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Heat Transfer:: Differences Between Thermodynamics and

Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states of matter and heat transfer involves non-equilibrium temperature gradients. Heat transfer takes place by conduction, convection, or radiation. Fourier's law states heat flow through a material is directly proportional to the temperature gradient and area, allowing calculation of heat transfer rates. Thermal conductivity is a property determining heat flow rate based on temperature differences. Several examples demonstrate using thermal conductivity and Fourier's law to calculate heat transfer rates and temperature gradients.

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Nitin Kumar
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4K views11 pages

Heat Transfer:: Differences Between Thermodynamics and

Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states of matter and heat transfer involves non-equilibrium temperature gradients. Heat transfer takes place by conduction, convection, or radiation. Fourier's law states heat flow through a material is directly proportional to the temperature gradient and area, allowing calculation of heat transfer rates. Thermal conductivity is a property determining heat flow rate based on temperature differences. Several examples demonstrate using thermal conductivity and Fourier's law to calculate heat transfer rates and temperature gradients.

Uploaded by

Nitin Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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 Differences between Thermodynamics and

Heat Transfer:
The fundamental differences between thermodynamics
and heat transfer given below;

Thermodynamics Heat Transfer


1.It deals the equilibrium It is inherently a non-
states of matter, and precludes equilibrium process (since a
the existence of a temperature temperature gradient must
gradient. exist for exchange of heat to
take place.
2. When a system changes It helps to predict the
from one equilibrium state to distribution of temperature
another, thermodynamics and to determine the rate at
helps to determine the which energy is transferred
quantity of work and heat across a surface of interest due
interactions. It describes how to temperature gradients at the
much heat is to be exchanged surface, and difference of
during a process but does not temperature between different
hint how the same could be surfaces.
achieved.

 Modes of Heat Transfer


Heat transfer which is defined as the transmission of energy from
one region to another as a result of temperature gradient takes
place by the following three modes:
1. Conduction , 2. Convection , 3. Radiation
1.Conduction:
“Conduction” is the transfer of heat from one part of a
substance to another part of the same substance, or from one
substance to another in physical contact with it, without
appreciable displacement of molecules forming the substance.
In solid, the heat is conducted by the following two
mechanism:
(1) By lattice vibration (the faster moving molecules or
atoms in the hottest part of a body transfer heat by
impacts some of their energy to adjacent molecules)
(2) By transport of free electrons(Free electrons provide
an energy flux in the direction of decreasing
temperature-For metals, especially good electrical
conductors, the electronic mechanism is responsible
for the major portion of the heat flux expect at low
temperature.

2.Convection:
“Convection” is the transfer of heat within a fluid
by mixing of one portion of the fluid with another.
 Convection possible only in a fluid medium and is
directly linked with the transport of medium itself.
 Convection constitutes the macroform of the heat
transfer since macroscopic particles of a fluid moving
in space cause the heat exchanger.
 The effectiveness of the heat transfer by convection
depends largely upon the mixing motion of the fluid.
Free or natural convection- Free or natural convection occurs
when the fluid circulates by virtue of the natural differences in
densities of hot and cold fluids: the denser portions of the fluid
move downward because of the greater force of gravity, as
compared with the force of the less dense.
Forced convection- When the work is done to blow or pump the
fluid, it is said to be forced convection.

3.Radiation:
“Radiation” is the transfer of heat through space or
matter by means other than conduction or convection .
Radiation heat is thought of as electromagnetic waves or
quanta an emanation of the same nature as light and radio
waves. All bodies radiate heat.
Radiant energy requires no medium for propagation and will
pass through vacuum.
The properties of radiant heat in general, are similar to those
light. Some of the properties are:
1. It is not require the presence of a material medium for its
transmission.
2. Radiant heat can be reflected from the surfaces and obeys
the ordinary laws of reflection.
3. It travels with velocity of light.
4. Like light, it shows interference, diffraction and polarization
etc.
5. It follows the law of inverse square.
The wavelength of heat radiations is longer than that waves,
hence they are invisible to the eye.
 Fourier’s Laws Of Heat Conduction:
Fourier’s law of heat conduction is an empirical law based on
observation and states as follows:
“The rate of flow of heat through a simple homogeneous solid is
directly proportional to the area of the section at right angles to
the direction of heat flow, and to change of temperature with
respect to the length of the path of the heat flow”.

Mathematically, it can be represented by the equation:

ⅆt
Qα A.
ⅆx

Where, Q = Heat flow through a body per unit time(in watt) W,


A =Surface area of heat flow(perpendicular to the
Direction of flow), m2,
dt = Temperature difference of the faces of the block,
℃∨K ,and

dx = Thickness of body in the direction of flow, m

ⅆt
Thus, Q=−kA
ⅆx

Where, k = Constant of proportionality and is known as


thermal conductivity of the body.
Assumptions:
The following are the assumptions on which Fourier’s law
is based:
1. Conduction of heat takes place under steady state
conditions.
2. The heat flow is unidirectional.
3. The temperature gradient is constant and the
temperature profile is linear.
4. There is no internal heat generation.
5. The bounding surfaces are isothermal in character.
6. The material is homogeneous and isotropic ( the value of
thermal conductivity is constant in all directions.
Some essential feature of Fourier’ Law;
Following are some essential feature of Fourier’s law:
1. It is applicable to all matter ( may be solid, liquid or gas).
2. It is based on experimental evidence and cannot be
derived from first principle.
3. It is a vector expression indicating that heat flow rate is
in the direction of decreasing temperature and is normal
to an isotherm.
4. It helps to define thermal conductivity ‘k’ of the medium
through which heat is conducted.

 Thermal conductivity:
According to Fourier’s law,

ⅆt
Q=−kA
ⅆx
Then we have,
−Q ⅆt
k= ⋅
A ⅆx

Unit of k :W /mK or W /m ℃

“The amount of energy conducted through a body of unit area,


and unit thickness in unit time when the difference in
temperature between the faces causing heat flow is unit
temperature”.

Thermal conductivity depends essential upon the following


factors:
(1) Material Structure
(2) Moisture content
(3) Density of material
(4) Pressure and temperature(operating conditions)
Thermal conductivities of some common materials are as
under:
Material Thermal Material Thermal
conductivity conductivity
(k) W /mK (k) W /mK
1. Silver 410 8. Asbestos 0.17
sheet
2. Copper 385 9. Ash 0.12
3. Aluminiu 225 10. Cork, felt 0.05-.010
m
4. Cast iron 55-65 11. Saw dust 0.07
5. Steel 20-45 12. Glass 0.03
wool
6. Concrete 1.20 13. Water 0.55-0.7
7. Glass 0.75 14. Freon 0.0083
(window)
 Problems:
(1)- Calculate the rate of heat transfer per unit area through a
Copper plate 45 mm thick, whose one face is maintained at
350℃ and the other face at 50 ℃ . Take thermal conductivity
of copper as 370 W/m℃ .

Solution-
(2)- A plane wall is 150 mm thick and its wall area is 4.5 m2. If
its conductivity is 9.35 W/m℃ and surface temperature are
steady at 150℃ and 45 ℃ ,determine:
a. Heat flow across the plane wall;
b. Temperature gradient in the flow direction.
Solution-
(3)-The following data relate to the oven:
Thickness of the side wall = 82.5 mm
Thermal conductivity of wall insulation = 0.044 W/m℃
Temperature on inside the wall = 175 ℃
Energy dissipated by the electrical coil
Within the oven = 40.5 W
Determine the area of wall surface, perpendicular to heat flow, so
that temperature on the other side of the wall does not exceed 75
℃.

Solution-
(4)- The inner surface of the plane brick wall is at 40℃ and the
outer surface is at 20 ℃ . Calculate the rate of heat transfer per m2
of surface area of the wall, which is 250 mm thick. The therma
conductivity of brick is 0.52 W/m℃ .
Solution-
(5)- A plane wall (thermal conductivity = 10.2 W/m℃ ) of 100 mm
thickness and area 3 m2 has steady surface temperature of 170℃
and 100℃ . Determine:
a. The rate of heat transfer across the plane wall;
b. The temperature gradient in the flow direction.
Solution-

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