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Mathematical Logic

1. The document discusses mathematical logic and related concepts. It provides formulae for truth tables of logical connectives such as negation, conjunction, disjunction, implication and biconditional. 2. Properties of logical connectives like commutativity, associativity and distributivity are stated. Demorgan's laws and absorption laws are also defined. 3. The document explains how to write the converse, inverse and contrapositive of a conditional statement. It also discusses switching circuits.

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53 views3 pages

Mathematical Logic

1. The document discusses mathematical logic and related concepts. It provides formulae for truth tables of logical connectives such as negation, conjunction, disjunction, implication and biconditional. 2. Properties of logical connectives like commutativity, associativity and distributivity are stated. Demorgan's laws and absorption laws are also defined. 3. The document explains how to write the converse, inverse and contrapositive of a conditional statement. It also discusses switching circuits.

Uploaded by

जनस्थान युवा मंच
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematical Logic

1. The area of a trapezium is given by the formula :


1
A= ( B + b ) x H,
2
Where ‘A’ is the area in square units,
‘B’ is the base in units, ‘b’ is the other base in units
and ‘H’ is the height in units,
find b if A = 40, B = 6 H = 8.
2. Write the negation of each of the following statements :
i) x is not a real irrational number
ii) complex numbers are real numbers
iii) Mridul is not cruel and he is not strict.
3. Determine the truth value of each of the following statements :
i) 3 + 3 = 6 iff 2 + 2 = 4
ii) 3 + 3 = 7 iff 5 + 1 = 2
iii) If 5 < 2, then – 2 < - 5.
4. Construct the truth table for the following : ( p  q)  (~ p)
5. Construct the truth table for ( p  q)  (~ p  q)
6. Show that : i) ( p  q)  (~ p) is a tautology
ii) ( p  q)  (~ p) is a contradiction.
7. Show that p  ( p  q) is a tautology.
8. Prove, by construction of truth tables, that p  q ~ q ~ p ,
where ‘~’ denotes ‘negation’ and ‘  ’ denotes if and only if.
9. Prove that ~ [(~ p)  q]  p  (~ q) .
10. Prove that ( p  q)  r and p  (q  r ) are not logically equivalent.
11. Determine whether the following are logically equivalent or not :
[~ ( p  q)  ( p  (~ r )]  [(~ p)  (~ q)] and ( p  r ) .
12. Write the duals of the following :

i) ( p  q)  t ii) ( p  t)  r
Mathematical Logic
Formulae

TRUTH TABLES
1) Truth table for ~ p 2) Truth table for p  q 3) Truth
table for p  q
P ~P p q pq p q p q
T F T T T T T T
F T T F F T F T
F T F F T T
F F F F F F
4) Truth table for p  q 5) Truth Table p  q
P q pq P q pq
T T T T T T
T F F T F F
F T T F T F
F F T F F T

1) p v q = q v p , p q =q p Commutative property


2) (p v q) v r = p v (q v r) , ( p  q )  r = (q  r) Associative property
3) p v (q  r ) = (p v q)  (p v r) , p  (q v r ) = (p  q) v (p  r) Distributive property
4) ~ (p v q)  ~ p  ~ q , ~ (p  q)  ~ p v ~ q } Demorgan’s Laws
5) p  q  ~ p v q } Equivalent statements
p  q  (p q)  (q p)  (~p v q) ( ~q v p) } Equivalent statements
6) p v (p  q) = p , p  (p v q ) = p Absorption laws
7) If “ t” denotes the tautology and ‘c’ denotes the contradiction, then for any statement ‘p’ :
i) p v t = t ; p v c = p ii) p  c = c
8) (i) p v ~ p =t (ii) p  ~ p = c (iii) ~ (~p) =p (iv) ~ t = c (v) ~c=t ( Complement Laws)
( Note:- All these laws are used to simplify the switching circuits.)
9) To write the converse, inverse and contra positive of a given statement :
Given statement : p  q
Converse : q p ( change the order of prime statements)
Inverse : ~ p q ( change the sign of each prime statement)
Contra positive :- ~ q~p( change the order as well as sign of each prime statement)
10) Switching circuit

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