(Answers to Exercises for Chapter 7: Logarithmic and Exponential Functions) A.7.

CHAPTER 7: LOGARITHMIC and

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
SECTION 7.1: INVERSE FUNCTIONS
1) a) 3; b) f −1
( x ) = x −3 4 , or
1
3
4 1
x − ; c) , which is the reciprocal of 3
3 3
1
()
2) a) 12; b) g x = 3 x , or x1/3 ; c)
12
, which is the reciprocal of 12

SECTION 7.2: ln x
1)
15x 2 − 1
a)
5x 3 − x + 1
3x + 2 3x + 2
b) 2 , or . (Remember to simplify!)
x +x x x +1 ( )
3
c)
3x + 7
− 40 40
d) , or . Hint: Use the Power Rule of Logarithms first.
7 − 4t 4t − 7
3 ⎡1 + ln x ⎤ ( )
2

( )
2
3 + 3 ln x ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
e) , or .
x x
Hint: Use the Power Rule of Logarithms on the first term.
⎛ 1⎞
f) − 2w . Hint: ln ⎜ ⎟ = ln w−1 = − ln w .
⎝ w⎠
( )
⎛ 1⎞
(1+ ln w)( 2wln w + w) − ( w 2
)
ln w ⎜ ⎟
⎝ w⎠ w ⎡⎢1+ 2ln w + 2 ( ln w) ⎤⎥
2

g) = ⎣ ⎦
(1+ ln w) (1+ ln w)
2 2

12x 3 1 15 12x 3 1 15 45x 5 − 100x 4 − 27x − 4

2) 4 + − , or 4 + + , or .
x + 1 2x 3x − 4 x + 1 2x 4 − 3x 2x x 4 + 1 3x − 4 ( )( )
(
⎡ x4 + 1 3 x ⎤
)( )
⎢
Hint: ln ⎢
⎥ 1
( ) (
⎥ = 3ln x + 1 + 2 ln x − 5ln 3x − 4 by laws of logarithms.
4
)
( )
5
⎢⎣ 3x − 4 ⎥⎦
 (Answers to Exercises for Chapter 7: Logarithmic and Exponential Functions) A.7.2

3) tan x . We then (finally) have: ∫ tan x dx = ln sec x + C .

( ) ( )
4) a) and b) − 7 sin θ cos6 θ . Note: You may have obtained − 7 tan θ cos7 θ for b).
( )
This is equivalent to − 7 sin θ cos6 θ , where cos θ ≠ 0 . Logarithmic Differentiation
does not apply for values of θ that make cos θ = 0 in this problem.
5)
( )( )
3
⎡ 24x ⎤
)( )
3 51x 2 + 80x + 2 3x 2 + 2
)(
3 4
a) ; b) ⎢ 2 + ⎥ 3x 2 + 2 3x + 5 ;
2 3x + 5 (
⎢⎣ 3x + 2 2 3x + 5 ⎥⎦
c) Your answer should effectively be the same as your answer to part a).
6)
( )
a) 1, ∞ . Hint: We require x > 0 and ln x > 0 .
1
b)
x ln x
1 + ln x 1 + ln x
c) − , or −
( ) ( )
2 2
x 2 ln x x ln x
d) On Dom ( f ) = (1, ∞ ) , f ′ ( x ) > 0 and f ′′ ( x ) < 0 . Therefore, f is increasing
and the graph of f is concave down on the x-interval (1, ∞ ) .

e) Point-Slope Form: y − ln 2 =
1
2e 2
x − e2 , ( )
1 ⎛ 1⎞ 1 2 ln 2 − 1
Slope-Intercept Form: y = 2 x + ⎜ ln 2 − ⎟ , or y = 2 x +
2e ⎝ 2⎠ 2e 2
1
()
7) • Dx x = 1 , and Dx ln x =( ) x
< 1 whenever x > 1 .

1
• Note that 1 > 0 , and also > 0 whenever x > 1 ; therefore, x and ln x are
x
increasing with respect to x on the interval 1, ∞ . ( )
1
(
• Alternately, because Dx x − ln x = 1 −
x
)
> 0 whenever x > 1 , we can conclude

( )
that the “gap” x − ln x is increasing on the interval 1, ∞ , and therefore x is
increasing faster than ln x is.

8) Hints: Let y = x n . Apply Implicit Differentiation to both sides of ln y = ln x n . ( )

 (Answers to Exercises for Chapter 7: Logarithmic and Exponential Functions) A.7.3
SECTION 7.3: ex
1)
8
a) − 8e− 8x , or −
e8x
1 + 6e4 x 6e4 x + 1
b) , or
1 + 2x + 3e 4x
3e4 x + 2x + 1
(
c) 12x 2 + 1 e4x ) 3+x

t +t t
d) ee . Hint: et ee simplifies to this.

e)
( ) . Hint: ( e + 1)( 2xe + x e ) − ( x e )( e ) simplifies to this.
xe x 2e x + x + 2 x x 2 x 2 x x

( e + 1) ( e + 1)
2 2
x x

1 1 1 x 2 +1
x+
e x
e 1 e +x x x 2
e x + x2
f) − 2 − e− x , or − 2 − x , or − 2 x
, or −
x x e x e x 2 ex
( )
g) e x ln x ln x + 1 , or x x ln x + 1 ( )
h) cos θ − sin θ
( )
i) e x ⎡⎣sec e x ⎤⎦ tan e x ( )
j) 120e6r ⎡sec ( 4e ) ⎤ tan ( 4e )
2 6r 4 6r
⎣ ⎦
3csc( 2x ) +1
( )
k) − 6 ⎡⎣csc 2x ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣cot 2x ⎤⎦ e ( )
⎛ 1⎞
cot ⎜ θ ⎟
⎝e ⎠
l) − e− θ cot e− θ , or − ( ) eθ

m) 4e4 x cot ( x) −
e4 x csc 2 ( x ) , or e ⎡⎣⎢8( x ) cot ( x ) − csc ( x )⎤⎦⎥
4x 2

2 x 2 x
n) 0
2)

a)
(
2 y x2 − 1 ) , or 2x y − 2 y , or 2 y ( x + 1)( x − 1) ;
2

x (12 y + 1) 6
12xy + x x (12 y + 1)
6 6

2 ( e − 1) 6

b) ln ⎡( e ) e ⎤ + 2e − ( e ) = 7 + e ; c)
3
2
6 3
2 2e − 26
6
, or
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ e (1 + 12e ) e + 12e 2 6 2 8
 (Answers to Exercises for Chapter 7: Logarithmic and Exponential Functions) A.7.4

ye xy ye xy y
3) − xy , or , or (because sec y = e xy ; this
xe − ( sec y ) tan y (sec y ) tan y − xe xy
tan y − x
is more easily seen if we had taken the natural logarithm (“ln”) of both sides)
4) Hint: The rate of change of f with respect to t is given by f ′ t . The rate of decay ()
() ()
is given by − f ′ t . Show that − f ′ t is equal to a positive real constant times
() () (
f t . In particular, − f ′ t = b ae− bt = b ⋅ f t . ) ()
5)
( ) (
Dom f = − ∞, ∞ . )
x2
1
()
−
f x > 0 for all real values of x. Observe that e 2 = > 0 for all real x.
x2
e2
f is even, so its graph is symmetric about the y-axis.
()
HA: only y = 0 , because lim f x = 0 , and lim f x = 0 .
x→∞ x → −∞
()
x2 x2
1
()
− −
f′ x =− xe 2 . Observe that e 2 > 0 for all real values of x.
2π
⎛ 1 ⎞
CN: 0. Point at critical number: ⎜ 0, ⎟ , a local maximum point.
⎝ 2π ⎠
(
f is increasing on − ∞, 0 ⎤⎦ .
f is decreasing on ⎡⎣0, ∞ . )
x2 x2
() 1
( x − 1) e
− −
f ′′ x = 2 2 . Observe that e 2 > 0 for all real values of x.
2π
PINs: −1 and 1.
(
Concave up on − ∞, −1⎤⎦ ∪ ⎡⎣1, ∞ . )
Concave down on ⎡⎣ −1, 1⎤⎦ .
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
Both PINs correspond to IPs: ⎜ −1, ⎟ and ⎜ 1, ⎟.
⎝ 2eπ ⎠ ⎝ 2eπ ⎠
 (Answers to Exercises for Chapter 7: Logarithmic and Exponential Functions) A.7.5

SECTION 7.4: INTEGRATION and LOG / EXP. FUNCTIONS

1)
1
a) ln 2x − 3 + C , or ln 2x − 3 + C . (The Power Rule for Logarithms can
2
be used to reexpress some of the other expressions in these answers.)
1⎛ 1 ⎞
1 1 1
( )
b) e7 x − e− 7 x + C , or e7 x − e− 7 x + C , or ⎜ e7 x − 7 x ⎟ + C , or
7 7 7 7⎝ e ⎠
e14 x − 1
+C
7e7 x
1 1 1
( ) ( )
c) − ln cos 3x + C , or C − ln cos 3x , or ln sec 3x + C
3 3 3
( )
⎛ x⎞
d) 5ln sin ⎜ ⎟ + C
⎝ 5⎠

e)
5
8
( ) 5
8
5
(
ln 4x 2 + 3 + C . Note: ln 4x 2 + 3 + C = ln 4x 2 + 3 + C , because
8
)
4x + 3 > 0 for all real values of x.
2

1 5x3
f) e +C
15
( ) (
g) 3ln sec θ 2 + e + tan θ 2 + e + C )
h)
1
2
( ) 1
2
1
(
ln x 2 − 4x + 5 + C . Note: ln x 2 − 4x + 5 + C = ln x 2 − 4x + 5 + C ,
2
)
( ) ( )
2
because x 2 − 4x + 5 = x 2 − 4x + 4 + 1 = x − 2 + 1 > 0, ∀x ∈ .

i)
t2
+ 6t + 9 ln t + C , or
t 2 + 12t + 18ln t
+ C , or
t 2 + 12t + ln t 18 ( )
+C.
2 2 2
Hint: Expand the numerator by performing the indicated square.
j) − cot x + 8ln csc x − cot x + 16x + C , or C − cot x + 8ln csc x − cot x + 16x ,
or C − cot x − 8ln csc x + cot x + 16x

( )
k) − cos ln x + C , or C − cos ln x ( )
2π e x
l) +C
7
m) ln x + tan x + C
 (Answers to Exercises for Chapter 7: Logarithmic and Exponential Functions) A.7.6

−x 1 e2 x + 2xe x − 1
n) e + 2x − e + C , or e + 2x − x + C , or
x x
+C.
e ex
Hint: Expand the numerator by performing the indicated square.
1 ex ex
o) − + C , or C − , or +C
e x − e− x e2 x − 1 1 − e2 x
( ) ( )
p) ln e x + 1 + C . Note: ln e x + 1 + C = ln e x + 1 + C , because e x + 1 > 0 for
all real values of x.
1
( )
q) ln sec 3e x − e + tan 3e x − e + C
3
( )
r) esin x + C . Hint: Use a Reciprocal Identity.
s) ln csc θ − cot θ + cos θ + C , or − ln csc θ + cot θ + cos θ + C .
Hint: Use a Pythagorean ID.

t)
1
2
ln 1 + csc e− 2 x ( ) + C , or 12 ln 1 + csc ⎛⎜⎝ e1 ⎞⎟⎠ 2x
+C

2) a) 0.697, b) ln 2 ≈ 0.693
3) (Left to the reader.)

( )
−1 ⎛ 1 csc x − cot x ⎞
4) Hint: − ln csc x + cot x = ln csc x + cot x = ln ⎜ ⋅ ⎟.
⎝ csc x + cot x csc x − cot x ⎠
4e4t + 7e2t − 3
() 3 7
5) s t = 2e2t − e− 2t + in feet, or s t =
2 2 2e2t
()
in feet.

6)
( )
π e −1
m 3 . This is about 1.986 m 3 .
e
1 2
Hint: Setup is: ∫ 2π xe− x dx from the Cylinder / Cylindrical Shell Method (6.3).
0

2 1
Note 1: Observe that e− x = 2 > 0 for all real values of x.
ex

) ( e ).
π e −1
(
Note 2: π 1 − e−1 =

⎛ 2⎞ 3
7)
π
2
ln 2 m 3 . Observe that both − π ln ⎜
⎝ 2
⎟ m and π ln
⎠
( 2) m 3
are equivalent to

this. This is about 1.089 m 3 .

 (Answers to Exercises for Chapter 7: Logarithmic and Exponential Functions) A.7.7.

SECTION 7.5: BEYOND e – NONNATURAL BASES

1)
( ln 2) (12x )
4 +x
a) ex e−1 + e x + 2 x ln 2 − 23x 3
+1
1 1 1 1 ln 2 + 1
b) + , or + , or
x x ln 2 x ln 2 x x ln 2 ( )
c)
(
4 7x 6 − 12x 2 ) , or
(
4x 2 7x 4 − 12 )
(x 7
− 4x 3 + 2 ln10 ) (x 7
− 4x 3 + 2 ln10 )
d) x π −1π x+1 + x π π x ln π , or x π −1π x π + x ln π . ) (
e) 5⋅3 (
sec 5t )
( ln3) ⎡⎣sec (5t )⎤⎦ tan (5t ) , or ( ln 243) 3 sec(5t )
⎡⎣sec (5t ) ⎤⎦ tan (5t )
1
f)
( ln 6) r ln r
⎡ x2 ⎤
( ) ( )
x2
g) ⎢ 2x ln x + 3 + ⎥ x+3 , which can simplify to
⎣ x + 3⎦

( ) ( ) ( )
x 2 −1
x ⎡⎣ 2 x + 3 ln x + 3 + x ⎤⎦ x + 3 .
⎡ tan x ⎤ tan x
⎣
(
h) ⎢ sec 2 x ln x +
x
)⎥ x , which can simplify to
⎦
( )
⎡ x sec 2 x ln x + tan x ⎤ x tan x−1 .
⎣ ⎦
2) (Your answer should be equivalent to the one for Exercise 1h.)
3)
x e+1 2x 9π x
a) +e x+e +
e x
− +C
e +1 ln 2 ln π
75x+3 75x+3 75x+3
b) + C , or +C = +C
5ln 7 ln 75 ln16,807
( ) ( )
c) ln10 ln log x + C , or ln10 ln ln x + C . (These are equivalent by the
Change-of-Base Formula and the Quotient Rule for Logarithms. Remember that
C can “absorb” constant terms.)
⎛ 11⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟
ln11 − ln 2 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎛ 11⎞
4) , or , or log ⎜ ⎟ by the Change-of-Base Formula.
ln10 ln10 ⎝ 2⎠