Chapter 01 – Introduction and Properties of Sections

PROBLEM 01
Locate the centroid of the shaded area.

Solution

A1=8 ( 4 )=32 m2 x 1=0 y 1=2 m

A2=2 ( 2 )=4 m2 x 2=−2 m y 2=3 m
1 4 (1)
A3 = π (1)2=0.5 π m2 x 3=2 m y 3=4− =3.576 m
2 3π

[ A T =A 1+ A 2 + A 3 ] AT =32−4−0.5 π
AT =26.429 m 2

[ A T Y G=∑ Ay ] 26.429 Y G=32 ( 2 )−4 ( 3 ) −0.5 π ( 3.576)

Y G =1.755 m

[ A T X G =∑ Ax] 26.429 Y G=32 ( 0 ) −4 (−2 )−0.5 π (2)

Y G =0.18 m
PROBLEM 02
With reference to the plane area, determine the following:
a.) The area of the plane in square millimeters.
b.) The x-coordinate of the centroid.
c.) The y-coordinate of the centroid.

Solution
1
A1= ( 30 )( 90 )=1350
2
x 1=20 ; y 1=30
A2=50 ( 90 )=4500
x 2=55 ; y 1=45
1
A3 = (50) ( 30 )=750
2
190
x 3= ; y 3=100
3
1
A 4= (20) ( 120 )=1200
2

260
x4 = ; y 3=40
3

AT =∑ A=7800 m2

[ A T x́=∑ ax ]
 7800 x́=1350 ( 30 ) +4500 ( 45 )+750 ( 1903 )+1200( 2603 )
x́=54.62 mm

[ A T ý=∑ ay ]
7800 x́=1350 ( 30 ) +4500 ( 45 )+750 ( 100 ) +1200(40)
ý=46.92 mm

PROBLEM 03

A tee section is made up of a 30mm x 150 mm flange and a 30 mm x 160 mm web. Determine the
properties of the section.

Solution

A1=150 ( 30 ) =4500 mm2

y 1=15 mm
A2=160 ( 30 )=4800 mm2
y 1=110 mm

AT = A1 + A2 =9300 mm2

[ A T Y G=∑ Ay ]
9300 Y G =4500 ( 15 ) +4800 (110)
Y G =64.03 mm

d 1=Y G −15=49.03 mm
d 2=110−Y G =45.97 mm

X-Axis:
¿
150(30)3 3
2 30(160) 2
I X= + 4500 ( 49.03 ) + + 4800 ( 45.97 )
12 12
I X =31,538,790 mm 4

IX 31,538,790
[S X = ] SX=
c (190−64.03)
S X =250,367 mm3

IX 31,538,790
[r x =
√ AT
] r x=
√ 9,300
r x =58.23 mm
Y-Axis:
¿
30(150)3 160(30)3
I X= +
12 12
4
I X =8,797,500mm

IY 8,797,500
[S Y = ] SY =
c 75
SY =117,300 mm 3

Iy 8,797,500
[r y =
√ AT
] r x=
√ 9,300
r x =30.76 mm

Chapter 02 – Bolted and Riveted Connections and

Tension Members
PROBLEM 01
The single 200 mm x 10 mm steel plate is connected to a 12-mm thick steel plate by four 16 mm diameter
rivets. The rivets used are A502, Grade 2, hot driven rivets. The steel ASTM A36 with F y = 248 MPa and
Fu = 400MPa. Determine the value of P in all possible modes of failure and the safe value of P that the
connection can resist.

Solution:

Riveted Diameter = 16 mm
Hole = 16 = 1.6 = 17.6 mm
Tension on gross area:
F t=0.6 F y =0.6 ( 248 )=148.8 MPa
A g=200 ( 10 )=2000 mm 2
P=F t A g=148.8(2000)
P=297600 N =297.6 kN

Tension on net area:

F t=0.5 F u=0.5 ( 400 )=200 MPa

Tension on net area Tension on gross area

Net area along section a-a:

Ae =[200−2 ( 17.6 ) ](10)
Ae =1648 mm2
85 % A g=0.85(2000)
85 % A g=1700 mm 2
P=F t Ae =200 ( 1648 )
P=329000 N =329.6 kN

Bearing on projected area:

F p=1.2 F u=1.2 ( 400 )=480 MPa
A p =∑ dt=[ 16 ( 10 ) ] ( 4 )=640 mm2
P=F p A p=480 ( 640 )
P=307200 N =307.2kN

Shear on rivets
F v =152 MPa
π
A v =4 ( )¿
4
P=F v A v =152( 804.25)
P=122246 N =122.246 kN

Shear rapture (block shear):

P=F v A v + F t A t
F v =0.3 Fu =0.3 ( 400 )
F v =120 MPa
A v =2 A bc =2{ [135−1.5 ( 17.6 ) ] (10 ) }
A v =2172 mm2
F t=0.5 F u=0.5 ( 400 )
F t=200 MPa
At =2 ( A ab ) =2{ [ 50−0.5 ( 17.6 ) ] ( 10 ) }
At =824 mm2
 P=120 ( 2172 ) +200 ( 824 )
P=425,440 N =425.44 kN

Therefore, the safe load is 122.246 kN governed by shear on rivets.

PROBLEM 02

For the lap connection shown, the rivets are 19-mm diameter and the plates are 8 mm thick. The rivets
used are A502, Grade 1 and the plates are ASTM A36 with Fu = 400 MPa. Determine the value of P in all
possible modes of failure and the safe value of P that the connection can resist.

Solution
For A36 steel, Fy = 248 MPa
Shear on rivets (single shear):
F v =120 MPa
π
A v= ¿
4
P=F v A v
P=2552 ( 120 )=306240 N
P=306.24 kN

Bearing on projected area:

F p=1.2 F u=1.2 ( 400 )=480 MPa
A p =19 ( 8 )( 9 )=1368 mm2
P=F p A p=480 (1368 )=656640 N
P=656.6 kN

Tearing (tension) on gross area:

F t=0.6 F y =0.6 ( 248 )=148.8 MPa
A g=250 ( 8 ) =2000 mm2
P=F t A g=148.8 ( 2000 )
P=297600 N =297.6 kN

Tearing on net area:

F t=0.5 F u
F t=0.5 ( 400 )=200 MPa
Hole =19 + 1.6 = 20.6 mm
85% Ag = 1700 mm2

Along first row:

 An =( 250−20.6 )( 8 )
An =1835.2mm 2
Use An =1700 mm2
A ' n =A g =1700 mm2

Along second row:

An =[ 250−2 ( 20.6 ) ] ( 8 )
An =1670.4 mm2
An
A 'n =
n
1−
N
1670.4
A 'n =
1
1−
9
A ' n =1879.2mm 2

Along third row:

An =[ 250−3 ( 20.6 ) ] ( 8 )
An =1505.6 mm2
An
A 'n =
n
1−
N
1505.6
A 'n =
3
1−
9
A ' n =1879.2mm 2
Use A ' n =1700 mm2 (governed by tearing along the first row)

P=F t A ' u
P=200 ( 1700 ) =340000 N
P=340 kN

The safe load P=297.6 kN , governed by tension on gross area.

PROBLEM 03

A plate with a width of 400 mm and thickness of 12 mm is to be cconnected to a plate of the same width
and thickness by 34 mm diameter bolts, as shown. The holes are 2 mm larger than the bolt diameter. The
plate is A36 stel with yield strength Fy = 248 MPa. Assume allowable tensile stress on the net area is
0.60Fy. It is required to determine the value of b such that the net width along bolts 1-2-3-4 is equal to the
net width along bolts 1-2-4.
a) Calculate the value of b in millimeters.
b) Calculate the value of the net area for tension in plates in square millimeters.
 c) Calculate the value of P so that the allowable tensile stress on the net area will no be
exceeded.

Solution

Any critical path of the top plate shown above, the load is 100% of P, hence no reduction of net area is
required. For the bottom plate, for path 1-2-3, only 75% of P acts on the net area, while for path 1-2-3-4,
100% of P acts on the net area.

Part a:

s2
Net width=Gross width−∑ holes+ ∑
4g
Net width (1-2-4) = Net width (1-2-3-4)
2
602 ( 150−b ) 60 2 b2 1502
400−3 ( 34+2 )+ + =400−4 ( 34 +2 ) + + +
4 ( 100 ) 4 (200 ) 4 ( 100 ) 4 ( 100 ) 4 ( 100 )
( 150−b )2 b2
− =20.25
4 ( 200 ) 4 ( 100 )
22500−300 b+b2−2b 2=16200
b 2+300 b−6300=0
−300± √ (300)2−4 ( 1 ) (−6300)
b=
2(1)
b=19.71 mm
Part b:

Considering path 1-2-3-4 or 1-2-4:

2
602 ( 150−b )
Net width=400−3 ( 34+ 2 )+ +
4 ( 100 ) 4 ( 200 )
2
602 ( 150−19.71 )
Net width=400−3 ( 34+ 2 )+ +
4 ( 100 ) 4 ( 200 )
Net width=322.22 mm

Considering path 1-2-3:

602 b2
Net width=400−3 ( 34+ 2 )+ +
4 ( 100 ) 4 ( 100 )
602 19.712
Net width=400−4 34+2 +
( ) +
4 ( 100 ) 4 (100 )
Net width = 301.97 mm

Critical net area = 301.97(12) = 3624 mm2

Part c:
P=F t An
P=[ 0.6 ( 248 ) ](3624)
P=539251 N
P=539.25 kN

Eccentric Shear
PROBLEM 01
Determine the shear fore on the most stressed fastener.
Solution
Since there are two identical plates, let us analyze one plate only using half of the given load,
P = 1000/2 = 500 kN

Direct load:
P 500
R D= = =62.5 kN
N 8

Load due to moment:

Ty Tx
R x= 2 2
R y=
∑ (x + y ) ∑ ( x 2+ y 2 )
T =Pe=500 ( 0.29 )=145 kN ∙ m2
∑ (x 2+ y 2)=4 ( 90 2+120 2) + 4 ( 902+ 402 ) =128800mm 2
Note: The farther the fastener is from the cg, the greater is load due to moment

Considering bolt 1: ( x=90 , y=120 ¿

145 ×106 (120)

R1 Tx= =135093 N
128800
 145 ×10 6 (90)
R1 Ty = =101320 N
128800
R1 x =R 1Tx =135093 N
R1 y =R1 Ty + R D =101320+62500=163820 N
R1= √ R1 Tx2 + R1 y 2
R1= √ (135093)2 +( 163820)2
R1=212337 N =212.34 kN

PROBLEM 02

The gusset is riveted to a larger plate by four 22-mm rivets in single shear arranged and loaded as shown.
Calculate the stress in the most heavily loaded rivet.

Solution
 Direct load on each rivet:
P 48
R Dx = = =12kN
N 4
36
R Dy = =9 kN
4

Moment:
T =36 ( 0.04 )+ 48 ( 0.08 )=5.28 kN ∙ m
Ty
RTx =
∑ ( x 2+ y 2 )
Tx
RTy =
∑ (x 2 + y 2)
∑ ( x2 + y 2 ) =( 402 +1202 + 402+ 1202 )=32000
Since the Y-coordinate of each rivet (relative to the cg) is zero, then
RTx =R T 2 x =R T 3 x =R T 4 x =0

The most heavily loaded rivet is Rivet 1:

Tx
RTy =
∑ (x 2 + y 2)
5.28 × 106 (120)
RTy =
32000
RTy =19800 N =19.8 kN

R1= √ (R¿¿ Dx)2+( R ¿ ¿ Dy+ RT 1 y )2 ¿¿

R1= √ (12)2 +( 9+18)2
R1=31.2 kN

Maximum shear stress:

R1
f v max =
Av

31200
f v max = =82.08 MPa
π 2
(22)
4
PROBLEM 03
The gusset shown is riveted to the column flange by 7 20-mm diameter rivet in single shear. Determine
the stress in the most-heavily loaded bolt.

Solution

Direct load:
140
R D= =20 kN
7

Moment:
Centroid
n × X G= ∑ x
7 X G =0 ( 3 ) +200(4)
X G =114.29 mm
 n ×Y G =∑ y
7 Y G =0 ( 1 )+ 150 ( 2 ) +300 ( 2 ) +450 (2)
Y G =257.14 mm

e=200+175−X G =375−114.29
e=260.71 mm

T =140 e=140(0.26071)
T =36.5 kN ∙ m

∑ (x 2+ y 2)=4(85.71)2 +3(114.29)2
+2(192.86)2 ++2( 42.86)2
+2(107.14)2 +(257.14)2
∑ (x 2+ y 2)=235714.29

T y4
RT 4 x =
∑ (x 2+ y 2 )
36.5 ×106 ( 257.14 )
RT 4 x = =39817.7 N
235714.29
RT 4 x =39.818 kN

T x4
RT 4 y =
∑ ( x2 + y2 )
36.5 ×106 ( 85.71 )
RT 4 y = =13272 N
235714.29
RT 4 y =13.272 kN
R4 =√ (R¿¿ T 4 x )2 +(R ¿ ¿ D+ RT 4 y )2 ¿ ¿
2 2
R4 =√ ( 39.818 ) + ( 20+13.272 )
R4 =51.89 kN

51890
f v max = 2
=165.17 MPa
π (20)
Chapter 03 – Welded Connections
PROBLEM 01

Two steel plates, each 350 mm wide and 12 mm thick, are to be joined together by welded lap splice. The
electrode used for the weld has a nominal tensile strength of 550 MPa
a) Determine the maximum weld size that can be used.
b) Determine the effective net area of the fillet weld using the maximum weld size allowable by
the code.
c) Determine the maximum load that can be resisted by the weld using the maximum weld size
allowed by the code.

Solution
a) Maximum sized of weld:

Material 6 mm or more in thickness, not greater than the thickness of the material
minus 1.5 mm, unless the weld is especially designated on the drawings to be built
out to obtain full-throat thickness.
Maximum ¿ t=12−1.5=10.5 mm

b) Effective area of fillet weld:

The effective area of fillet welds shall be taken as the effective length times the
effective throat thickness.

Effective length=350 × 2=700 mm

Effective throat thickness=0.707t
Effective throat thickness=0.707 (10.5 )=7.4235 mm
 Effective area=700 ( 7.4253 )=5197 m2

c) Considering the upper weld only:

P=F v A v
F v =0.3 Fu =0.3 ( 350 )
F v =330 MPa

A v =0.707 tL
A v =0.707 ( 10.5 ) (350 )
A v =2598 mm2
P=330 ( 2598 )
P=857414 N=857.4 kN

PROBLEM 02
A double-angle truss member shown consist of two angles 125 mm x 88 mm x 10 mm thick with the 125
mm side welded to a gusset plate. The member is to carry a total tensile force of 848 kN. Using 6-mm
fillet weld with E60 electrode, determine the length of each side fillet weld required for balanced
condition. All steels are A36 with Fy = 250 MPa

Solution

F u=425 MPafor E60 electrode

Allowable shear on effective area of weld

F v =0.3 Fu =0.3 ( 425 ) =127.5 MPa

Allowable shear on base metal

F v =0.4 F y =0.4 ( 250 )=100 MPa

Considering one member only:

 848
P= =424 kN
2
Length of weld on one side , L=L1 + L2

Based on weld metal shear:

P=0.707 tL F v 424000=0.707 ( 6 ) ( L ) (127.5 )
L=784 mm
Based on base metal shear:
A v =t × L=6 L (contact area between the weld and metal)

P= A v F v 424000=6 L (100 )
L=706 mm

Use L=784 mm

For balanced condition:

L1 y 1 =L2 y 2 L1 ( 40 )=L2 ( 85 )
L1=2.125 L2

L=L1 + L2 2.125 L2+ L2 =784

L2=250.88 mm
L1=533.12 mm

PROBLEM 03

A plate is lapped over and welded to a gusset plate as shown.

a) Determine the maximum force per millimeter of weld due to moment alone acting at the
centroid of the weld group
b) Determine the maximum force per millimeter of weld due to the given load

Solution

Direct Load:
P
R D=
L
 90000
R D=
150 ×3
N
R D=200
mm

Location of cg
L x́=∑ lx
450 x́=150 ( 0 )+2 ( 150 ) ( 175 )
x́=116.7 mm
e=100+150+100−116.7
e=233.33 mm
a=175−116.7=58.3 mm
b=116.7 mm
c=100+ 150−116.7=133.3 mm

Moment, T =Pe=90000 ( 233.33 )

Moment, T =21000000 N ∙ mm

L2 2 1502 1502
J=∑ L[
12
2
+ x́ ¿ + ý ]=150 [
12
2 2
]
+ 58.3 +75 × 2+ 150
12[ 2
]
+116.7 +0 ¿

J=5593750.5 mm 3

T y 21 ×106 ( 75 )
a) RTBx = =
J 5593750.5
N
RTBx =281.564
mm
T 21× 106 (133.3 )
RTBy = x
J 5593750.5
N
RTBy =500.55
mm
RTB =√ (R¿ ¿TBx)2 + RTBy ¿2
RTB =574.3 N /mm

Another Solution:
Tr 21× 106 (152.95 ) N
RTBx = = =574.2
J 5593750.5 mm

b) Total force on B:
R B=√( R¿ ¿TBx)2 +(R ¿ ¿ D+ RTDy )2 ¿ ¿
R B=√(281.564 )2 +(200+500.55)2
R B=755 N /mm
Chapter 04 – Columns and Other Compression
Members
PROBLEM 01

Two A36 L150 x 90 x 10 angles are used with a 10-mm gusset plate to create a top chord of a truss. The
long legs are back-to-back making the short legs unstiffened elements. Determine the axial load capacity
for a length of 2 meters.

SOLUTION

Properties of one L150 x 90 x 10:

Area = 2,315 mm2
t = 10 mm
Ix = 5,331,434 mm4
Iy = 1,460,745 mm4
x́=20.36
ý=49.96

Properties of 2L 150 x 90 x 10
With long legs back-to-back

A` = 2A = 4,630 mm4
I`x = 2Ix = 10,662,868 mm4
I x
r x=
√ A
=47.99

I`y = 2 x [ Iy + Ax2]
I`y = 2 x [1,460,745 + 2,315(20.36 + 5)2
I`y = 5,899,190 mm4
I y
r y=
√ A
=35.69=r min
 Check local buckling. The 90-mm legs of this double angle member are unstiffened compression
elements
b = 90, t = 10 mm
b/t = 9

H= 200
H 200
= =12.70
√ F y √248
Since ¿ t< H / √ F y , the combination can fully develop compressive stress.

2 π 2 ( 200,000 )
C r=
√ 248
KL 1 ( 2,000 )
=126.17

= =56.04 <C r
r 35.69
KL
Since <Cr
r
3
5 3 ( KL/r ) ( KL/r )
FS= + −
3 8 Cc 8 Cc 3

5 3 ( 56.04 ) ( 56.04 )3
FS= + − =1.822
3 8(127.17) 8 ( 126.17 )3

( KL/r )2 F y
(
F a= 1−
2 Cc 2 )
( )
FS

( 56.04 )2 248
(
F a= 1−
)( )
2 ( 126,17 )2
1.822
F a=122.7 MPa

[P = FaA] P = 122.7(4,630)
P = 568,101N = 568.101 kN

PROBLEM 02

A double angle compression chord member for a truss consist of 2 L200 x 100 x 12, having a short legs
back-to-back in a 10-gusset plate. The member is braced in the plane of the truss every 2.13 m, but only at
the end of the transverse and the spacing of connectors is close enough that the double angle member
reaches its maximum axial load strength. Use A50
Properties of 2 L200 x 100 x 12 on 10 mm gusset plate with short legs back-to-back
Area = 6,942 mm2
rx = 26. 82 mm
ry = 99.39 mm

Solution

For A50 steel, Fy = 345 MPa

Check local buckling. The 200-mm legs of this double angle member are unstiffened
compression elements
b = 200, t = 12 mm
b/t = 16.67

H = 200
H 200
= =10.77
√ F y √345
Since ¿ t> H / √ F y , the combination cannot fully develop compressive stress. Local buckling will
reduce the section efficiency

Q s =1.340−0.001702(b/t) √ F y
Qs =1.340−0.001702(16.67) √ 345
Q s =0.813

Q a=1.0

Q=Q a Q s=1 ( 0.813 )

Q=0.813

2 π2 E 2 π 2( 200,000)
C C=

KL 1 ( 2,130 )
√Q Fy
=
√0.813(345)
=118.64

=
r 26.82
KL
=79.42<C C
r

KL
Since <C C
r
3
5 3 ( KL/r ) ( KL/r )
FS= + −
3 8C c 8 C c3
 5 3 ( 79.42 ) ( 79.42 )3
FS= + − =1.88
3 8(118.64 ) 8 ( 118.64 )3

( KL/r )2 F y
(
F a= 1−
) ( )
2 C c 2 FS

(79.42 )2 345
(
F a= 1−
)( )
2 ( 118.64 ) 1.88
2
=115.77

[P = FaA] P = 115.77(6,942)
P = 803,675 N = 803.68 kN

PROBLEM 03

A W14 x 550 is used as a column to carry an axial load of 3600 kN. Design a square base plate to support
the column. The base plate rests on full area of a square concrete compression block with f`c = 21 MPa.
Use A36 steel base plate.

Solution

Relevant properties of W14 x 550

bf = 514 mm
d = 437 mm

Column load, P = 3600 kN

Allowable bearing stress on concrete:

Fp = 0.35f`c = 0.35(21) = = 7.35 MPa

Area of base plate

P 3,600,00
A= =
Fp 7.35
A=489,796 mm2

N 2= A=489,796
N=700 mm

700−415.15
m= =142.425 mm
2
700−411.2
n= =144.4 mm=x
2

Actual bearing pressure

P 3,6000
f p= = =7.347 MPa
A actual 700 2
 Plate thickness

3 f p x2 2
t=
Fb√ =
t=49.71mm say 50 mm
3 ( 7.347 )( 144.4 )
√ 186

Therefore, use 700 mm x 700 mm x 50 mm thick base plate.

Chapter 05 – Beams and Other Flexural Members

PROBLEM 01

A beam is built-up from the following plates: 450 mm x 20 mm as flanges and 500 mm x 20 mm as web.
All plates are A36 steel wit Fy = 248 MPa and the flanges are continuously connected to the web by
means of fillet welds.

The beam is simply supported at its ends and laterally supported only at supports. Determine the value of
the allowable bending stress for a length a.) 4 m b.) 6 m c.) 10 m d.) 16 m.

Solution

450 ( 540 )3 215 ( 500 )3

I x=
12
−2( 12 )
I x =1,425,733.33 mm4

I x 1,425,733.33
Sx= =
c 540 /2
S x =5,280,494 mm3

Checking for compactness:

bf 450
= =11.25
2t f 2 ( 20 )

170
Limiting value for compact element = =10.79
√Fy
250
Limiting value for non−compact element= =15.87
√F y
 170 bf 250
Since < < , the compression flange is non-compact element.
√F y 2 tf √ F y
Web:
d 540 h 500
= =27 = =25
t w 20 t w 20

d 1680
Limiting valueof for compact element= =106.7
tw √F y
h 1995
Limiting valueof for non−compact element = =126.7
tw √F y
Therefore, the web is compact element.

Solve for LC:

Lc =smaller value of ¿
200 bf
=5,715 mm
√F y
137,900 137,900
= =9,267.5 mm
(d / A f )(F y ) ( 540 )( F )
y
450 ( 20 )
Use Lc =5,715 mm

Part a:
Lb=4 m< Lc

bf Fy h
(
F b= 0.79−0.000762
2t f √ )
kc
(F y) since
tw
<70 , k c =1

450 248
(
F b= 0.79−0.000762
2(20) 1 √ )
( 248 )
F b=162.44 MPa

Part b:
Lb=6 m> Lc
Solve for rt:
 A=83.33 ( 20 ) +450 ( 20 )=10,666.6 mm 2

83.33 ( 20 )3 20 ( 450 )3
Iz= + =151,930,553mm 4
12 12

Iz

L
rT =
6,000
√ A
=119.35 mm

= =50.27
r T 119.35
C b=1.0(simply supported with no end moments)
703,270 C b

L
√Fy
=53.25

703,270 Cb
rT
<
√Fy
82,740C b
F b=F b 3= ≤ 0.6 F y
(Ld / A f )
82,740 ( 1 )
F b= =229.8 MPa> ( 0.6 F y =148.8 )
6,000 ( 540 )
(
450 ( 20 ) )
Therefore, F b=148.8 MPa

Part c:
Lb=10 m> Lc
L 10,000 703,270 C b
=
r T 119.35
=83.79>

3,516,330 C b
√Fy

√ Fy
703,270 C b L
=119.07

3,516,330 C b
√ Fy
< <
rT √ Fy
F b=Larger of ( F b 1∧F b 3 ) ≤ 0.6 F y
2
L
( )
(
F b 1=
2
−
Fy
rT
3 10.55× 106 Cb
(Fy) )
2 248 ( 83.79 )2
(
F b 1= −
3 10.55× 106 (1) )
(248 )=124.40 MPa
 82,740C b
F b 3= ≤ 0.6 F y
( Ld/ A f )
82,740(1)
F b 3= =137.9 MPa
10,000(540)
( )
450(20)
0.6 F y =148.8 MPa

Therefore, F b=137.9 MPa

Part d:
Lb=16 m> Lc

L 16,000 3,516,330 Cb
=
r T 119.35
=134.06>
√ Fy
F b=Larger of ( F b 2∧F b 3 ) ≤ 0.6 F y
1,172,100 C b
F b 2= 2
( L /r t )
1,172,100(1)
F b 2=
(134.06)2
82,740C b
F b 3=
( Ld/ A f )
82,740 ( 1 )
F b 3= =86.19 MPa
16,000 (540 )
(450 ( 20 ) )
0.6 F y =148.8 MPa

Therefore, F b=86.19 MPa

PROBLEM 02

A simply supported beam with span of 8m is subjected to counterclockwise moment at the left support
and a counterclockwise moment at the right support equal to 150% of the moment at left support, both
acting in the plane of the minor axis of the beam. The beam is not restrained against lateral buckling. The
beam is A36 steel with Fv = 248 MPa. The beam is W 21 x 62 whose relevant properties are:

RT = 0.053 m tf = 0.016 m
d = 0.533 m S = 0.002077 m3
bf = 0.21 m

a) Determine the slenderness ratio, below which the beam is short with respect to lateral buckling.
b) Determine the allowable flexural stress in the compression flange
c) Determine the maximum value of the moment at the left support.

Solution
 L 8
= =151
r T 0.053

C b=1.75+1.05(M 1 / M 2)+0.30( M 1 / M 2)2

M 1=M
M 2=1.5 M
M 1 /M 2 =+(M /1.5 M )
M 1 /M 2 =+ 0.667 (positive because “reverse curvature”)

C b=1.75+1.05( 0.667)+ 0.30(0.667)2

C b=2.58>2.3 , use C b=2.3

703,270 C b 703,270(2.3)
√ Fy
=

3,516,330 C b
√ 248
=80.76

3,516,330 ( 2.3 )

Part a:
√ Fy
=
√ 248
=180.6

Slenderness ratio, below which the beam is short with respect to lateral buckling

703,270(2.3)

Part b:
Slenderness ratio=
√ 248
=80.76

703,270 C b L 3,516,330 C b
√ Fy
< <
rT √ Fy
F b=Larger of ( F b 1∧F b 3 ) ≤ 0.6 F y
2
L
( )
F b 1=( 2
−
Fy

3 10.55× 106 Cb
rT
(Fy) )
2 248 (151 )2
(
F b 1= −
3 10.55× 106 (2.3) )
( 248 )=107.54 MPa
 83,000C b
F b 3= ≤ 0.6 F y
( Ld/ A f )
83,000(1)
F b 3= =150.43 MPa
8,000(533)
( )
210(16)
0.6 F y =148.8 MPa

Therefore, F b=148.8 MPa

Part c: Maximum moment at left support

Allowable bending stress:
In tension:
F b=0.6 F y =148.8 MPa
In compression:
F b=148.8 MPa
Use F b=148.8 MPa

M max
[f b = ]
s
M max
148.8=
0.002077 ×1000 3
M max =309,057,600 N −mm
` M max =309 kN−m=M 2=moment at ¿

Moment at ¿309 /1.5=206 kN −m

PROBLEM 03

A W 14 x 500 is used as a beam to support a concrete floor system. The floor is to carry a total load of
250 kPa. The beam is simply supported over a span of 6 m. The properties of the section are as follows:

Depth, d = 498 mm
Thickness of web = 56 mm
Moment of inertian, Ix = 3417 x 106 mm4
Section modulus, Sx = 13730 x 106 mm4
Weight = 7.32 kN/m

Assume the beam is laterally supported over its length and the allowable stress in bending is 0.66F y and in
shear on gross section is 0.4Fy. Use A36 steel with Fy = 250 MPa. Allowable deflection is L/360.

a) Determine the center-to-center spacing of the beams without exceeding the allowable shear stress.
b) Determine the center-to-center spacing of the beams without exceeding the allowable bending
stress.
 c) Determine the center-to-center spacing of the beams without exceeding the allowable deflection.

Solution
Part a:
V
F v= =0.4 F y
dtw
V =0.4 ( 248 ) ( 498 ) ( 56 )
V =2,766,489.6 N
V =2.766.5 kN

The shear serves as the reaction R at the ends.

Since the beam is loaded uniformly. Then

wL w ( 6 )
R= = =2766.6
2 2
w=922.17 kN /m

w net =922.17−7.32=914.85 kN /m

w net =250 x S=914.85

S=3.66 m

Part b:
The moment capacity of the section is:
Mc M
[F ¿ ¿ b= ]¿ =0.66 F y
I Sx
M
=0.66(248)
13730 x 103
M =2,247,326,400 N−mm
M =2247.33 kN −m

w L2 w(6)2
[ M= ] 2247.33=
8 8
w=499.41kN /m

w net =499.41−7.32
w net =492.1 kN /m

w net =250 x S
S=1.97 m

Part c:
δ all =L/360
6000
δ all = =16.67 mm
360
 5 wL4 5 w (6,000) 4
[δ = ¿ 16.67=
384 EI 384 (200000)(3417 x 1 06 )
w=674.96 kN /m

w net =674.96−7.32
w net =667.64 kN / m

w net =250 x S=667.64

S=2.67 m

Chapter 06 – Beams and Other Flexural Members

PROBLEM 01

The A-36 steel W 6 x 20 column is pin connected at the top and fixed at the bottom ( K = 0.7) and is
subjected to the eccentric load P. The beam is laterally supported about its weak axis.

The properties of W 6 x 20 relevant to this problem are as follows

A = 3,790 mm2
Ix = 17,231,980 mm4
d = 157 mm

Determine the maximum value of P. The allowable bending stress of the section is Fb = 152 MPa.

Solution

I 17,231,980
r x=
r x =67.43 mm
√ √
A
=
3790
 KL 0.7 ( 4500 )
Slenderness ratio , SR= =
r 67.43
SR=46.7

Solve for Fa:

2π2E
[C ¿ ¿ r =
√ 248
]¿
Fy = 248 MPa, E = 200,000 MPa

2 π 2 ( 200,000 )
C r=
√ 248
=126.2> KL/r

( KL/r )2 F y
(
F a= 1−
)
2 Cc 2
( )
FS
3
5 3 ( KL/r ) ( KL/r )
FS= + −
3 8 Cc 8 Cc 3

5 3 ( 46.7 ) ( 46.7 )3
FS= + − =1.8
3 8(126.2) 8 ( 126.2 )3

( 46.7 )2 248
F a= 1− (
2(126.2) 1.8
2)( )

F a=128.3 MPa
P P
[f a = ] f a=
A 3,790
f a=0.0002638 P

Mc
[f b = ] M =Pe=750 P
I

157
750 P ( )
2
f b=
17,231,980
f b=0.0034166 P

Assuming f a /F a ≤0.15

fa f b
[ + ≤1.0 ]
Fa Fb
 0.0002638 P 0.0034166 P
+ =1.0
128.3 152
P=40,760 N

f a=0.0002638 ( 40,760 )=10.75 MPa

f a / Fa =10.75/128.3=0.084 <0.15( ok)

Therefore , P=40,760 N

PROBLEM 02

Steel column 3.6 m long and hinged at both ends is used to carry an axial load of 1000 kN. The column is
subjected to end moments (reverse curvature) with M 1 = 90%M2. Fy = 248 MPa, E = 200 GPa. The
allowable axial stress Fa = 115 MPa and the allowable bending stress Fb = 149 MPa.

The properties of the section are as follows:

A = 0.013 m2
Sx = 0.00012 m3
rb = 94 mm

a) Determine the computed (actual) axial stress of the column.

b) Determine the computed (actual) bending stress of the column.
c) Determine the moment capacity of the column.

Solution

Part a:
P 1000
f a= =
A 0.013
f a=76,923 kPa
f a=76.923 MPa

Part b:
f a / Fa =79.923/115
fa
=0.669> 0.15“ large axial compression”
Fa

C m=0.6−0.4 (M 1 /M 2 )
0.9 M 2
C m=0.6−0.4 ( M2 )
=0.24< 0.4 ( Use Cm =0.4 )
 ' 12 π 2 E
F e=
K lb 2
23
( )
rb
'12 π 2 ( 200,000 )
F = e 2
=702.16
1 ( 3600 )
23 (
94 )
fa Cmx f bx
[ − =1]
Fa fa
1− ' Fbx
F ex
76.923 0.4 f b
+ =1
115 76.923
(1−
702.16 )( 149 )
f b=109.82 MPa

fa f
[ − bx =1]
0.6 F y F bx

76.923 f
+ b =1
0.6 ( 248 ) 149
f b=71.97 MPa

Thus, f b=71.97 MPa

Part c:

M
[f b = ]
Sx

M
f b=
0.00012 ¿¿
M =8,636,400 N−mm
M =8.6364 kN−mm

PROBLEM 03

Figure shows a column subjected to axial load P = 40 kN and a bending moment of 60 kN-m on strong
axis. The column is 9 m long and laterally supported about its weak axis at midheight. The steel is A36
with Fy = 248 MPa. Effective length factor K = 1.0. the section used is a compact section. The allowable
bending stress on strong axis is 114 MPa and the allowable bending stress on weak axis is 82 MPa.

The properties of the section are as follows:

 A = 5,580 mm2 ry = 41.7 mm
d/tw = 58.33 Sx = 697 x 103 mm3
bf/2tf = 9 rt = 47.8 mm
rx = 147.9 mm Bf = 180 mm
d = 350 mm tf = 10 mm

a) Determine the computed axial stress.

b) Determine the computed bending stress.
c) Determine the value of the interaction equation.

Solution
Part a:

P 40,000
Computed axial stress , f a = =
A 5,580
Computed axial stress , f a =7.17 MPa

Part b:

M 60 x 1 06
Computed bending stress , f b= =
S x 697 x 1 06
Computed bending stress , f b=86.06 MPa

Part c:

2
2 π2 E 2 π ( 200,000 )
C C=
√ Fy
=
√ 248
K Lx /r x =1(9000)/147.9=60.85
=126.17
 Since kL/r <CC :

KL 3
5 3 ( KL/r )
FS= + −
r
=1.83
( )
3 8 Cc 8 C c3
2
KL
( )
(
F a= 1−
r
2 Cc 2 )( Fy
FS)=119.76 MPa

f a / Fa =7.17 /119.76
f a / Fa =0.06<0.15 small axial compression

f a f bx f b y
[ + + ≤1.0 ]
Fa Fbx Fb y

f by
The term is zero since bending is on x axis only
F by

F bx=114 MPa

f a f bx 7.17 86.08
+ = +
F a F bx 119.76 114
f a f bx
+ =0.815
F a F bx