1.

OVERVIEW
What is c ?
C is a general-purpose, high-level language that was originally developed by
Dennis M. Ritchie to develop the UNIX operating system at Bell Labs.

Advantage of C:-

It was invented to write an operating system called UNIX.

It is a successor of B language which was introduced around the early
1970s.
The language was formalized in 1988 by the American National Standard
Institute (ANSI).
The UNIX OS was totally written in C.
Today C is the most widely used and popular System Programming
Language.
Most of the state-of-the-art software have been implemented using C.
Today's most popular Linux OS and RDBMS MySQL have been written in
C.

First program in c:

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
/* my first program in C */
printf("Hello, World! \n");
return 0;
}

Let us take a look at the various parts of the above program:

1. The first line of the program #include <stdio.h> is a preprocessor
command, which tells a C compiler to include stdio.h file before going to
actual compilation.
2. The next line int main() is the main function where the program execution
begins.

3.PROGRAMSTRUCTURE
3. The next line /*...*/ is used to write

comments
4. The next line printf(...) is another function available in C which causes the
message "Hello, World!" to be displayed on the screen.
5.scanf is another function available in c which is use to store variable.
6.Every statement must be terminated by ending with semicolon(;)
7. The next line return 0; terminates the main() function and returns the

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value 0.

Chapter 2

Identifiers:-
A C identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, or any other user
defined items. An identifier starts with a letter A to Z, a to z, or an underscore ‘_’
followed by zero or more letters, underscores, and digits (0 to 9).
Eg. Ram, hari , shyam123, nepal_123 etc

Keywords:-
The following list reserved words in C. These reserved words may not
be used as constants or variables or any other identifier names.

auto , else, long , switch , break , enum, register, typedef, case ,extern, return,
union,
char, float ,short ,unsigned, const, for ,signed, void
continue, goto ,sizeof, volatile ,default , if ,static , while , do , int ,struct , _Packed
,double

Data types:-

C support several different types of data.These are-

Basic Types:
They are arithmetic types and are further classified into: (a) integer
(b) floating-point types.
Enumerated types:
They are again arithmetic types and they are used to define variables
that can only assign certain discrete integer values throughout the
program.
The type void:
The type specifier void indicates that no value is available.
Derived types:
They include (a) Pointer types, (b) Array types, (c) Structure types, (d)
Union types, and (e) Function types.

Variable:-
A variable is a name given to a storage area that our programs can
manipulate.
int i, j, k;
char c, ch;
float f, salary;
double d;

Variable Declaration in C:-

A variable declaration provides assurance to the compiler that there exists a

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variable with the given type and name so that the compiler can proceed for
further compilation without requiring the complete detail about the variable.

Character Constants:-

There are certain characters in C that represent special meaning when preceded
by a backslash.

Escape
Sequence Meaning

\\ \ character
\' ' character
\" " character
\? ? character
\a Alert or bell
\b Backspace
\f Form feed
\n Newline
\r Carriage return
\t Horizontal tab
\v Vertical tab

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("Hello\tWorld\n\n");
return 0;
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
Hello World

OPERATORS
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical
or logical functions. C language is rich in built-in operators and provides the
following types of operators:
Arithmetic Operators

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Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Bitwise Operators
Assignment Operators

Arithmetic Operators:-

An arithmetic operator performs mathematical operations such as addition,

subtraction and multiplication on numerical values (constants and variables).

Operator Meaning of Operator

+ addition or unary plus
- subtraction or unary
minus
* multiplication
/ division
% remainder after division(
modulo division)

// C Program to demonstrate the working of arithmetic operators

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 9,b = 4, c;

c = a+b;
printf("a+b = %d \n",c);

c = a-b;
printf("a-b = %d \n",c);

c = a*b;
printf("a*b = %d \n",c);

c=a/b;
printf("a/b = %d \n",c);

c=a%b;
printf("Remainder when a divided by b = %d \n",c);

return 0;
}

Increment and decrement operators

// C Program to demonstrate the working of increment and decrement
operators
#include <stdio.h>
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int main()
{
int a = 10, b = 100;
float c = 10.5, d = 100.5;

printf("++a = %d \n", ++a);

printf("--b = %d \n", --b);

printf("++c = %f \n", ++c);

printf("--d = %f \n", --d);

return 0;
}

2.Relational Operators:-

A relational operator checks the relationship between two operands. If the relation is true, it
returns 1; if the relation is false, it returns value 0. Relational operators are used in decision
making and loops.

Operator Meaning of
Operator
== Equal to
> Greater than
< Less than
!= Not equal to
>= Greater than or
equal to
<= Less than or equal to

// C Program to demonstrate the working of arithmetic operators

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 5, b = 5, c = 10;
printf("%d == %d = %d \n", a, b, a == b); // true
printf("%d == %d = %d \n", a, c, a == c); // false
printf("%d > %d = %d \n", a, b, a > b); //false

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printf("%d > %d = %d \n", a, c, a > c); //false
printf("%d < %d = %d \n", a, b, a < b); //false
printf("%d < %d = %d \n", a, c, a < c); //true
printf("%d != %d = %d \n", a, b, a != b); //false
printf("%d != %d = %d \n", a, c, a != c); //true
printf("%d >= %d = %d \n", a, b, a >= b); //true
printf("%d >= %d = %d \n", a, c, a >= c); //false
printf("%d <= %d = %d \n", a, b, a <= b); //true
printf("%d <= %d = %d \n", a, c, a <= c); //true
return 0;
}

3.Logical Operators:-
An expression containing logical operator returns either 0 or 1 depending upon whether
expression results true or false. Logical operators are commonly used in decision making in C
programming.

Operator Meaning of Operator

&& Logial AND.
|| Logical OR.!
! Logical NOT.

Example #5: Logical Operators

// C Program to demonstrate the working of logical operators

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 5, b = 5, c = 10, result;

result = (a == b) && (c > b);

printf("(a == b) && (c > b) equals to %d \n", result);

result = (a == b) && (c < b);

printf("(a == b) && (c < b) equals to %d \n", result);

result = (a == b) || (c < b);

printf("(a == b) || (c < b) equals to %d \n", result);

result = (a != b) || (c < b);

printf("(a != b) || (c < b) equals to %d \n", result);

result = !(a != b);

printf("!(a == b) equals to %d \n", result);

result = !(a == b);

printf("!(a == b) equals to %d \n", result);

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 return 0;
}
Output
(a == b) && (c > b) equals to 1
(a == b) && (c < b) equals to 0
(a == b) || (c < b) equals to 1
(a != b) || (c < b) equals to 0
!(a != b) equals to 1
!(a == b) equals to 0

C Assignment Operators
An assignment operator is used for assigning a value to a variable. The most common
assignment operator is =

Operator Example Same as

= a=b a=b

+= a += b a = a+b

-= a -= b a = a-b

*= a *= b a = a*b

/= a /= b a = a/b

%= a %= b a = a%b

4: Assignment Operators
// C Program to demonstrate the working of assignment operators
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 5, c;

c = a;
printf("c = %d \n", c);

c += a; // c = c+a
printf("c = %d \n", c);

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 c -= a; // c = c-a
printf("c = %d \n", c);

c *= a; // c = c*a
printf("c = %d \n", c);

c /= a; // c = c/a
printf("c = %d \n", c);

c %= a; // c = c%a
printf("c = %d \n", c);

return 0;
}

Bitwise Operators
During computation, mathematical operations like: addition, subtraction, addition and
division are converted to bit-level which makes processing faster and saves power.

Bitwise operators are used in C programming to perform bit-level operations.

Operators Meaning of operators

& Bitwise AND

| Bitwise OR

^ Bitwise exclusive OR

~ Bitwise complement

<< Shift left

>> Shift right

\\ program to add two number

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a,b,sum
printf("Enter two integers: ");

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 // Two integers entered by user is stored using scanf() function
scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);
// sum of two numbers in stored in variable sumOfTwoNumbers
sum = a + b;
// Displays sum
printf("%d + %d = %d", a, b, sum);
return 0;
}

Same as
Q. Multiply two no.
Q. Add three number
Q. Multiply three number
Q. find Area of rectangle
Q.Find any formula.

Conditional statement

If ststement:- The if statement evaluates the test expression inside the parenthesis.

Syntax:-

if (testExpression)
{
// statements
}

47
Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
/* local variable definition */
int a = 10;
/* check the boolean condition using if statement */
if( a < 20 )
{
/* if condition is true then print the following */
printf("a is less than 20\n" );
}
printf("value of a is : %d\n", a);

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return 0;
}

if…else Statement
An if statement can be followed by an optional else statement, which executes
when the Boolean expression is false.

Syntax of if...else
if (testExpression) {
// codes inside the body of if
}
else {
// codes inside the body of else
}

// Program to check whether an integer entered by the user is odd or even

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int number;
printf("Enter an integer: ");
scanf("%d",&number);
// True if remainder is 0
if( number%2 == 0 )
printf("%d is an even integer.",number);
else
printf("%d is an odd integer.",number);
return 0;
}

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