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Systems Operation
3406E Truck Engine
Media Number -RENR1273-07 Publication Date -01/02/2008 Date Updated -07/02/2008

i01144274

Cooling System
SMCS - 1350

This engine has a pressure type cooling system that is equipped with a shunt line.

A pressure type cooling system gives two advantages. First, the cooling system can be operated
safely at a temperature that is higher than the boiling point of water. Also, cavitation in the water
pump is prevented. It is more difficult for air or steam pockets to be made in the cooling system.

Note: In air to air aftercooled systems, a coolant mixture with a minimum of 30 percent ethylene
glycol base antifreeze must be used for efficient water pump performance. This mixture keeps the
cavitation temperature range of the coolant high enough for efficient performance.

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Illustration 1 g00614057
Cooling system for a warm engine

(1) Cylinder head

(2) Water temperature regulators

(3) Outlet hose

(4) Vent line

(5) Vent tube

(6) Shunt line

(7) Elbow

(8) Water pump

(9) Cylinder block

(10) Oil cooler

(11) Inlet hose

(12) Radiator

During operation, water pump (8) sends most of the coolant from radiator (12) to oil cooler (10) .

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The coolant from oil cooler (10) goes into cylinder block (9) through a bonnet and an elbow. The
coolant flows around the cylinder liners into the cylinder head.

The flow of coolant goes around the valves and the passages for exhaust gases in the cylinder head.
The coolant then goes to the front of the cylinder head. At this point, two water temperature
regulators (2) control the direction of coolant flow.

Water temperature regulators (2) are closed when the engine is cold. The coolant flows through the
regulator housing and elbow (7) back to water pump (8) .

If the coolant is at normal operating temperature, water temperature regulators (2) open and the
coolant flows to radiator (12) through the outlet hose (3). The coolant becomes cooler as the coolant
moves through the radiator. When the coolant gets to the bottom of the radiator, the coolant goes
through inlet hose (11) and into water pump (8) .

Note: Water temperature regulators (2) are an important part of the cooling system. Water
temperature regulator (2) divides the coolant flow between radiator (12) and bypass elbow (7). This
will maintain the correct temperature.

Shunt line (6) gives several advantages to the cooling system. The shunt line gives a positive coolant
pressure at the water pump inlet that prevents pump cavitation. A small flow of coolant constantly
goes through shunt line (6) to the inlet of water pump (8). This causes a small amount of coolant to
move constantly through vent tube (5). The flow through the vent tube is small and the volume of the
upper compartment is large. Air in the coolant is removed as the coolant goes into the upper
compartment.

The vent line is used to fill the cooling system with coolant for the first time. This will purge any air
out of the top of a bottom filled system.

The OEM may supply a surge tank. The tank can be mounted on the radiator or the tank can be
mounted on a remote location. The coolant that expands past the radiator cap is retained in the surge
tank. The coolant contracts as the temperature drops and the coolant is drawn back into the radiator.

Engines With A BrakeSaver

The cooling system for an engine with a BrakeSaver is identical to the cooling system for an engine
without a BrakeSaver. The oil cooler on an engine with a BrakeSaver is larger. The oil cooler is still
found in the same location on the engine. The water flow through the oil cooler is identical for the
two oil coolers.

Coolant For Air Compressor

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Illustration 2 g00614143
Coolant flow in air compressor

(1) Air compressor

(2) Outlet hose

(3) Inlet hose

The coolant for air compressor (1) comes from the cylinder block through inlet hose (3) and into the
air compressor. The coolant goes from the air compressor through outlet hose (2) back into the front
of the cylinder head.

Coolant Conditioner (An Attachment)

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Illustration 3 g00613763

Schematic of cooling system with coolant conditioner (typical example)

(1) Water temperature regulator housing

(2) Coolant outlet to radiator

(3) Vent line with orifice at the cylinder head

(4) Radiator

(5) Shunt line

(6) Bypass

(7) Water pump

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(8) Coolant conditioner element

(9) Engine oil cooler

(10) Coolant temperature sensor

(11) Coolant inlet from radiator

Some conditions of operation can cause pitting on the outer surface of the cylinder liners and on the
cylinder block surface next to the cylinder liners. This pitting is caused by corrosion or by cavitation
erosion. A corrosion inhibitor is a chemical that provides a reduction in pitting. The addition of a
corrosion inhibitor can keep this type of damage to a minimum.

Coolant conditioner element (8) is a spin-on element that is similar to a fuel filter and to oil filter
elements. The coolant conditioner element attaches to coolant conditioner base that is mounted on
the engine or mounted on a remote location. Coolant flows through lines from the water pump to the
base and back to water pump. Coolant constantly flows through the coolant conditioner element.

The element has a specific amount of inhibitor for acceptable cooling system protection. As the
coolant flows through the element, the corrosion inhibitor goes into the solution. Two basic types of
elements are used for the cooling system: the precharge element and the maintenance element. Each
type of element has a specific use. The elements must be used correctly in order to get the necessary
concentration for cooling system protection. The elements also contain a filter. The elements should
remain in the system after the conditioner has dissolved. This will allow proper flow of the coolant
through the engine. Refer to Operation and Maintenance Manual, "Supplemental Coolant Additive
(SCA)" for more information.

The precharge element contains more than the normal amount of the inhibitor. The precharge
element is used with new coolant after a complete change of the coolant. This element must add
enough inhibitor in order to bring the complete cooling system up to the correct concentration.

The maintenance elements have a normal amount of inhibitor. The maintenance elements are
installed at the first change interval. A sufficient amount of inhibitor is provided by the maintenance
elements in order to maintain the corrosion protection at an acceptable level. After the first change
interval, only maintenance elements are installed. In order to provide the cooling system with
protection, maintenance elements are installed at specific intervals. Refer to Operation and
Maintenance Manual, "Maintenance Interval Schedule" for the correct maintenance of the cooling
system.

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