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SC to study context of charges against judges #GS2 #Governance

The Supreme Court on Monday decided to launch a detailed examination into the circumstances under
which a person can make public allegations of corruption against the judiciary.

A three-judge Bench led by Justice Arun Mishra also decided to hear arguments on laying down
procedure to be adopted if such statements of corruption are made in public against sitting as well as
retired judges.

Prashant Bhushan case

The Bench framed the two questions while hearing a contempt case initiated against advocate Prashant
Bhushan for his remarks on corruption in judiciary in an interview to Tehelka magazine published in
2009.

“In what circumstances can such statements *on judicial corruption+ be made? Under what
circumstances can these allegations need to be made public... We need to hear arguments on these
issues,” Justice Mishra observed, listing the case for hearing on Monday.

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1992 judgment

The Bench referred to the majority judgment delivered by Justice (as he was then) J.S. Verma for a
Constitution Bench in 1992 concerning the removal of Justice V. Ramaswami, a Supreme Court judge.

The judgment had laid down the procedure to deal with allegations against a sitting judge. The judge
had to be given a fair opportunity to be heard before an inquiry committee formed under the Judges
Inquiry Act of 1968. The judgment had limited the inquiry process against a judge to be done within a
tight and limited circle of high judicial functionaries and parliamentarians. It did not want “busybodies to
meddle”.

The dominating spirit of the 1992 judgment was to “preserve the right, interest and dignity of the judge,
which is commensurate with the dignity of all the institutions and functionaries involved in the process”.

The Bench said the judgment was against publicly making allegations against judges. But senior advocate
Rajeev Dhavan, for Mr. Bhushan, said the “idea that you *a critic+ cannot go to the Press is a bad
decision”.

He suggested that the questions framed could be referred to a larger Bench. He also referred to a
judgment given by the same Bench on August 14 in a suo motu contempt case against Mr. Bhushan for
his tweet on a photograph of Chief Juatice of India Sharad A. Bobde on a motorbike and another on the
role of the Supreme Court in the past six years.

The Bench had convicted Mr. Bhushan for contempt by scandalising the court. A sentence hearing is due
on August 20. “We intend to file a review. It *judgment+ suffers from great imbalances”, Mr. Dhavan
said.

At this point, senior advocate Kapil Sibal for the former editor-in-chief of Tehelka , Tarun Tejpal,
intervened to urge for a quietus in the 2009 contempt case. Mr. Dhavan also agreed, saying “a closure
may be put to this *case+”.

Justice Mishra addressed Mr. Dhavan, saying “we wanted to close this case but you said you need to be
heard”.

In his affidavit filed recently in the 2009 contempt case, Mr. Bhushan objected to the court’s view that
his remarks on judicial corruption amounted to “per se contempt”. Allegations of corruption cannot be
“per se” contempt because truth is a defence to contempt proceedings, he has argued.

He said truth was a defence under Section 13 (b) of the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971.

“When such truth/defence is invoked, the court to hold the alleged contemnor guilty of contempt will
have to necessarily return a finding that (a) such defence is not in public interest; and (b) the request for
invoking such defence is not bona fide”, he said.

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The senior lawyer stated that he used the word ‘corruption’ in a wider sense to include any act of
impropriety other than merely financial corruption.

“Corruption in public life has a wide and expansive definition. Corruption is not restricted to pecuniary
gratification alone but various instruments identify its particular forms such as bribery, embezzlement,
theft, fraud, extortion, abuse of discretion, favouritism, nepotism, clientelism, conduct creating or
exploiting conflicting interests”, he said.

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Facebook India public policy chief files complaint over threats #GS3 #Security
Delhi Police on Monday registered an FIR after Ankhi Das, the public policy director of Facebook India,
filed a complaint at the Chittaranjan Park police station after she allegedly received threats and
offensive messages on social media.

A senior police officer said a case has been registered under relevant sections of the law and the Cyber
Prevention Awareness and Detection (CyPAD) unit is investigating the matter.

Ms. Das said the threats were directed at her after the publication of an article in T he Wall Street
Journal on August 14, which was picked up “in a mischaracterised and distorted manner in India” by
various publications. She has identified a few Twitter and Facebook accounts in her complaint.

The WSJ report had clai-med that Ms. Das didn’t apply Facebook “hate speech” rules to individuals and
groups linked with the BJP.

“We prohibit hate speech and content that incites violence and we enforce these policies globally
without regard to anyone’s political position or party affiliation. While we know there is more to do,
we’re making progress on enforcement and conduct regular audits of our process to ensure fairness and
accuracy,” said a Facebook India spokesperson on Monday.

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threats/article32380044.ece

NGT tells States to monitor Ganga rejuvenation #GS3 #Environment

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has directed Chief Secretaries of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar
and West Bengal to periodically monitor the rejuvenation of the Ganga, while observing that it was a
“pity” that pollutants were still being discharged into the river despite several directions of various
courts.

A Bench headed by NGT chief Justice Adarsh Kumar Goel said, “We also feel that there should be
periodic joint meetings of Chief Secretaries of the States concerned to consider vital issues like pooling

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of human resources and sharing best practices for rejuvenation of Ganga, particularly preventing
discharge of sewage and other pollutants therein directly or in its tributaries or drains connected
thereto.”

Stating that a holistic approach for rejuvenation of the river was required, the Bench said, “It is a pity
that even after constant monitoring by the Supreme Court for 34 years and by this Tribunal for six years,
46 years after enactment of the Water Act – making discharge of pollutants in waterbodies a criminal
offence – pollutants continue to be discharged in the most holy river.”

“Pollution-free environment is the constitutional right of every citizen and constitutional obligation of
States. To this extent, the States are certainly failing in discharging their constitutional obligation. This
unsatisfactory state of affairs calls for rigorous planning action at the highest level monitoring for
meaning enforcement of the rule of law for protection of environment and public health and also
rejuvenation of Ganga river,” the bench said.

Earlier, the green panel had constituted a Central Monitoring Committee to prepare and enforce a
national plan to make over 350 river stretches in the country pollution-free.

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Need direction to block access to user, social media platforms inform HC #GS3
#Security
Social media platforms told the Bombay High Court on Monday that if the Central government or the HC
issued an order, they would block access to a supporter of the All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
(AIMIM). The AIMIM supporter posted a video which allegedly could create communal hatred between
Hindus and Muslims, using the novel coronavirus as a garb.

A Division Bench of Chief Justice Dipankar Datta and Justice M.J. Jamdar was hearing a criminal petition
field by one Imran Khan, through advocate Vivek Shukla. Mr. Khan wanted the court to direct authorities
to delete a video, and also permanently block AIMIM supporter Abu Faizal from social media platforms
such as YouTube, Google, and Facebook.

Mr. Khan contended in the plea that Mr. Faizal, in the said video, had claimed that media was being
used to target Muslims and defame Islam under the garb of COVID-19. He said the video was uploaded
on Mr. Faizal’s social media accounts and claimed that no action was taken by the police despite a
complaint being filed.

The petition said that the video alleged that a vicious campaign led by the Rashtriya Swayamsewak
Sangh (RSS) was under way to control the Muslim population in the country. Mr. Khan also alleged that
Mr. Faizal was seen provoking and encouraging Muslims to assault doctors of other religions.

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Senior counsel Darius Khambata representing Facebook and advocate Naresh Thacker appearing for
YouTube told the court that the video uploaded by Mr. Faizal had been deleted.

To this, Mr. Shukla said Mr. Faizal had uploaded several videos on social media even after the earlier
clips were deleted.

Mr. Khambata submitted that Facebook could block access of the site to Mr. Faizal if the Central
government passed an order as per the procedure laid down under the Information Technology (IT) Act
or if the HC ordered it to do so.

Mr. Thacker said the URLs of the earlier videos uploaded by Mr. Faizal had been deleted. The Bench
asked if Mr. Shukla approached the nodal officer appointed by the government under Section 69 A
(power to issue directions for blocking for public access of any information through any computer
resource) of the IT Act.

The court said, “The IT Act has laid down a procedure by which any person can approach the nodal
officer if he or she has a complaint against any content posted on the internet. Why should the court
interfere and pass orders?”

The Bench has reserved its judgement in the plea. On May 24, the HC had directed all social media
platforms to block the hate speech video made by Mr. Faizal.

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user-social-media-platforms-inform-hc/article32380071.ece

Karnataka will make riot accused pay for damage to property #GS3 #Security
The State government has decided to go hard on rioters in D.J. Halli where three persons were killed in
police firing last week. The police have now defined the violence as a terror act and invoked the
draconian Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, while the State government has decided to
make the culprits pay for damage to public and private property.

The Central Crime Branch (CCB) of the city police, which had been tasked with probing the conspiracy
behind the violence on the fateful night, have added sections of UAPA to two related FIRs on Monday.
“What the accused have done in D.J. Halli, clearly comes under the definition of Section 15 of UAPA,
1967, that defines a terror act. So, we have decided to invoke those sections,” a senior police officer
said. Conviction under UAPA will likely attract a life sentence.

The city police’s move has triggered speculation that the State government may hand over the probe to
the National Investigation Agency (NIA). Senior police officials refused to comment.

Ban sought

The police adding sections of UAPA, 1967, to the riot-related FIRs comes a day after Arvind Limbavali,
who led BJP’s fact-finding committee to D.J. Halli on Sunday, appealed for investigation by NIA that can

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only probe terror cases. “It has come to light that an organisation like Social Democratic Party of India
(SDPI), which has its operations in multiple States, is involved. It’s a matter of national security,” Mr.
Limbavali had reasoned while arguing for an NIA probe. The BJP and the State government have
expressed intent to ban the Popular Front of India (PFI) and SDPI.

At a review meeting chaired by Chief Minister B.S. Yediyurappa on Monday, the State government has
decided to make those accused of rioting pay for the damage to property. It was decided to approach
Karnataka High Court for appointment of a claim commissioner, as per the order of the Supreme Court,
for the purpose of assessment of damage caused to public and private property and its recovery.

There had been demand from the BJP on the State government to follow the Uttar Pradesh model and
make rioters pay for damage. However, efforts by the U.P. government has run into legal hurdles.

The government has also decided to form a special team of three public prosecutors to help the police.
There are nearly 60 FIRs registered in connection with the violence last week.

Being the first-ever review meeting after the D.J. Halli riots last week, Mr. Yediyurappa not only took
stock of the situation, but also reviewed the incident and the police response, sources said. He was
happy that the situation was controlled within a few hours and contained from geographically
spreading, sources said. The meeting also reviewed the case against the PFI and the SDPI and whether a
ban can be recommended.

The city police are also considering booking the main accused in the riots case under Goonda Act, which
will ensure they stay in prison for a year without bail. They have already opened rowdy sheets against 70
arrested.

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Expert group meets vaccine makers #GS3 #SnT

The National Expert Group on COVID Vaccine Administration met leading domestic vaccine
manufactures — Serum Institute of India, Bharat Biotech, Zydus Cadila, Gennova Biopharmaceuticals
and Biological E — here on Monday.

“The meeting provided the group with inputs about the present stage of various candidate vaccines
being developed by the indigenous manufacturers. Companies also presented their expectations from
the Union government,” noted a statement issued by the Health Ministry.

COVID-19 testing

Releasing figures about the COVID-19 testing in the country, the Ministry said India’s cumulative testing
had risen from 1.2 crore on July 14 to 3 crore on August 16, with the positivity rate registering a rise
from 7.5% to 8.81% in the same period. It added that the higher number of tests would push the

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positivity rate initially, but as the Delhi experience had shown, it would eventually lower when combined
with other measures such as prompt isolation, tracking and timely clinical management.

The Ministry added that India had now conducted 3 crore tests, aided by the expanded diagnostic lab
network and facilitation for easy testing across the country.

“We conducted 7,31,697 tests in the last 24 hours. We are now planning to increase our testing capacity
to 10 lakh tests daily. Building on this achievement, the Tests Per Million [TPM] have seen a sharp
increase to 21,769,” said the release.

It maintained that early identification of cases has helped to ensure timely and prompt isolation of the
mild and moderate cases and hospitalisation of the severe and critical cases, thereby leading to timely
and effective management of cases.

‘Health infrastructure’

Meanwhile, Union Health Minister Harsh Vardhan, presiding over the inaugural session of the two-day
CII Public Health conference on Monday, said the pandemic had given India a chance to structurally
reimagine a robust public health infrastructure.

“COVID-19 has also exposed gaps in our system and showcased our underinvestment in our overall
public health infrastructure... Our priority needs to be focused on the improvement of rural healthcare
infrastructure through government facilities,” chairman, CII Public Health Council and Director, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, Randeep Guleria said.

Though Ayushman Bharast has served the people effectively, there are several supply side concerns that
need to be addressed, said Vinod Paul, member, NITI Aayog. He added that there was a need to
augment our healthcare infrastructure and try to reach 2 beds per 1,000 people by 2025.

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DST funds 2 companies for new COVID-19 diagnostics #GS3 #SnT

The Department of Science and Technology (DST) has funded two companies, FastSense Diagnostics (FD)
and Module Innovations (MI), to develop antibody kits as well as a quicker version of the Rapid RT-PCR
(reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) test that is now the most widely used diagnostic
approach to test for COVID-19.

MI is a Pune-based healthcare start-up that is working on a point-of-care diagnostic kit which can detect
the virus in “10-15 minutes”. The diagnostic kit is being developed on the lines of one of its products
called ‘Usense’, which is a point-of-care diagnostic kit that can detect urinary tract infections within 15
minutes. The start-up is now developing nCoVSENSE, a test device that can detect antibodies
generated against COVID-19, Ashutosh Sharma, Secretary, DST, said in an interview on Monday.

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“We have also funded FastSense, which will develop a modified PCR test for confirmatory analysis in
lesser time compared to existing detection methods [about 50 samples can be tested in an hour]. This
can provide on the spot results in less than 15 minutes per sample,” Professor Sharma said.

Rapid antigen tests

While several companies have been authorised to market indigenous or foreign RT-PCR test kits
approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, there are only three companies that have
been approved to sell rapid antigen tests: SD Biosensor, Vishat Diagnostics and Mylab Discovery
Solutions, another Pune-based company that was also the first indigenous company approved to market
its RT-PCR kits. Antigen tests detect the presence of the virus quicker than the PCR, but have a higher
rate of missing out on those who may be carriers of the virus.

A rapid PCR test using an alternate technology, called RT-LAMP, which reportedly speeds up testing,
developed by the Sri Chitra Tirunal Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), an
autonomous DST institute and whose technology has been transferred to the Kochi-based Agappe
Technologies, has not been approved by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), according to an
updated list of approved manufacturers on the ICMR website.

Another company being supported, said Professor Sharma, was Seagull Biosolutions, Pune, a start-up
working on developing platform technologies to produce vaccine and immunotherapeutic agents.

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diagnostics/article32379818.ece

Reimagining and reinventing the Indian economy #GS3 #Economy

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the global economy and India is no different. The significant
reduction in domestic demand caused by the nationwide lockdown has pushed the economy towards
contraction in the first quarter of 2020-21, and the impact is likely to be felt in subsequent months as
well.

In this regard, Honourable Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi has taken decisive and commendable
action to mitigate the impact of the virus outbreak, from both a health and an economic perspective.

On May 12, 2020, Mr. Modi unveiled a mammoth stimulus package totalling Rs. 20 lakh crore, which
works out to about 10% of GDP, making it one of the most substantial relief plans in the world.

The stimulus package can help revive businesses, which are finding it difficult to operate without
adequate availability of credit. This is especially true for India’s 60,000-odd start-ups, which are facing an
acute liquidity crunch. The situation presents an opportunity to take bold action to promote
investments, protect existing jobs and create new jobs.

A lot more needs to be done, however, to resuscitate the country’s growth engine.

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At this juncture, what India needs is a two-pronged strategy to successfully navigate the current crisis.
First, minimise the damage caused by the COVID-19 and clear a path to recovery and second, rebooting
and reimagining India by promptly exploiting new opportunities unleashed by evolving business
scenarios. The three mantras should be bigger, bolder and faster execution of this strategy.

Key strategies

The strategy should address four major economic cylinders: a) Big Business Houses which are a major
contributor to GDP and large employment generators. b) MSMEs which are the lifeline of the country,
generating wealth for the middle class. c) Start-ups, which bring innovation and transformation to our
country’s economy. d) Our Indian brothers and sisters living abroad, the NRIs and OCIs — they not only
serve as unofficial ambassadors of India, but their heart beats for India and through their contacts, can
bring huge investments into India.

1. Big business houses should be supported by the government to reopen their operations by way of tax
incentives or ease of procurement of raw materials or other goods and services on credit as this will
energise consumer demand and boost the functioning of vendor or ancillary industry in the MSME
sector (which has potential for job creation).

2. The RBI should consider single one-time window for restructuring business loans, as required, by all
banks. There is a high probability that non-performing assets are likely to rise once the prevailing
moratorium is lifted by RBI. The government and RBI also urgently need to assure banks, that their
business decisions will not be questioned, to encourage credit flows.

3. The Centre can prepare a five-year plan on getting at least 60% of those companies, desiring to move
manufacturing out of China to India.

4. Making India a global trading hub — devise an incentive regime for companies setting up global
trading operations from India.

5. The States should think of establishing self-contained “industrial cities” that earmark space for
manufacturing, commercial, educational, residential and social infrastructure.

6. The 10 sectors identified by the government fit into the Make in India campaign — electrical,
pharmaceuticals, medical devices, automotive, mining, electronics, heavy engineering, renewable
energy, food processing, chemicals and textiles. Japan, the U.S. and South Korea have already shown
interest.

Sunrise sectors

7. It should also encourage sunrise sectors as part of re-imagining Indian economy such as battery
manufacturing (storage systems)/ solar panel manufacturing. The government can also consider giving
impetus to “Deep Tech”-leveraged businesses — blockchain, robotics, AI, machine learning, augmented
reality, big data analytics, cyber security, etc.

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8. India is amongst the top start-up ecosystems globally. Several of them are in pre-Angel or Angel-
Funding stages and are under significant pressure to stay afloat in view of a lack of adequate liquidity.
Start-ups not only help drive innovation, but also create jobs. The government needs to provide support
to the start-up ecosystem.

9. The auto industry which contributes significantly to GDP (nearly 9%) deserves special treatment. In
addition to reducing GST rate, old vehicle scrap policy with tax incentives for creating a demand for new
vehicles may be formulated. There is need to recognise Auto Sales Industry channel partners as MSMEs

10. Plug-and-Play model: Maharashtra has created a turnkey ‘plug-and-play’ model for foreign investors.
Similarly, other States must get their act together, be it on land acquisition, labour laws and providing
social, environment and other infrastructure. Land should be made available for projects with all
necessary pre-clearances — at Centre’s level (including Environmental), State’s and Municipal
dispensations.

11. Reforms in labour laws do not only mean permission to hire and fire. Leeway should be given to
strictly enforce discipline within the factory premises and demand higher productivity. The moves by
U.P., M.P. and Gujarat are welcome signals. The government should provide health insurance for
migrant labourers as experimented by certain States.

12. Investments of NRIs and OCIs in India should be treated on par with those of Resident Indians as
regards interest and dividend repatriation and management control of Indian companies. It may be
mentioned that the Chinese government had called on rich overseas Chinese to invest in China with
minimum government control, and massive investments followed. This has contributed to China’s
prosperity and economic rise. A similar investment boom can take place in India through NRIs and OCIs.

Indian diaspora’s direct investment should be incentivised, perhaps in terms of a plug-and-play model to
ensure that they do not end up spending lots of time in getting approvals to start a business.

One-time repatriation of foreign earning: The proposition is to reduce the current rate of 15% on a gross
basis on dividends from foreign subsidiaries to 5%. This would lead to more influx of funds and thereby
be expected to support local projects.

Tax exemptions

The government may also consider providing tax exemption on passive income like dividends, interest
on bank deposits, income from mutual funds earned by NRIs from India, if such income is reinvested
back in India. Also, capital gains should be taxed at 50% of applicable rates for next 3 years.

Incentives for attracting new investments: We need to reconsider the approach to taxing interest,
dividends and royalty paid to overseas investors. For instance, though interest on several forms of debt
qualifies for a concessional 5% tax rate, this is limited by fairly stringent thin capitalization norms. The
government could consider a 3 to 5-year moratorium on the applicability of thin capitalization norms to
ensure that businesses are able to leverage on low cost borrowings from group entities abroad.

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The government may consider relaxation of norms pertaining to issue of shares to resident entities
owned by NRIs. Further, relaxation should be provided for any funds received from NRIs, subject to
production of simple documents such as Bank Foreign Inward Remittance Certificate (FIRC) /KYC
documents.

13. An off-shore investment centre like Singapore can be opened in Mumbai, where Indian domestic
laws and taxation will not be applicable. MNCs may route their investments into India through the
centre. Foreign legal firms and banks along with domestic institutions can be invited to have a presence
in the centre.

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economy/article32379824.ece

4G SIM cards disconnect ASHAs #GS2 #Governance

At the frontline of the country’s battle against COVID-19, Accredited Social Health Activists, or ASHAs, in
Haryana have gone on strike after they were issued new Jio 4G SIM cards and their old SIMs disabled to
ensure they migrate to Android phones for better monitoring of service delivery. But the workers, paid
poorly with salaries often delayed, say they cannot afford smartphones to use the new SIM cards.

“In the last week of July, our existing mobile numbers were disabled and we were offered new 4G SIM
cards along with an Internet data package. These will only work on a smartphone, which many ASHA

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workers can’t afford. We have not been able to perform our duties since this move and have been
told that if we don’t activate the new number, we won’t get another one,” says Sudha Pal, general
secretary of the Haryana ASHA Workers’ Union.

The ASHA workers say they were promised smartphones in 2018, but the procurement has been
delayed.

Crucial tool

Ms. Pal and 200 other ASHAs have been protesting outside the office of the Chief Medical Officer of
Faridabad for over a week now. An estimated 20,000 ASHAs are on strike across 22 districts of Haryana.
They completed 10 days of stir on Sunday.

Mobile phones help ASHA workers remain in contact with beneficiaries, receive calls seeking
assistance such as during child birth, and send updates and GPS locations of new COVID-19 cases.

The issue has fuelled anger pent up among frontline workers — ASHAs, Anganwadi Workers and
Auxillary Nurse Midwives — who have been given additional responsibilities since March, including
spreading awareness about preventive measures against COVID-19 as well as detecting and referring
suspected cases. They have been delivering these services despite the lack of any protective personal
equipment or security from attacks while out on surveys.

This is in addition to their routine work, which for an ASHA worker includes screening pregnant women,
lactating mothers as well as children for communicable and non-communicable diseases, vaccination,
care during pregnancy and child birth, among others.

Their income, which is a combination of a fixed honorarium of Rs. 4,000 and additional earnings from
task-based incentives, has gone down since the COVID-19 outbreak as they are not able to deliver
services which fetch them extra money. For their COVID-19 related activities they were promised an
incentive of Rs. 1,000 in March, and another Rs. 500 by the State government. They are yet to receive
the latter.

In fact, 42-year-old Jeevanti Devi is yet to receive her salary for July. She supervises 418 households, or a
population of 1,894 people in Faridabad’s Indira Nagar where sewage from small factories, workshops
and houses collects in open drains making the area vulnerable to diseases.

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ashas/article32379829.ece

Indian Embassy in Moscow in touch with developer of Russian Covid-19 vaccine

Sputnik V #GS3 #SnT #GS2 #IR
The Indian embassy in Moscow is in touch with the Russian medical research institute that has
developed the world’s first Covid-19 vaccine to be cleared for use by the public.

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Russian regulators last week greenlighted the Sputnik V vaccine developed by the Moscow-based
Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, and President Vladimir Putin
announced that one of his daughters had already been inoculated with it.

“The Indian Mission is engaging separately with the Russian side through our embassy in Moscow. We
are now awaiting the safety and efficacy data of this vaccine for Covid-19,” a source said.

Western experts have been sceptical about the Russian claim, given the speed and secrecy with which
the Gamaleya candidate has been given regulatory approval. Developing a vaccine is a complex and
lengthy process, and the candidate must pass extensive field trials before it is cleared for human use.
The Sputnik V candidate has been approved without being put through final phase 3 human trials.

Putin has claimed that the vaccine works “quite effectively”, and “forms a stable immunity” against the
infection.

The official Sputnik V website, run by the Russian sovereign wealth fund Russian Direct Investment Fund
(RDIF), says phase 1 and 2 clinical trials of the vaccine were completed on August 1, 2020, and the
vaccine received a registration certificate under “emergency rules” from the Russian Ministry of Health
on August 11.

“Phase 3 clinical trial involving more than 2,000 people in Russia, a number of Middle Eastern (UAE and
Saudi Arabia), and Latin American countries (Brazil and Mexico)”, the website says, “will start on August
12”.

Gamaleya is yet to publish the results of phase 1 and 2 of the clinical trials. In phase 1, the vaccine
candidate is given to a small group of people, and scientists measure the antibodies it triggers in the
recipients. This process takes about three months and, if found safe, the trial moves to the next phase.

The vaccine is given to several hundred people to assess reactogenicity (ability to produce common,
adverse reactions), immunogenicity (ability to provoke an immune response), and safety. This stage of
trials has been shortened in the development of Covid-19 vaccines – and as many as six candidates are
currently in phase 3 of human trials.

According to the Russian study design published in the clinical trial registry, researchers will assess the
adverse events for an average 180 days, and measure the change in antibody levels against the SARS-
CoV-2 glycoprotein on days 0, 14, 21, 28, and 42.

The researchers will also assess the concentration of the neutralising antibody on days 0, 14, 28, and 42,
and the change in the cellular immunity level, specifically T-cell immunity, on days 0, 14, and 28.

The high efficacy of the vaccine was confirmed by high precision tests for antibodies in the blood serum
of volunteers (including analysis for antibodies that neutralize the coronavirus), as well as the ability of
the immune cells of the volunteers to activate in response to the spike S protein of the coronavirus,

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which indicates the formation of both antibody and cellular immune vaccine response,” the Sputnik V
website says.

A Reuters report quoted Kirill Dmitriev, CEO of RDIF, as saying Russia had received requests for a billion
doses of the vaccine from other countries, and that international agreements had been secured to
produce 500 million doses annually. Clinical trials were expected to start soon in the UAE and the
Philippines, and Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte would participate personally,

https://indianexpress.com/article/india/embassy-in-moscow-in-touch-with-developer-of-sputnik-v-
6559032/

India, Nepal talk projects on river from Kalapani #GS2 #IR

Opening a window for future interactions, officials of Nepal and India met Monday to discuss projects
in Nepal being assisted by the Indian government. These include the Pancheshwar multipurpose
project and motorable bridges over the Mahakali (Kali, Sharda) river which originates in the Kalapani
area, at the centre of a boundary dispute which peaked in May and froze bilateral dialogue.

At the videoconference meeting in Kathmandu, the first between officials since the border row, the
Nepal delegation was led by Foreign Secretary Shankar Das Bairagi while Ambassador Vinay Mohan
Kwatra headed the Indian team.

Sources said the conversation was “positive” and “productive” although the boundary dispute was not
discussed. The meeting focused on border infrastructure projects and a cross-border oil pipeline.

The talks took place two days after Nepal’s Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli called up Prime Minister
Narendra Modi on Independence Day and agreed to continue discussions on bilateral matters in the
future.

Officials of both sides, under the aegis of the bilateral oversight mechanism, sat 4 km apart in
Kathmandu to review, via videoconference, the implementation of projects which are part of the
bilateral cooperation.

More than the outcome of the meeting, the fact that two sides interacted at a time when ties have
plummeted is being seen as a thaw that could lead to further meaningful dialogue, at least on the Nepal
side.

A statement by the Ministry of External Affairs said the co-chairs noted the “progress made” in
development projects in the last one year, including “reconstruction of 46,301 earthquake-affected
houses (out of 50,000 houses committed by India) in Gorkha and Nuwakot districts, the
operationalization of Motihari-Amlekhgunj cross-border petroleum products pipeline, the Integrated
Check Post at Biratnagar and High Impact Community Development Projects”.

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India had undertaken the task to help Nepal with reconstruction following the April 2015 earthquake
and this, sources said, was “much appreciated” by the Nepalese side during the meeting.

“Nepal also noted with appreciation Covid-19 related assistance, including the supply of medicines and
medical equipment to Nepal by India,” the MEA said. Nepal officials said the issue of the Ramayan circuit
was discussed — this has been viewed positively by Delhi.

Nepal’s Foreign Ministry said discussions were held on the status of implementation of ongoing projects
covering Terai roads, cross-border railways, Arun-III hydropower project, petroleum products
pipelines, Pancheshwar multipurpose project, post-earthquake reconstruction, irrigation, power and
transmission lines, construction of Nepal Police Academy, integrated check posts, Ramayana circuit,
HICDPs, motorable bridges over the Mahakali river, agriculture and cultural heritage, among others.

The Nepalese side provided a more detailed list of projects that were discussed. Both Delhi and
Kathmandu underlined the need for expeditious implementation of the projects.

Nepal’s Foreign Ministry said, “they agreed to undertake necessary measures to timely address
problems and obstacles in the course of implementation”. The MEA too said both sides agreed to
“expedite their implementation”. Both agreed to hold the next meeting at a mutually convenient date.

India’s inauguration this May of a new road from Dharchula to Lipulekh on the
Mansarovar Yatra route angered the Oli government which came out with a new map of Nepal,
adding to it an area of 370 sq km at the tri-junction of Nepal, India and China (Tibet) which India
maintains is its territory.

A Constitution amendment Bill was passed by Nepal’s parliament to legitimize the alteration or addition
of Kalapani, Lipulekh and Limpiyadhura to the country’s new map. The passage of the Bill and the new
map had led to breakdown of communication between the two countries.

https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-nepal-talk-projects-on-river-from-kalapani-6559044/

As travel restrictions ease, who can fly abroad, and where? #GS3 #Economy
With various countries gradually lifting travel restrictions from India under air bubble arrangements,
both Indian and foreign airlines are offering a number of flight options for those who want to travel to
countries such as the US, Germany, France, Canada, the UK and the UAE. However, travel is subject to
certain conditions imposed by India’s Ministry of Home Affairs as well as the governments of the
destination countries.

What are air transport bubbles?

Transport bubbles are temporary arrangements between two countries aimed at restarting commercial
passenger services when regular international flights are suspended as a result of the Covid-
19 pandemic. They are reciprocal in nature, meaning airlines from both countries enjoy similar benefits.

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India has created air travel arrangements with countries like the US, France, Germany, the UK, Canada,
the UAE and Maldives.

Who can travel abroad from India?

According to the guidelines for these air bubbles, in addition to citizens of the respective countries and
foreign nationals who want to transit through these countries, Indian nationals can also travel subject to
certain conditions. For the countries with which India has air transport arrangements, Indian nationals
holding a valid visa with validity of at least one month — other than visa for tourism purpose — are
allowed to travel.

The UAE, in fact, has also allowed tourists to travel into its borders. This means that visa holders of
various categories such as student visa, business visa, work visa will be allowed to travel outside from
India. The US Embassy in India resumed processing of student visas from Monday (August 17) on a
limited basis, which could help students who want to join the fall semester.

The Home Ministry guidelines state, however, that all such travel shall be “entirely at the risk of the
person seeking to travel, bearing in mind the existing restrictions on International travel”

Who can travel into India from abroad?

In addition to Indian nationals being allowed to travel on inbound flights operated either by Indian
carriers or foreign carriers, certain categories of foreign nationals are also allowed to travel to India.
Until recently, only certain holders of Overseas Citizens of India (OCI) cards were allowed to enter India
but the government has now allowed all OCI cardholders to arrive into India.

For other foreign nationals, the categories allowed to enter India include foreign businessmen coming to
India on a business visa (other than on B-3 visa for sports); foreign healthcare professionals, health
researchers, engineers and technicians for technical work at Indian health sector facilities, including
laboratories and factories (subject to a letter of invitation from a recognised and registered healthcare
facility, registered pharmaceutical company or accredited university in India); and foreign engineering,
managerial, design or other specialists travelling to India on behalf of foreign business entities located in
India (these include all manufacturing units, design units, software and IT units as well as financial sector
companies, both banking and non-banking financial sector firms).

Which airlines are operating flights to/from India?

National carrier Air India is leading the way with flights from various stations in India such as Delhi,
Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Kochi, Amritsar and Thiruvananthapuram to destinations
like London, Birmingham, Frankfurt, Paris, Newark, San Francisco, Chicago and Washington DC.

Airlines of these countries, too, have been permitted to carry passengers on both legs of flights — a
fundamental difference that sets these flights apart from the repatriation flights on which one leg was to

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be flown empty. These airlines include United, Air France, Lufthansa, Air Canada, Emirates, Etihad, Virgin
Atlantic

The foreign carriers have also been permitted to carry passengers who want to transit through their
countries subject to the destination country allowing travel into their borders. In a statement, Lufthansa
said that with Indian citizens being eligible to fly to India from the US, Canada and Germany on its
flights, it will operate flights from Frankfurt to Delhi, Mumbai and Bengaluru and from Munich to Delhi.

Virgin Atlantic has said it plans to operate thrice-a-week flights from London to Delhi and back starting
September 1, and from London to Mumbai and back starting September 16. Air Canada, too, is
operating flights between Toronto and Delhi three times a week under the arrangement.

In addition to foreign carriers and Air India, private Indian airlines are also expected to make the best of
the air bubble arrangements. Full service carrier Vistara is expected to start operations between India
and the UK, France and Germany.

This will begin with thrice-a-week flights between Delhi and London’s Heathrow airport, where Vistara
has acquired slots. At a later stage, Vistara is expected to add Paris and Frankfurt to its route-map. Low-
cost airline SpiceJet has also acquired slots at London’s Heathrow airport from September 1 and is
looking to operate one flight daily from multiple Indian cities.

What do you need to do to travel abroad?

Earlier this month, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare issued a set of guidelines for international
arrival as per which all travellers should submit a self-declaration form on the
portal http://www.newdelhiairport.in at least 72 hours before the scheduled travel. They should also
give an undertaking on the portal that they will undergo mandatory quarantine for 14 days i.e. 7 days
institutional quarantine at their own cost, followed by 7 days isolation at home with self-monitoring of
health.

For those travelling outside India, various countries have different isolation and testing norms. For
example, France requires on-the-spot Covid-19 tests for people arriving from 16 countries, including
India, the US and Brazil, where the pandemic is spreading widely. The UK has a comprehensive list of
countries with no requirement of self-isolation upon arrival in England.

The list does not include India, meaning that those travelling to the UK from India will need to self-
isolate for 14 days. For the UAE, according to Air India Express, passengers travelling to the West Asian
country will need a prior approval from its Federal Authority for Identity & Citizenship.

https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simply-put-who-can-fly-abroad-and-where-6558944/

Can a recovered patient be re-infected with Covid-19? #GS3 #SnT

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Millions of people around the world have recovered from Covid-19, and one of their primary concerns is
whether they can get re-infected by the novel coronavirus. Have they developed immunity, and if so, for
how long? There have been a few instances of people who have been declared recovered, testing
positive again, raising fears of re-infection.

As of now, scientists are unable to say whether re-infection is possible, and if so, after how much time.
They are also unsure whether an infected person becomes immune to re-infection. A new guidance
from the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States attempts to answer some
of these questions in light of updated knowledge from latest research.

What is the CDC guidance?

In the guidance, issued during the weekend, the CDC, which is part of US Department of Health, said no
confirmed case of re-infection had been detected till now.

“Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 has not yet been definitively confirmed in any recovered persons to date.
If, and if so when, persons can be reinfected with the SARS-CoV-2 remains unknown, and is a subject of
investigation,” the CDC said.

However, this does not mean that people once infected with the virus can be said to have developed an
immunity against re-infection.

What about recovered patients who have tested positive again?

The CDC said recovered patient can have low levels of virus in their bodies for up to three months after
they were first diagnosed, and this can be detected in the diagnostic tests. This is the reason why there
have been instances of recovered people having tested positive again within the three-month period.
But such people do not transmit the virus to others, the CDC said.

Therefore, retesting a person within the three month period was “unnecessary”. Even if they test
positive, it most probably would be because of leftover traces of virus (“persistent shedding”) rather
than a case of re-infection.

“Recovered persons can continue to shed detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA in upper respiratory specimens
for up to three months after illness onset, albeit at concentrations considerably lower than during
illness, in ranges where replication-competent virus (those that can replicate and spread) has not been
reliably recovered and infectiousness is unlikely. The etiology (cause of the disease) of this persistently
detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA has yet to be determined,” it said.

“Studies have not found evidence that clinically recovered persons with persistence of viral RNA have
transmitted SARS-CoV-2 to others,” it said.

What else do the guidelines say?

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The CDC said that persons with mild to moderate symptoms can be released from isolation 10 days after
the they were first tested positive, while those with severe symptoms need to be kept in isolation for a
maximum of 20 days.

“Available data indicate that persons with mild to moderate COVID-19 remain infectious no longer than
10 days after symptom onset. Persons with more severe to critical illness or severe immunocompromise
likely remain infectious no longer than 20 days after symptom onset,” it said.

The CDC said its new recommendations were based on more than 15 international and US-based
published studies that looked at the length of infection, duration of viral shed, asymptomatic spread,
and the risk of spread among various patient groups.

Researchers have found that the amount of live virus in the nose and throat drops significantly soon
after the COVID19 symptoms develop. Additionally, the duration of infectiousness in most people with
COVID19 is no longer than 10 days after symptoms begin, and no longer than 20 days in people with
severe illness…,” it said.

It said the latest findings strengthened the case for relying on “symptom-based, rather than test-based
strategy for ending isolation” of infected patients, so that persons who are “by current evidence no
longer infectious are not kept unnecessarily isolated and excluded from work or other responsibilities”

https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/cdc-says-no-re-infection-yet-after-recovery-from-covid-19-
what-does-this-mean-6558207/

What does the govt’s move to increase bioethanol in petrol mean? #GS3
#Economy

The government has set targets of 10 per cent bioethanol blending of petrol by 2022 and to raise it to 20
per cent by 2030 under the ethanol blending programme to curb carbon emissions and reduce India’s
dependence on imported crude oil. 1G and 2G bioethanol plants are set to play a key role in making bio-
ethanol available for blending but face challenges in attracting investments from the private sector.

We examine key challenges to raising the ethanol blending level for petrol from around 5 per cent
currently to the targets set by the central government.

What are 1G and 2G biofuel plants?

1G bioethanol plants utilise sugarcane juice and molasses, byproducts in the production of sugar, as raw
material, while 2G plants utilise surplus biomass and agricultural waste to produce bioethanol.
Currently, domestic production of bioethanol is not sufficient to meet the demand for bio-ethanol for
blending with petrol at Indian Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs). Sugar mills, which are the key domestic
suppliers of bio-ethanol to OMCs, were only able to supply 1.9 billion litres of bio-ethanol to OMCs
equating to 57.6 per cent of the total demand of 3.3 billion litres.

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Why are Indian plants not able to meet the demand for bio-ethanol?

Experts point out that many sugar mills which are best placed to produce bioethanol do not have the
financial stability to invest in biofuel plants and there and there are also concerns among investors on
the uncertainty o the price of bio-ethanol in the future. “In general, the sugar sector has its own balance
sheet issues,” said Shishir Joshipura, CEO and MD of domestic biofuel technology provider Praj
Industries, noting that sugar mills have had to pay high prices for sugarcane set by the government even
when there have been supply gluts.

The prices of both sugarcane and bio-ethanol are set by the central government.

An expert at a leading OMC, said the price of obtaining agricultural waste required for the production of
bio-ethanol at 2G plants was currently too high for it to be viable for private investors in the country.
The expert noted that state governments needed to set up depots where farmers could drop their
agricultural waste and that the central government should fix a price for agricultural waste to make
investments in 2G bioethanol production an attractive proposition.

The three state-run OMCs Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. and Hindustan
Petroleum Corporation Ltd. are currently in the process of setting up 2G bio-ethanol plants.

What can be done to boost investment in bioethanol production?

Experts say the government could provide greater visibility on the price of bioethanol that sugar mills
can expect by announcing a mechanism by which the price of bio-ethanol would be decided. The
impetus for bioethanol uptake was driven by government worldwide, and a target that a certain
percentage of ethanol blending be done using ethanol generated from 2G plants would help boost
investment in the area.

Joshipura said 2G bioethanol not only provided a clean source of energy, but also helped to provide
greater income to farmers and prevent them from having to burn agricultural waste which can be a
major source of air pollution

https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/1g-2g-bioethanol-plants-blending-petrol-6558162/

New global temperature record may have been set in California's Death Valley
#GS1 #Geography
The hottest air temperature recorded anywhere on the planet in at least a century, and possibly ever,
was reached in Death Valley in California's Mojave Desert on Sunday afternoon when it soared to 54.4
degrees.

It was a dry heat: humidity fell to 7 per cent. But it felt "insanely hot" all the same, according to
meteorologist Daniel Berc, who is based in the NWS Las Vegas bureau and forecast that the heat wave
would continue all week.

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"It's literally like being in an oven," he said. "Today is another day we could take another run at 130F
(54.4 degrees Celsius)."

A temperature of 56.7 degrees was recorded in Death Valley in July 1913. Some meteorologists dispute
the older record, however, with recent research pointing to the likelihood it was the result of observer
error.

"That's an official record until it's debunked through the scientific process and accepted by the World
Meteorological Organisation," Berc said.

The record comes as climate scientists warn of the dangers of a warming planet. Last month was the
world's third-hottest July on record, and three of the hottest ever Julys all occurred within the last five
years.

https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/new-global-temperature-record-may-have-been-set-in-
california-s-death-valley-20200818-p55mny.html

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