260.71 mm

T =140 e=140(0.26071)
T =36.5 kN ∙ m

∑ (x 2+ y 2)=4(85.71)2 +3(114.29)2
+2(192.86)2 ++2( 42.86)2
+2(107.14)2 +(257.14)2
∑ (x 2+ y 2)=235714.29

T y4
RT 4 x =
∑ (x 2+ y 2 )
36.5 ×106 ( 257.14 )
RT 4 x = =39817.7 N
235714.29
RT 4 x =39.818 kN

T x4
RT 4 y =
∑ ( x2 + y2 )
36.5 ×106 ( 85.71 )
RT 4 y = =13272 N
235714.29
RT 4 y =13.272 kN
R4 =√ (R¿¿ T 4 x )2 +(R ¿ ¿ D+ RT 4 y )2 ¿ ¿
2 2
R4 =√ ( 39.818 ) + ( 20+13.272 )
R4 =51.89 kN

51890
f v max = 2
=165.17 MPa
π (20)
Chapter 03 – Welded Connections
PROBLEM 01

Two steel plates, each 350 mm wide and 12 mm thick, are to be joined together by welded lap splice. The
electrode used for the weld has a nominal tensile strength of 550 MPa
a) Determine the maximum weld size that can be used.
b) Determine the effective net area of the fillet weld using the maximum weld size allowable by
the code.
c) Determine the maximum load that can be resisted by the weld using the maximum weld size
allowed by the code.

Solution
a) Maximum sized of weld:

Material 6 mm or more in thickness, not greater than the thickness of the material
minus 1.5 mm, unless the weld is especially designated on the drawings to be built
out to obtain full-throat thickness.
Maximum ¿ t=12−1.5=10.5 mm

b) Effective area of fillet weld:

The effective area of fillet welds shall be taken as the effective length times the
effective throat thickness.

Effective length=350 × 2=700 mm

Effective throat thickness=0.707t
Effective throat thickness=0.707 (10.5 )=7.4235 mm
 Effective area=700 ( 7.4253 )=5197 m2

c) Considering the upper weld only:

P=F v A v
F v =0.3 Fu =0.3 ( 350 )
F v =330 MPa

A v =0.707 tL
A v =0.707 ( 10.5 ) (350 )
A v =2598 mm2
P=330 ( 2598 )
P=857414 N=857.4 kN

PROBLEM 02
A double-angle truss member shown consist of two angles 125 mm x 88 mm x 10 mm thick with the 125
mm side welded to a gusset plate. The member is to carry a total tensile force of 848 kN. Using 6-mm
fillet weld with E60 electrode, determine the length of each side fillet weld required for balanced
condition. All steels are A36 with Fy = 250 MPa

Solution

F u=425 MPafor E60 electrode

Allowable shear on effective area of weld

F v =0.3 Fu =0.3 ( 425 ) =127.5 MPa

Allowable shear on base metal

F v =0. 4 F y =0. 4 ( 250 )=100 MPa

Considering one member only:

 848
P= =424 kN
2
Length of weld on one side , L=L1 + L2

Based on weld metal shear:

P=0.707 tL F v 424000=0.707 ( 6 ) ( L ) (127.5 )
L=784 mm
Based on base metal shear:
A v =t × L=6 L (contact area between the weld and metal)

P= A v F v 424000=6 L (100 )
L=706 mm

Use L=784 mm

For balanced condition:

L1 y 1 =L2 y 2 L1 ( 40 )=L2 ( 85 )
L1=2.125 L2

L=L1 + L2 2.125 L2+ L2 =784

L2=250.88 mm
L1=533.12 mm

PROBLEM 03

A plate is lapped over and welded to a gusset plate as shown.

a) Determine the maximum force per millimeter of weld due to moment alone acting at the
centroid of the weld group
b) Determine the maximum force per millimeter of weld due to the given load

Solution

Direct Load:
P
R D=
L
 90000
R D=
150 ×3
N
R D=200
mm

Location of cg
L x́=∑ lx
450 x́=150 ( 0 )+2 ( 150 ) ( 175 )
x́=116.7 mm
e=100+150+100−116.7
e=233.33 mm
a=175−116.7=58.3 mm
b=116.7 mm
c=100+ 150−116.7=133.3 mm

Moment, T =Pe=90000 ( 233.33 )

Moment, T =21000000 N ∙ mm

L2 2 1502 1502
J=∑ L[
12
2
+ x́ ¿ + ý ]=150 [
12
2 2
]
+ 58.3 +75 × 2+ 150
12 [ 2
]
+116.7 +0 ¿

J=5593750.5 mm 3

T y 21 ×106 ( 75 )
a) RTBx = =
J 5593750.5
N
RTBx =281.564
mm
T 21 ×106 ( 133.3 )
RTB y = x
J 5593750.5
N
RTBy =500.55
mm
RTB =√ (R¿ ¿T B x)2 + RT B y ¿2
RTB =574.3 N /mm

Another Solution:
Tr 21× 106 (152.95 ) N
RTBx = = =574.2
J 5593750.5 mm

b) Total force on B:
R B=√( R¿ ¿T B x)2 +(R ¿ ¿ D+ RT D y )2 ¿ ¿
R B=√(281.564 )2 +(200+500.55)2
R B=755 N /mm
Chapter 04 – Columns and Other Compression
Members
PROBLEM 01