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Nonlinear System Analysis-1 PDF

Dr. Raseswari Pradhan discusses nonlinear systems in her document. Some key points: 1) Nonlinear systems have outputs that are not directly proportional to inputs, unlike linear systems. Examples of nonlinear elements include diodes and relays. 2) Nonlinear systems do not follow the principles of superposition or homogeneity. They can exhibit multiple equilibriums, subharmonic oscillations, and different steady-state behaviors compared to linear systems. 3) Common nonlinearities include saturation, dead zones, friction, backlash, and different spring types. These nonlinearities are either inherent in components or intentionally included to improve performance.

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Vishal Biswakarma
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154 views12 pages

Nonlinear System Analysis-1 PDF

Dr. Raseswari Pradhan discusses nonlinear systems in her document. Some key points: 1) Nonlinear systems have outputs that are not directly proportional to inputs, unlike linear systems. Examples of nonlinear elements include diodes and relays. 2) Nonlinear systems do not follow the principles of superposition or homogeneity. They can exhibit multiple equilibriums, subharmonic oscillations, and different steady-state behaviors compared to linear systems. 3) Common nonlinearities include saturation, dead zones, friction, backlash, and different spring types. These nonlinearities are either inherent in components or intentionally included to improve performance.

Uploaded by

Vishal Biswakarma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Nonlinear System Analysis

Dr. Raseswari Pradhan


Assistant Professor

Dept of Electrical Engineering


VSSUT Burla
Introduction to Nonlinearity
It is the behaviour of a circuit by virtue of which the output signal
strength does not vary directly with that of the input signal

Example: diode characteristics


Nonlinear System?
• It does not follow principle of homogeneity (where the output
from the system does not vary directly with respect to input to
the system)
• It does not accept superposition principle
• Have several equilibrium and stable points with define cycles
• May create sub-harmonic oscillations of fixed frequency
• Have steady state performance with different kinds of behavior
• All systems in this world are nonlinear in nature
• But, major analysis tools are for linear systems
• So, systems are linearized and made linear systems
Linear vs. Nonlinear systems

oscillations of fixed
frequency
Response characteristics to
amplitude of standard test signal

for linear system, the input to the for non-linear system, the input to the
system x1 will output y1 which is system x1 will output y1 which is not
proportional to the input proportional to the input
Behaviour of Nonlinear System
➢When excited by a sinusoidal input, this system may generate
several harmonics in addition to the fundamental corresponding to the
input frequency
➢The amplitude of the fundamental is usually the largest, but the
harmonics may be of significant amplitude in many situations
➢Also exhibit another peculiar characteristic called jump resonance
phenomenon
With linear spring Mx + fx + Kx = F cos t
Jump Resonance

Ideal Frequency response


curve of spring-mass-
(a) A spring-mass-damper system, (b)Spring Characteristics damper system
Jump Resonance
With nonlinear spring: Mx + fx + K1 x + K 2 x 3 = F cos t
For system with hard spring case: K2 > 0 (Fig. (a))
As the input frequency is gradually increased from zero, the measured two response follows
the curve through the A, B and C, but at C an increment in frequency results in discontinuous
jump down to the point D, after which with further increase in frequency, the response
curve follows through DE. If the frequency is now decreased, the response follows the curve
EDF with a jump up to B from the point F and then the response curve moves towards A.
This phenomenon which is peculiar to nonlinear systems is known as jump resonance.

For system with soft spring case: K2 < 0 (Fig. (b))

(a) Jump resonance in nonlinear system(hard spring case),


(b) Jump resonance in nonlinear system(hard spring case)
Types of Nonlinearities
➢ Inherent nonlinearities
nonlinearities that are present in the components used in system
due to the inherent imperfections or properties of the system
Examples: saturation in magnetic circuits, dead zone, back lash in gears etc.

➢ Intentional nonlinearities
introduction of such nonlinearity may improve the performance
of the system, make the system more economical consuming less
space and more reliable than the linear system designed to
achieve the same objective.
Examples: different types of relays which are very frequently used to
perform various tasks
Common Physical Nonlinearities

❖ Saturation
❖ Dead zone
❖ Coulomb friction
❖ Stiction
❖ Backlash
❖ Different types of springs
❖ Different types of relays etc.
Saturation
❑This is the most common among all nonlinearities
❑ All practical systems exhibit the phenomenon of saturation
❑It found when system driven by sufficiently large signals
❑ Reason: limitations of physical capabilities of their
components
❑ Commonly found in : magnetic circuits and amplifiers
Friction
• It is a Retarding force
• It exists whenever mechanical surfaces come in sliding contact
• The predominant frictional force called the viscous friction
• Viscous friction is proportional to the relative velocity of sliding surfaces. It is
linear in nature

•Coulomb friction is
constant retarding force
• Stiction is the force
required to initiate motion
• The force of stiction is
always greater than that of
coulomb friction
• This is due to
interlocking of surface
irregularities, more force is
require to move an object
from rest than to maintain it
in motion
Dead Zone Relay
▪Some systems do not respond to ▪It is a nonlinear power amplifier
▪A relay controlled system can be switched
very small input signals abruptly between several discrete states
▪ For a particular range of input, i.e.; off, full forward and full reverse
the output is zero ▪ It has a definite amount of dead zone as
shown
▪ This is called dead zone ▪This dead zone is caused by the relay coil
existing in a system as it requires a finite amount of current to
actuate the relay
▪ If a larger coil current is needed to close
the relay than the current at which the
relay drops out, the characteristic always
exhibits hysteresis

Relay Non Linearity (a) ON/OFF (b) ON/OFF with


Hysteresis (c) ON/OFF with Dead Zone
Backlash
•This is the hysteresis occurs in mechanical transmission such as
gear trains and linkages
• This nonlinearity is somewhat different from magnetic hysteresis
and is commonly referred to as backlash
• In servo systems, the gear backlash may cause sustained
oscillations or chattering phenomenon and the system may even
turn unstable for large backlash
the teeth A of the
gear box driven gear
having located midway
backlash between the
teeth B1, B2 of
the driven gear

relationship between input and


output motions

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