American Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications

2018; 6(1): 1-10

http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajesa
doi: 10.11648/j.ajesa.20180601.11
ISSN: 2376-6069 (Print); ISSN: 2376-6085 (Online)

Fingerprint for Personal Identification: A Developed

System for Students Attendance Information Management
Blessed Olalekan Oyebola, Kayode Oluwabukola Olabisi, Oyerinde Solomon Adewale
Department of Computer Engineering Technology, Gateway (ICT) Polytechnic Saapade, Remo North, Nigeria

Email address:
[email protected] (B. O. Oyebola)

To cite this article:

Blessed Olalekan Oyebola, Kayode Oluwabukola Olabisi, Oyerinde Solomon Adewale. Fingerprint for Personal Identification: A Developed
System for Students Attendance Information Management. American Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications.
Vol. 6, No. 1, 2018, pp. 1-10. doi: 10.11648/j.ajesa.20180601.11

Received: December 19, 2017; Accepted: December 29, 2017; Published: January 17, 2018

Abstract: Today many educational institutions use the manual system of taking attendance in which student writes their
names and matric numbers on a sheet of paper or in an attendance sheet. To eradicate the problem associated with the manual
attendance system such as student not coming to class, writing of names for students who are not present, an automated
approach is implemented through biometric technology embedded with a window application which is fully explained in this
work. This paper presents design and construction of student attendance management system. The developed system comprises
of a timekeeping system that will register every student in a database. The database itself will be managed by the department,
so that reports, either individual or collective, can be issued whenever they are needed on both physical and electronic format.
Also, these reports would be used to create statistics and further help the growth of the academic process.

Keywords: Attendance, Radio, Fingerprint, Student

1. Introduction
Fingerprints are considered to be the best and fastest student’s attendance or presence in an academic institution.
method for biometric identification. They are secured to use, Student’s attendance control system has manually been
unique for every person and do not change in one's lifetime. approached using time clocks and timesheets, but student
Besides these, implementation of fingerprint recognition attendance management goes beyond this to provide a
system is cheap, easy, accurate and satisfactory [1]. studying environment which maximizes and motivates
Fingerprint recognition has been widely used in both forensic student’s attendance [4]. Every organization, whether it be an
and civilian applications. Compared with other biometrics educational institution or business organization, has to
features, fingerprint-based biometrics is the most proven maintain a proper record of attendance of students or
technique and has the largest market shares [2]. Not only it is employees for effective functioning of the organization [5].
faster than other techniques but also the energy consumption The process of monitoring attendances in any institution is an
by such systems is less. When human fingerprint experts important part in determining the efficiency of the services
determine if two fingerprints are from the same finger, the offered by the institution and the general interest of those
matching degree between two minutiae pattern is one of the who benefit from the institution’s services, in our case, the
most important factors. Thanks to the similarity to the way of students [6]. This system developed will reduce the manual
human fingerprint experts and compactness of templates, the work and avoid redundant data. By maintaining the
minutiae-based matching method is the most widely studied attendance manually, efficient reports cannot be generated.
matching method [3]. Today many Smartphone such as The system can generate efficient weekly, consolidate report
iPhone, Infinix, Techno, and many notebook personal based on the attendance [7]. As the attendances are
computer use fingerprint technology for authentication to log maintained in registers it has been a tough task for admin and
in to the phone and the computer system. staff to maintain for long time. Instead the software can keep
Student attendance management is the act of managing long and retrieve the information when needed [7]. Student
2 Blessed Olalekan Oyebola et al.: Fingerprint for Personal Identification: A Developed System for Students
Attendance Information Management

academic attendance is very important since it will affect the card reader. The student is granted and/or denies specific
students from gaining knowledge and skills as well as their lecture attendance based on the result of the comparison by
grades [8]. The main purpose of carrying out this work is to the backend software system running on the PC to which the
develop a hybrid student attendance system for which card reader is serially interfaced. The system though
desktop-based application is developed to obtain the provided a simplified, low cost embedded computer based
attendance of student by fingerprint and post/review the system solution to the management of lecture attendance
attendance results using a the window application [8]. The problem in developing countries but does not eliminate the
proposed system has been developed to overcome the risk of impersonation” [11].
drawbacks of the existing system - aiming to reduce the
paper work and saving time to generate accurate results from
the student’s attendance. The system provides user interface. 2. Types of Attendance Management
The efficient reports and statistics of student details can be System
generated by using this proposed system. The most important
part of this work is a database containing all the information Attendance Management is divided into two categories
about students, department and attendance percentage which namely; Conventional and Automated methods.
can serve as criteria for examination pass. Conventional methods include time sheet, attendance register
When the first employee time clock was invented in the and time clock [12]. “Time sheets are documents, electronic
late 1800s, its purpose was to record the time an employee or otherwise that record what time was spent by the
entered and left the factory [9]. “This mechanical employee employee on what tasks. Attendance register is an official list
time clock would stamp day and time information on a thick of people who are present at an institution or organization.
paper card, hence the name 'time card'. This first time card Time clock which is a mechanical (or electronic) time piece
gave the factory owner an actual record of the hours worked used to assist in tracking the hour worked by an employee of
by each employee. This protected the business owner by a company. Automated methods include Barcode system
making sure employees worked the number of hours they attendance system, magnetic stripe attendance system, Radio
claimed, and protected employees by making it much more Frequency Identification (RFID) and the biometric
difficult for employers to cheat them out of their wages. Time attendance system” [12]. The barcode attendance system
and attendance systems continued to advance with smaller requires that every employee is issued a badge/card in which
electrical time clocks eventually replacing the large there is a barcode [4]. “In order to check into or out of the
mechanical ones. Time cards also evolved to have special company, the badge/card is swapped on the time clock, and
areas marked on them for clocking in and out, so workers had the data is captured by the clock. In the magnetic stripe
to carefully line up the time card in just the right place. When attendance system, data is encoded in the magnetic stripe of
commercial time clock software first made its appearance in the employee card. When the card, is swiped through the
the 1990s, businesses started moving away from mechanical employee time clock, the information in the card’s magnetic
and electrical time clocks that were subject to failure and stripe is recorded by the time clock. This system reads one
expensive to replace or repair. Time clock software allowed card at a time and also requires contact with the reader.
business owners to enjoy the benefits of reduced payroll Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that
processing costs by making it quick and easy to go directly uses radio waves to transfer data from an electronic tag,
from time clock to paycheck with increased efficiency while called RFID tag or label, attached to an object, through a
eliminating buddy punching” [9]. reader for the purpose of identifying and tracking the object.
One of the existing systems is manual entry of student’s The ID cards of the employees is embedded with RFID tag
name in the attendance sheet. Here the attendance will be which is read by a reader. This RFID system is interfaced to a
carried out in the hand written registers. The human effort is database through a computer. Each employee uses an RFID
more here as the retrieval of the information is not as easy as card and the reader records the data when the employee
the records are maintained in the hand written registers [7]. enters or exits. In biometric Attendance system, there is
An embedded computer based lecture attendance attendance software that is paired with a time clock for
management system was proposed. The system provides an employees which uses biometric technology for
improvised electronic card and card reader serially interfaced authentication purposes. When these systems are in use, the
to the digital computer system [10]. Proposed, also, is an employees can use their biometric data such as finger prints
embedded computer-based lecture attendance management for clocking in and clocking out. This method has the great
system where a single-chip computer based subsystems (an benefit that the entire process is easy as well as quick. Other
improvised electronic card and the card reader) were advantages include elimination of the cost previously
interfaced serially to the serial port of the digital computer incurred in getting the employees cards” [4].
[11]. “The electronic card is a model of a smart card A fingerprint is the pattern of ridges and valleys on the
containing the student identity (ID-Name, Matriculation surface of a fingertip [5]. “The endpoints and crossing points
Number and five pin encrypted code). The student ID is of ridges are called minutiae. It is a widely accepted
authenticated by the card reader which compares the entrance assumption that the minutiae pattern of each finger is unique
code with the encrypted code on the card swiped through the and does not change during one's life. Ridge endings are the
= American Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications 2018; 6(1): 1-10 3

points where the ridge curve terminates, and bifurcations are The details will be stored in an Excel format (.xlsx) which
where a ridge splits from a single path to two paths at a Y- can also be printed. The computer system in this work serves
junction” [5]. Figure 1a and 1b illustrates an example of a as a database to the RFID system, because when the window
ridge ending and a bifurcation. In this example, the black application is launched later even if the SD card is not
pixels correspond to the ridges, and the white pixels connected to the system, it will still show the student details
correspond to the n-valleys. being previously saved.

Figure 1. Example of a Ridge Ending and a Bifurcation [5].

RFID Technology
In recent years, there have been rise in the number of
applications based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
systems and have been successfully applied to different areas
as diverse as transportation, health-care, agriculture, and
hospitality industry to name a few [13]. “RFID technology
facilitates automatic wireless identification using electronic
passive and active tags with suitable readers. The application
of RFID to student attendance monitoring as developed and
deployed in recent years is capable of eliminating time
wasted during manual collection of attendance and an
opportunity for the educational administrators to capture
face-to-face classroom statistics for allocation of appropriate
attendance scores and for further managerial decisions” [13].
Figure 2 shows an intersoft RFID reader and the tag.

Figure 3. RFID tag and Reader [14].

Figure 2. Intersoft RFID Demo Kit for Student’s Attendance [13].
In the present system, all work is done on paper. The
A window application is system software used to program whole session attendance is stored in register and at the end
the microchip of the RFID tag, which will contain the details of the session the reports are generated [15]. We are not
of the student in which the microchip transmit signal through interested in generating report in the middle of the session or
radio waves. When the RFID reader senses the signal being as per the requirement because it takes more time in
transmitted from the microchip of the RFID tag, it saves the calculation. At the end of session, the students who don’t
details of the signal being transmitted by the tag to an SD have 75% attendance get a notice [15].
card. The details to be saved are determined by the program
content of the microchip. But in this case, the program 3. Materials and Methods
content of the microchip in the RFID tag (Figure 3) is the
details of each student. After every class or after the whole The designed functional block diagram is shown below in
semester, the lecturer will have to connect the SD card to the Figure 4.
computer system. Using the same window application, each
student details being saved after every class will be reviewed.
4 Blessed Olalekan Oyebola et al.: Fingerprint for Personal Identification: A Developed System for Students
Attendance Information Management

Figure 4. Functional Block Diagram.

3.1. Fingerprint Module high reliability, small fingerprint template (496 bytes), large
fingerprint capacity, etc. It is convenient to be embedded to
Fingerprint acquisition equipment mainly has three kinds: user system for realizing clients required fingerprint
Optical Fingerprint Sensors, Semiconductor Fingerprint verification products
Sensors and Ultrasonic Fingerprint Sensors [10]. In this
system, R305 fingerprint module is used as shown in Figure
5. It consists of optical fingerprint sensor, high performance
DSP processor and Flash. It has 64kb user flash memory
[10]. “It can store 512 fingerprint templates. It performs the
functions such as fingerprint login, fingerprint deletion,
fingerprint verification, fingerprint upload, fingerprint
download, etc. When reading fingerprint images, it has self-
adaptive parameter adjustment mechanism which improves
imaging quality for both dry and wet fingers” [10].

Figure 6. CAMA-AFM32 Semiconductor Fingerprint Sensor Module [10].

3.3. Ultrasonic Fingerprint Sensors

This is considerably different to even the best capacitive

fingerprint scanners on the market at the moment, which is
only able to reproduce 2D images. 3D details are much more
difficult to forge or fool than 2D versions of the technology,
potentially making the ultrasonic system much more secure.

Figure 5. Optical Fingerprint Module R305 [10].

Here, the fingerprint module system has two basic jobs; it

gets an image of the finger and it determines whether the
pattern of ridges and valleys in this image matches the
pattern of ridges and valleys in pre-scanned images.
3.2. CAMA-AFM32 Semiconductor Fingerprint Sensor
Module

This fingerprint module is for secondary development. It

features small size, low power consumption, simple ports,
Figure 7. Ultrasonic Fingerprint Sensors [10].
= American Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications 2018; 6(1): 1-10 5

Reason for choosing Optical Fingerprint Sensors 3.4. 9V DC Supply Unit

a) Availability in market
b) It has high performance DSP processor and Flash A 9V battery or a rectified DC supply can be used to
c) It has 64kb user flash memory power the microcontroller, the fingerprint module, and the
d) It can store 512 fingerprint templates LCD screen. A 9V battery and a rectified 9V DC supply
circuit is shown below in Figure 6.

Figure 8. Rectified 9V DC supply.

3.5. ATMEGA8 Microcontroller 3.7. An ADRUINO SD Card Module

The Microcontroller is the backbone of the system. In this The Arduino SD Card module is a simple solution for
system, Atmega8 microcontroller is used. It has 64kB Flash transferring data to and from a standard SD card. The pin out
and 1024 bytes of data RAM [16]. “It is also in Application is directly compatible with Arduino, but can also be used
Programmable (IAP), allowing the Flash program memory to with other microcontrollers. It allows you to add mass
be reconfigured even while the application is running. It storage and data logging to your work [20]. An Arduino SD
drives the control logic behind every functionality, some of Card module is shown in Figure 9.
which are: Power up and initialize it and dependent modules, The SD card, Figure 11 and 12, module specifications are
Check for interrupts, faults while the modules get initialized, as follows; operating voltage of 5V, SPI Communication
Command the fingerprint module to function as requested by method, SD card Socket, Supports FAT16 and FAT32,
the software interface and enable data transfer through the Support 2 GB to 4 GB. The SD card saves the attendance
wireless module” [16]. details in a, txt file every time the student’s attendance is
taken. The SD card is connected to the computer system to
enable the uploading of the, txt file to the window
application.

Figure 9. Atmega8 Microchip [17].

3.6. A 16X2 LCD Screen Module

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic

Figure 11. Arduino SD Card Module.
display module with a wide range of applications. A 16x2
LCD display as shown in Figure 8 [18] is a very basic
module and is very commonly used in various devices and
circuits [19]. The data register stores the data to be displayed
on the LCD, Figure 10. The data is the ASCII value of the
character to be displayed on the LCD.

Figure 12. SD Card.

Figure 10. 16 by 2 LCD Screen.
6 Blessed Olalekan Oyebola et al.: Fingerprint for Personal Identification: A Developed System for Students
Attendance Information Management

3.8. Window Application for Database when the same fingerprint is being sensed again. The database
keeps track of all the student’s record and attendance details.
The attendance monitoring system software is successfully
designed using C sharp. See appendix A for program source
code. The software is designed with an easy to understand user
interface, good graphics and the student’s details can easily be
exported to excel format. The work flow diagram is shown
below in Figure 13.
3.9. Circuit Diagram

The work circuit diagram is shown below in Figure 14.

In the above circuit layout, every pin with the same label
are connected together to other respective modules. The
design of this fingerprint-based attendance management
system comprises of the following stages: Enrolment stage,
Authentication stage, System database.
The task of enrollment module is to enroll student data and
their fingerprints into the database. During enrolment, the
fingerprint and other bio-data of the student is captured and the
unique features are extracted from the fingerprint image and
stored in a database as a template for the subject along with the
student’s ID. Student bio data to be captured includes: ID
number, surname, other names, matric number, Department,
biometric. To improve the quality of the captured image during
enrolment/registration, two image samples per fingerprint are
captured for a higher degree of accuracy.
Figure 13. System Flow diagram. Various screenshots of the software interfaces are
explained below. The register and registered students link are
The database consists the details of enrolled and registered explained above in Figure 14 and Figure 15 respectively.
students which include Id no, Name, Matric number, and Figure 16 below shows the welcome page of the attendance
department. When the student’s fingerprints are enrolled monitoring system software.
through the window application, it saves the data in the
database and then loaded to the microcontroller for recognition

Figure 14. Circuit Diagram.

= American Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications 2018; 6(1): 1-10 7

Figure 15. An Interface Showing the Capturing of Student's Fingerprint.

enhanced and thinned at the image processing stage, and at

feature extraction stage, the biometric template is extracted [4].
“It is then fed to a matching algorithm, which matches it
against the person’s biometric template stored in the system
database to establish the identity. During authentication, the
student places his/her fingerprint on the fingerprint reader; the
fingerprint recognition unit compares the fingerprint features
with those stored in the database, after a successful match” [4].
The student’s ID number is sent to the database alongside the
time of making such attendance and update the status (either
present/absent) of student’s attendance for the class.

Figure 16. An Interface Showing the Student Registration Page.

3.10. The System Database

The attendance management system database consists of

When the fingerprint images and the user name of a person
tables that stores records, each of which corresponds to an
to be enrolled are fed to the enrollment module, a minutiae
authorized person that has access to the system. Each record
extraction algorithm is first applied to the fingerprint images
may contain the minutiae templates of the person’s
and the minutiae patterns (features) are extracted [4]. These
fingerprint and user name of the person or other information
features form a template that is used to determine the identity
such as pin no as an index to the template. The database
of the user, formulating the process of authentication. The
design for the system implements relational data model
enrolment process is carried out by an administrator of the
which is a collections of tables in which data are stored. The
attendance management system. The enrolment and
database was implemented in Microsoft SQLServer database.
registration phase is an administrative phase. The user
SQLServer is fast and easy, it can store a very large record
fingerprint as well as other bio-data is stored for the first time
and requires little configuration. Figure 15 shows a database
into the database for registration. All data and information
interface that consist the list of registered/enrolled students.
required for the proper recording of attendance are enrolled
The links in the software main page are explained below
in this module.
ant their respective figures are shown. Figure 17 below
The task of the authentication module is to validate the
shows an interface where student’s record can be checked
identity of the person who intends to access the system. The
using student’s matric number. If the student has been
person to be authenticated places his/her finger on the
enrolled and registered before in the database, the student’s
fingerprint scanner. The fingerprint images captured is
data will be displayed as shown below in Figure 17.
8 Blessed Olalekan Oyebola et al.: Fingerprint for Personal Identification: A Developed System for Students
Attendance Information Management

Figure 1. An Interface Showing the List of Enrolled/Registered Students.

Figure 19. An Interface Showing Students Records Being Searched by

Matric Numbers.

Figure 18. The Designed Attendance Monitoring System Software Welcome

Page.

When the student places their finger on the fingerprint

module and the attendance is taken, the student ID number is
stored in a.txt file in the SD card. After every class, the
lecturer or the administrator needs to connect the SD card to
the window application in order to access the database and
print the attendance list. The.txt file in the SD card will be Figure 20. Attendance Link.
loaded in the attendance link in accordance with the required
date. Figure 18 below shows the attendance link. 4. Results, Testing and Discussion
In the above diagram, the date of the attendance to be
printed is chosen, and the. txt file in the SD card is uploaded The work is designed in such a way that if any student does
using the “Take Attendance Button”. After uploading the. txt not meet the attendance caught off percentage (75%), the
file, the print attendance link is clicked, in order to print the student won’t be permitted to sit for the exam. The list of
attendance sheet for the date selected. Figure 19 below shows registered students and the attendance list can be exported to
an interface showing the attendance sheet for a selected date. an excel format for other documentations. A 9V battery is used
to power the device, but in the future, a rectified 9V supply can
= American Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications 2018; 6(1): 1-10 9

be used to power the device as shown above in Figure 6. computer system. The device must always be connected to
The systm was tested during every stage of the the window application when enrolling and registering
construction and diagrams showing the various stages are students so that the student details can be stored in the
shown in Figure 20 and Figure 23. database. This was also tested as shown below in Figure 21
The device is connected to the window application on the efficaciously.

Figure 21. Attendance Sheet.

It was ensured that a rigid and durable packaging and

casing was used as shown below in figure 22. The design and
construction was successfully completed, tested and well
packaged as shown below in Figure 24.

Figure 23. The Device Being Connected to the Window Software.

Figure 24. The Completed Fingerprint Based Student Attendance

Management System.

This device can be used in educational institutions.

Likewise, biometric attendance system can be used in
industries, automated teller machines for additional
Figure 22. Various Stages during the Construction Process. authentication, for access control and to maintain the
criminal attendance or records in prison. The designed
10 Blessed Olalekan Oyebola et al.: Fingerprint for Personal Identification: A Developed System for Students
Attendance Information Management

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