Maths : Indefinite integration

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION

1. METHODS OF INTEGRATION
If the integrand is not a derivative of a known function, then the corresponding integrals cannot be found directly. In
order to find the integral of complex problems, there are three fundamental methods of integration which are used
widely:
➢ INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

2.1 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

Direct Substitution:
If the integrand consists of a product of two factors one which contains a part of which the second factor is either an
exact derivative or can be made so by multiplying by a suitable constant, then that part of the first factor may be
substituted by t.

x 7 dx
Illustration 1: Evaluate  (1 + x 2 )5
x 7 dx x 7 dx dx
Solution: I=  (1 + x 2 ) 5
=  10  1 
5
=  3 1 
5
x 1 + 2  x 1 + 2 
 x   x 
−4
1 2dx 1 dt 1 1 1 
Let t = 1 + 2  dt = − 3  I = −
x x 2 t 5
= 4 + c = 1 + 2 
8t 8 x   +c

1 − tan x
Illustration 2: Evaluate  1 + tan x dx
tan A − tanB 
Solution: We shall use the formate tan(A − B) = and tan x = 1
1 + tan A tanB 4

tan − tan x
1 − tan x  
I=  dx =  4 dx =  tan  − x dx
1 + tan x  4 
1 + tan .tan x
4
 
− log cos  − x 
 4   
I= +c  I = − log cos  − x  + c
−1 4 
Alternate Method:
1 − tan x cos x − sin x
 1 + tan x dx =
 sin x + cos x dx = log sinx + cosx + c

( x + 1)
Illustration 3: Evaluate x dx .
(1 + xe x )
2

(x + 1)e x
 dt
(1 + xe )
Solution:
x x 2
xe
1
dt 1 1 − du −u
1 + xex = t , (x + 1)ex dx = dt =  (t − 1) t 2 t=
u
dt = -
u2
du  u2
 1− u  1 =  (1 − u) du
 
 u  u2
1  xe x 
 u + ln (1 – u) + c  + ln +c
1 + xe x  1 + xe x 
 
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Maths : Indefinite integration
x
Illustration 4: Evaluate :
+ x2 + 1 x
dx 4

x x
Solution: We have,  =  4 dx =  (x ) dx
x + x2 + 1 2 2
+ x2 + 1
dt x dt
Let x2 = t, then, d (x2) = dt  2x dx = dt  dx =
2x
=  .
t + t +1 2x
2

 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 t+ 
=  t + t +1
2
dt =  2
dt = . tan –1 
 3 
2 +C
2  1  32 2
2
3
t +  +    
 2  2  2  2 

1 –1  2t + 1  1 –1
 2 x2 + 1 
= tan   +C= tan   + C.
3  3  3  3 
( f ( x))n+1 f  ( x) ( f ( x))1−n
Note: (i)  [ f(x)]n f (x) dx =
n +1
(ii)   f ( x)n dx =
1− n
dx
(iii)  x ( x n + 1)
nN Take xn common & put 1 + x−n = t.

dx
(iv)  ( n −1)
n  N, take xn common & put 1+x−n = tn
x ( x + 1)
2 n n

dx
(v)  x (1 + x
take xn common as x and put 1 + x −n = t.
n
)
n 1/ n

Exercise 3:
sin( nx)
1.  x
dx Ans. – cos (n x) + C

tan ( n x)
2.  x
Ans: ln sec (ln x ) + c

tan (sin −1 x)
3.  Ans: (
ln sec sin−1 x + c )
1− x 2

cos x
4.  cos ( x − a) Ans ( cosa.) x − ( sina ) ln sec(x − a)
x cos x −1
5.  ( x sin x + cos x)2 Ans:
x sin x + cos x
+c

x 2 tan −1 x3
2
1  tan−1 x3 
6.  1 + x6
Ans: 
3  2


tan x sec 2 x
7.  x
Ans: 2tan2 x

8.  e sin e x d x
x
Ans: − cosex + c
ln2 ( sec x + tan x )
9.  sec x ln (sec x + tan x) dx Ans:
2
tan x
10.  sin 2 x
dx Ans: tan x

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Maths : Indefinite integration

DAILY CONCEPT EVALUATION TEST – 2

1 + cos2 x
1.  sin2 x dx =
(A) –cotx – 2x + c (B) –2cotx – 2x + c (C) –2cotx – x + c (D) –2cotx + x + c

 tan
2
2. xdx =
(A) tanx + x + c (B) tanx – x + c (C) secx + x + c (D) secx – x + c

dx
3.  sin 2
x cos2 x
=
(A) tanx + cotx + c (B) cot x – tan x + c
(C) tan x – cot x + c (D) None

x
4.  1 + sin dx =
2
1 x x  x x
(A)  cos − sin  + c (B) 4  cos − sin  + c
4 4 4  4 4
 x x  x x
(C) 4  sin − cos  + c (D) 4  sin + cos  + c
 4 4  4 4

cos ec − cot 

5.  cos ec + cot  d =
(A) 2cosec – 2cot –  + c (B) 2cosec – 2cot +  + c
(C) 2cosec + 2cot –  + c (D) None of these

6.  1 + cos xdx =
x x x x
(A) 2 2 sin + c (B) −2 2 sin +c (C) −2 2 cos + c (D) 2 2 cos + c
2 2 2 2
cos 2x − 1
7.  cos 2x + 1 dx =
(A) tanx – x + c (B) x + tanx + c (C) x – tanx + c (D) –x – cotx + c

sin2 x − cos2 x
8.  sin2 x cos2 x dx =
(A) tan x + cot x + c (B) tan x + cosec x + c
(C) −tan x + cot x + c (D) tan x + sec x + c

sin8 x − cos8 x
9.  1 − 2sin2 x.cos2 x dx equals :
1 -1
(A) sin 2x (B) sin 2x (C) sin 2x (D) None of these
2 2

 sin x.dx dx equals :

3
10.
cos3 x -3 1
(A) − cos x + +c (B) cos x + cos 3x + c
3 4 12

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Maths : Indefinite integration
1
(C) − cos x − cos3x + c (D) None of these
3
(x + 1)2 dx
11.  x(x2 + 1) =
1
(A) logex+c (B) logex + 2tan–1x + c (C) loge + c (D) loge{(x2 + 1)} + c
x +1
2

dx
12. e x
+ e− x
=
(A) tan–1(e–x) (B) tan–1(ex) (C) log(ex – e–x) (D) log(ex + e–x)
dx
13.  x + xlog x =
(A) log(1 + logx) (B) loglog(1+logx) (C) logx+log(logx) (D) None of these

x e−1 + ex −1
14.  xe + ex dx =
1
(A) log(xe+ex)+c (B) elog(xe+ex)+c (C) log(x e + e x ) + c (D) None of these
e
ex (x + 1)
15.  cos2 (xex )dx =
(A) tan(xex)+c (B) sec(xex)tan(xex)+c (C) –tan(xex)+c (D) None of these
1
16.  cos2 x(1− tan x)2 dx =
1 1 1 1
(A) +c (B) +c (C) − +c (D) None of these
tan x − 1 1 − tan x 3 (1 − tan x)3
10x9 + 10x loge 10
17.  10x + x10 dx =
1 1 1 1
(A) − +c (B) log(10x + x10) + c (C) + c (D) None of these
2 (10 + x10 )
x
2 (10 + x10 )
x

 cos xdx =
5
18.
2 3 1 2 3 1
(A) sin x + sin5 x + c
sin x – (B) sin x + sin x + sin5 x + c
3 5 3 5
2 3 1 5
(C) sin x − sin x − sin x + c (D) None of these
3 5
dx
19.  xlog xlog(log x) =
(A) 2log(logx)+c (B) log[log(logx)]+c
(C) log(xlogx)+c (D) None of these

 2x cos x 2 sin x 2dx =

3
20.
1 1
(A) − cos4 x 2 + c (B) cos4 x 2 + c
4 4
(C) cos4x2 + c (D) None of these

1
21.  x cos (1+ log x) dx =
2

(A) tan(1 + log x)+c (B) cot(1 + logx) + c (C) –tan(1 + logx) + c (D) –cot(1+logx) + c

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Maths : Indefinite integration
 1
 1   x− x 
22. The value of   1 + 2 e  dx =
 x 
1 1 1 1
x− x+ x2 − x2 +
(A) e x
+c (B) e x
+c (C) e x
+c (D) e x2
+c

1 x4
23. If  x + x5 dx = f(x) + c , then the value of  x + x5 dx is:
(A) logx – f(x)+c (B) f(x)+logx+c (C) f(x) – logx+c (D) None of these

1 − tan x
24.  1 + tan xdx =
     
(A) log sec  4 − x + c (B)log cos  4 + x  + c (C)log sin  4 + x  + c (D) None of these
     

cos x
25.  x
dx =

1
(A) 2 cos x +c (B) 2 sin x +c (C) sin x +c (D) cos x + c
2
1
26. If  (1 + x ) x
dx = f(x) + A, where A is any arbitrary constant, then the function f(x) is =

(A) 2tan−1x (B) 2tan−1 x (C) 2cot−1 x (D) loge(1 + x)

e sin2xdx =
cos2 x
27.
2 2 2
(A) ecos x + c (B) – ecos x + c (C) 1/2 ecos x + c (D) None of these
2x

2
x
2
28. If c is any arbitrary constant, then 22 2x dx =
x 2x
22 22 2x
(A) +c (B) +c (C) 22 (ln2)3 + c (D) None of these
(ln2)3 (ln2)3
29. If f(x) = g(x), then the value of  f '(x).g(x)dx is:
1 1
(A) {f(x)}2 + c (B) {g(x)}2 + c (C) {f(x)} 2 + c (D) {g(x)} 2 + c
2 2
(1 + nx)5
30.  x dx is equal to
1 1 1 1
(A) (1 + nx)6 + C (B) (1 + nx)5 + C (C) (1 + nx)−6 + C (D) (1 + nx)−5 + C
6 5 6 5

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