CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 1/52

Chapter 5a – Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Learning Objectives
• To derive the two-dimensional arbitrarily oriented
beam element stiffness matrix
• To demonstrate solutions of rigid plane frames by
the direct stiffness method
• To describe how to handle inclined or skewed
supports

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Many structures, such as buildings and bridges, are
composed of frames and/or grids.

This chapter develops the equations and methods for solution

of plane frames and grids.

First, we will develop the stiffness matrix for a beam element

arbitrarily oriented in a plane.
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 2/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Many structures, such as buildings and bridges, are
composed of frames and/or grids.

We will then include the axial nodal displacement degree of

freedom in the local beam element stiffness matrix.

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Many structures, such as buildings and bridges, are
composed of frames and/or grids.

Then we will combine these results to develop the stiffness

matrix, including axial deformation effects, for an arbitrarily
oriented beam element.

We will also consider frames with inclined or skewed supports.

CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 3/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Two-Dimensional Arbitrarily Oriented Beam Element

We can derive the stiffness matrix for an arbitrarily oriented

beam element, in a manner similar to that used for the bar
element.

The local axes and are located along the beam element and
transverse to the beam element, respectively, and the global
axes x’ and y’ are located to be convenient for the total
structure.

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Two-Dimensional Arbitrarily Oriented Beam Element
The transformation from local displacements to global
displacements is given in matrix form as:
u   C S  u  C  cos 
    
v   S C  v  S  sin
Using the second equation for the beam element, we can
relate local nodal degrees of freedom to global degree of
freedom:
u1 
v1  Su1  Cv1
v1   S C 0 0 0 0  v1 
   0 0  1 
 1  0 0 1 0
 
  
v
  
2  0 0 0 S C 0  u2  d  Td

2  0 
0 0 0 0 1  v 2 
 
2 
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 4/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Two-Dimensional Arbitrarily Oriented Beam Element
For a beam, we will define the following as the
transformation matrix:

 S C 0 0 0
0
0 0 1 0 0 0
T 
0 0 0 S C 0 
 
0 0 0 0 0 1

Notice that the rotations are not affected by the orientation of

the beam.

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Two-Dimensional Arbitrarily Oriented Beam Element
Substituting the above transformation into the general form of
the stiffness matrix TTk’T gives:

u1 v1 1 u2 v2 2
 12S 2 12SC 6LS 12S 2 12SC 6LS 
 
 12SC 12C 2 6LC 12SC 12C 2 6LC 
EI  6LS 6LC 4L2 6LS 6LC 2L2 
k 3  
L  12S 2 12SC 6LS 12S 2 12SC 6LS 
 12SC 12C 2 6LC 12SC 12C 2 6LC 
 
 6LS 6LC 2L2 6LS 6LC 4L2 
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 5/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Two-Dimensional Arbitrarily Oriented Beam Element
Let’s now consider the effects of an axial force in the general
beam transformation.

Recall the simple axial deformation, define in the spring

element:  f   AE  1 1  u  
 
1x 1
   
f2x  L  1 1 u2 

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Two-Dimensional Arbitrarily Oriented Beam Element
Combining the axial effects with the shear force and bending
moment effects, in local coordinates gives:

 f1x   C 1 0 0 C 1 0 0   u 1 
f   0 12C 2 6 LC 2 0  12C 2 6 LC 2   v 1 
 1y    
 m 1   0 6 LC 2 4C 2 L2 0  6 LC 2 2C 2 L2   1 
   
 f2x   C 1 0 0 C1 0 0   u 2 
 f2y   0  12C 2  6 LC 2 0 12C 2  6 LC 2   v 2 
    
 m 2   0 6 LC 2 2C 2 L2 0  6 LC 2 4C 2 L2    2 

AE EI
C1  C2 
L L3
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 6/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Two-Dimensional Arbitrarily Oriented Beam Element
Therefore:
 C1 0 0 C 1 0 0 
 0 12C 2 6 LC 2 0  12C 2 6 LC 2 
 
 0 6 LC 2 4C 2 L2 0  6 LC 2 2C 2 L2 
k   
 C 1 0 0 C1 0 0 
 0  12C 2  6 LC 2 0 12C 2  6 LC 2 
 
 0 6 LC 2 2C 2 L2 0  6 LC 2 4C 2 L2 

The above stiffness matrix include the effects of axial force in

the x’ direction, shear force in the y’ direction, and bending
moment about the z’ axis.

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Two-Dimensional Arbitrarily Oriented Beam Element
The local degrees of freedom may be related to the global
degrees of freedom by:

 u1   C S 0 0 0 0   u1 
 v    S C 0 0 0 0   v 
 1   1

 1   0 0 1 0 0 0   1  d  Td
   
u2   0 0 0 C S 0  u2 
v 2   0 0 0 S C 0  v 2 
    
2   0 0 0 0 0 1 2 

where T has been expanded to include axial effects

CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 7/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Two-Dimensional Arbitrarily Oriented Beam Element
Substituting the above transformation T into the general form
of the stiffness matrix gives:

 12I 2  12I  6I  12I   12I  6I 

 AC  2 S  A  2  CS  S   AC 2  2 S 2    A  2  CS  S
2

 L  L  L  L   L  L 
 12I 6I  12I   12I 2  6I 
 AS  2 C 2
2
C   A  2  CS   AS  2 C 
2
C 
 L L  L   L  L 
 6I 6I 
4I  C 2I 
k   L 
E S
L L 
 12I  12I  6I 
 AC 2  2 S 2  A   CS S 
 L  L2  L 
 12I 6I 
 symmetric AS 2  2 C 2  C
 L L 
 4I 

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Two-Dimensional Arbitrarily Oriented Beam Element
The analysis of a rigid plane frame can be accomplished by
applying stiffness matrix.

A rigid plane frame is: a series of beam elements rigidly

connected to each other; that is, the original angles made
between elements at their joints remain unchanged after the
deformation.
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 8/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Two-Dimensional Arbitrarily Oriented Beam Element
Furthermore, moments are transmitted from one element to
another at the joints.

Hence, moment continuity exists at the rigid joints.

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Two-Dimensional Arbitrarily Oriented Beam Element
In addition, the element centroids, as well as the applied
loads, lie in a common plane.

We observe that the element stiffnesses of a frame are

functions of E, A, L, I, and the angle of orientation  of the
element with respect to the global-coordinate axes.
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 9/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 1
Consider the frame shown in the figure below.

The frame is fixed at nodes 1 and 4 and subjected to a

positive horizontal force of 10,000 lb applied at node 2 and to
a positive moment of 5,000 lb-in applied at node 3.

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 1
Consider the frame shown in the figure below.

Let E = 30 x 106 psi and A = 10 in2 for all elements, and let I =
200 in4 for elements 1 and 3, and I = 100 in4 for element 2.
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 10/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 1
Element 1: The angle between x and x’ is 90°

C 0 S 1

12I 12(200) 6I 6(200)

  0.167 in 2   10.0 in 3
120 
2
L2 L 120

E 30  106
  250,000 lb 3
L 120 in

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 1
Element 1: The angle between x and x’ is 90°

u1 v1 1 u2 v2 2
 0.167 0 10 0.167 0 10 
 0 10 0 0 10 0 
 
 10 0 800 10 0 400  lb
k (1)  250,000  
 0.167 0 10 0.167 0 10  in
 0 10 0 0 10 0 
 
 10 0 400 10 0 800 
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 11/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 1
Element 2: The angle between x and x’ is 0°

C 1 S0

12I 12(100) 6I 6(100)

  0.0835 in 2   5.0 in 3
120 
2 2
L L 120

E 30  106
  250,000 lb 3
L 120 in

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 1
Element 2: The angle between x and x’ is 0°

u2 v2 2 u3 v3 3
 10 0 0 10 0 0 
 0 0.0835 5 0 0.0835 5 
 
 0 5 400 0 5 200  lb
k (2)  250,000  
 10 0 0 10 0 0  in
 0 0.0835 5 0 0.0835 5 
 
 0 5 200 0 5 400 
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 12/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 1
Element 3: The angle between x and x’ is 270°

C 0 S  1

12I 12(200) 6I 6(200)

  0.167 in 2   10.0 in 3
120 
2 2
L L 120

E 30  106
  250,000 lb 3
L 120 in

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 1
Element 3: The angle between x and x’ is 270°

u3 v3 3 u4 v4 4
 0.167 0 10 0.167 0 10 
 0 10 0 0 10 0 
 
 10 0 800 10 0 400  lb
k (3)  250,000  
 0.167 0 10 0.167 0 10  in
 0 10 0 0 10 0 
 
 10 0 400 10 0 800 
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 13/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 1
The boundary conditions for this problem are:
u1  v1  1  u4  v 4  4  0

After applying the boundary conditions the global beam

equations reduce to:
u2 v2 2 u3 v3 3
10,000  10.167 0 10 10 0 0  u2 
 0   0 10.0835 5 0 0.0835 5  v 2 
   
 0  5  10 5 1200 0 5 200  2 
   2.5  10   
 0   10 0 0 10.167 0 10  u3 
 0   0 0.0835 5 0 10.0835 5  v 3 
    
 5,000   0 5 200 10 5 1200  3 

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 1
Solving the above equations gives: u2   0.211 in 
v   0.00148 in 
 2  
2  0.00153 rad 
  
u3   0.209 in 
v 3   0.00148 in 
   
3  0.00149 rad 

x
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 14/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 1
Solving the above equations gives:

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 1
Element 1: The element force-displacement equations can
be obtained using f’ = k’Td. Therefore, Td is:
 C S 0 0 0 0
 S C 0 0 0 0 

 0 0 1 0 0 0
 C 0 S 1
T  
 0 0 0 C S 0
 0 0 0 S C 0 
 
 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 1 0 0 0 0  u1  0   0 
 1 0 0 0  
0 0 v1  0   
    0 
0 0 1 0 0 0  1  0   0 
Td    u  0.211 in  
0 0 0 0 1 0  2   0.00148 in 
0 0 0 1 0 0  v 2  0.00148 in  0.211 in 
    
0 0 0 0 0 1 2  0.00153 rad  0.00153 rad 
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 15/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 1
Element 1: Recall the elemental stiffness matrix is:

 C1 0 0 C1 0 0  C1  
2

AE 10 in 30  10 psi
6

 2.5  106 lb in
 0 6LC2 

12C2 6LC2 0 12C2
 L 120 in
 0 6LC2 4C2L2 0 6LC2 2C2L2 
k   
 C1 0 0 0 0 
 
C1
EI 200 in 30  10 psi
4 6
 0 12C2 6LC2 0 12C2 6LC2 

 0 6LC2 2C2L2 0 6LC2

4C2L2  C2    3,472.22 lb in
L3 120 in 
3

The local force-displacement equations are:

 10 0 0 10 0 0  0 
 0 0.167 10 0 0.167 10   0 
  
 0 10 800 0  10 400   0 
f (1)  kTd  2.5  10 
5
 
 10 0 0 10 0 10   0.00148 in 
 0 0.167 10 0 0.167 10  0.211 in 
  
 0 10 400 0 10 800   0.00153 rad 

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 1
Element 1: Simplifying the above equations gives:

 f1x  3,700 lb 
f   
 1y   4,990 lb 
 m1   376 k  in 
  
 f2x   3,700 lb 
 f2y  4,990 lb 
   
m2   223 k  in 
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 16/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 1
Element 2: The element force-displacement equations can
be obtained using f’ = k’Td. Therefore, Td is:
 C S 0 0 0 0
 S C 0 0 0 0 

 0 0 1 0 0 0
 C 1 S0
T  
 0 0 0 C S 0
 0 0 0 S C 0 
 
 0 0 0 0 0 1

1 0 0 0 0 0   u2  0.211 in   0.211 in 
0  
1 0 0 0 0  v 2  0.00148 in    0.00148 in 
   
0 0 1 0 0 0  2  0.00153 rad  0.00153 rad 
Td      
0 0 0 1 0 0   u3  0.209 in   0.209 in 
0 0 0 0 1 0  v 3  0.00148 in  0.00148 in 
    
0 0 0 0 0 1 3  0.00149 rad  0.00149 rad 

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 1
Element 2: The local force-displacement equations are:

 C1 0 0 C1 0 0  C1  
2

AE 10 in 30  10 psi
6

 2.5  106 lb in
 0 6LC2 

12C2 6LC2 0 12C2
 L 120 in
 0 6LC2 4C2L2 0 6LC2 2C2L2 
k   
 C1 0 0 0 0 
 
C1
EI 100 in 30  10 psi
4 6
 0 12C2 6LC2 0 12C2 6LC2 

 0 6LC2 2C2L 2
0 6LC2

4C2L2  C2    1,736.11 lb in
L3 120 in 
3

The local force-displacement equations are:

 10 0 0 10 0 0   0.211 in 
 0 0.0833 5 0 0.0833 5   0.00148 in 
  
5  0 5 400 0 5 200  0.00153 rad 
f (2)  kTd  2.5  10   
 10 0 0 10 0 0   0.209 in 
 0 0.0833 5 0 0.0833 5  0.00148 in 
  
 0 5 200 0 5 400  0.00149 rad 
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 17/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 1
Element 2: Simplifying the above equations gives:

 f2x   5,010 lb 
 f   3,700 lb 
 2y   
m2   223 k  in 
  
 f3x  5,010 lb 
 f3y   3,700 lb 
   
m3   221 k  in 

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 1
Element 3: The element force-displacement equations can
be obtained using f’ = k’Td. Therefore, Td is:
 C S 0 0 0 0
 S C 0 0 0 0 

 0 0 1 0 0 0
 C 0 S  1
T  
 0 0 0 C S 0
 0 0 0 S C 0 
 
 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 1 0 0 0   u3  0.209 in
0   0.00148 in 
1 0 0 0 0 v 3  0.00148 in   0.209 in
0  
   
0 0 1 0 0  3  0.00149 rad  0.00149 rad 
0
Td     
0 0 0 0 1 0   u4  0   0 
0 0 0 1 0 0  v 4  0   0 
    
0 0 0 0 0 1  4  0   0 
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 18/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 1
Element 3: The local force-displacement equations are:

 C1 0 0 C1 0 0  C1  
2

AE 10 in 30  10 psi
6

 2.5  106 lb in
 0 6LC2 

12C2 6LC2 0 12C2
 L 120 in
 0 6LC2 4C2L2 0 6LC2 2C2L2 
k   
 C1 0 0 0 0 
 
C1
EI 200 in 30  10 psi
4 6
 0 12C2 6LC2 0 12C2 6LC2 

 0 6LC2 2C2L2 0 6LC2

4C2L2  C2    3,472.22 lb in
L3 120 in 
3

The local force-displacement equations are:

 10 0 0 10 0 0   0.00148 in 
 0 0.167 10 0 0.167 10   0.209 in 
  
 0 10 800 0 10 400   0.00149 rad 
f (3)  kTd  2.5  105   
 10 0 0 10 0 10   0 
 0 0.167 10 0 0.167 10   0 
  
 0 10 400 0 10 800   0 

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 1
Element 3: Simplifying the above equations gives:

 f3x   3,700 lb 
 f    5,010 lb 
 3y   
m3   226 k  in 
  
 f4x   3,700 lb 
 f4y   5,010 lb 
   
m4   375 k  in 
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 19/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 1
Check the equilibrium of all the elements:

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 2
Consider the frame shown in the figure below.

The frame is fixed at nodes 1 and 3 and subjected to a

positive distributed load of 1,000 lb/ft applied along element 2.

Let E = 30 x 106 psi and A = 100 in2 for all elements, and
let I = 1,000 in4 for all elements.
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 20/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 2
First we need to replace the distributed load with a set of
equivalent nodal forces and moments acting at nodes 2 and 3.

For a beam with both end fixed, subjected to a uniform

distributed load, w, the nodal forces and moments are:

wL (1,000 lb / ft )40 ft
f2 y  f3 y     20k
2 2
wL2 (1,000 lb / ft )(40 ft )2
m2  m3     133,333 lb  ft
12 12

 1,600 k  in

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 2
If we consider only the parts of the stiffness matrix associated
with the three degrees of freedom at node 2, we get:
Element 1: The angle between x and x’ is 45º

C  0.707 S  0.707

12I 12(1,000) 6I 6(1,000)

  0.0463 in 2   11.785 in 3
 
2 2
L 12  30 2 L 12  30 2

E 30  106
  58.93 k 3
L 12  30 2 in
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 21/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 2
If we consider only the parts of the stiffness matrix associated
with the three degrees of freedom at node 2, we get:
Element 1: The angle between x and x’ is 45º
u2 v2 2
 50.02 49.98 8.33 
k (1) 
 58.93 49.98 50.02 8.33  k
  in
 8.33 8.33 4000 

u2 v2 2
2,948 2,945 491 
k (1)
 2,945 2,948 491  k
  in
 491 491 235,700 

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 2
If we consider only the parts of the stiffness matrix associated
with the three degrees of freedom at node 2, we get:
Element 2: The angle between x and x’ is 0º

C 1 S 0

12I 12(1,000) 6I 6(1,000)

  0.0521 in 2   12.5 in 3
12  40  12  40
2 2
L L

E 30  106
  52.5 k 3
L 12  40 in
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 22/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 2
If we consider only the parts of the stiffness matrix associated
with the three degrees of freedom at node 2, we get:
Element 2: The angle between x and x’ is 0º
u2 v2 2
100 0 0 
k (2)
 62.50  0 0.052 12.5  k
  in
 0 12.5 4,000 

u2 v2 2
6,250 0 0 
k (2)
 0 3.25 781.25  k
  in
 0 781.25 250,000 

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 2
The global beam equations reduce to:
 0   9,198 2,945 491  u2 
    
 20 k   2,945 2,951 290  v 2 

  485,700  2 
1,600 k  in   491 290
Nodal equivalent forces

Solving the above equations gives:

u2   0.0033 in 
   
v 2   0.0097 in 
  0.0033 rad 
 2  
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 23/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 2

u2   0.0033 in 
   
v 2   0.0097 in 
  0.0033 rad 
 2  

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 2

x
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 24/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 2
Element 1: The element force-displacement equations can be
obtained using f’ = k’Td. Therefore, Td is:
 0.707 0.707 0 0 0 0  0   0 
 0.707 0.707 0 0 0 0   0   0 
    
 0 0 1 0 0 0  0   0 
Td      
 0 0 0 0.707 0.707 0  0.0033 in    0.00452 in 
 0 0 0 0.707 0.707 0  0.0097 in  0.0092 in 
    
 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.0033 rad  0.0033 rad 

Recall the elemental stiffness matrix is a function of

values C1, C2, and L
AE (100)30  106 EI 30  106 (1,000)
C1    5,893 k in C2    0.2273 k in
 
3
L 12  30 2 L3 12  30 2

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 2
Element 1: The local force-displacement equations are:
 5,893 0 10 5,893 0 0  0 
 0 2.730 694.8 0 2.730 694.8   0 
  
 10 694.8 117,900 0 694.8 117,000   0 
  kTd  
f(1)  
 5,893 0 0 5,983 0 0  0.00452 in 
 0 2.730 694.8 0 2.730 694.8  0.0092 in 
  
 0 694.8 117,000 0 694.8 235,800  0.0033 rad 

Simplifying the above equations gives:

 f1x   26.64 k 
f   
 1y   2.268 k 
 m1  389.1 k  in 
  
 f2x   26.64 k 
 f2y   2.268 k 
   
 2 
m  778.2 k  in 
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 25/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 2
Element 2: The element force-displacement equations can be
obtained using f’ = k’Td. Therefore, Td is:
1 0 0 0 0 0   0.0033 in   0.0033 in 
0 1 0 0 0 0   0.0097 in  0.0097 in 
    
0 0 1 0 0 0   0.0033 rad  0.0033 rad 
Td      
0 0 0 1 0 0  0   0 
0 0 0 0 1 0  0   0 
    
0 0 0 0 0 1  0   0 

Recall the elemental stiffness matrix is a function of

values C1, C2, and L
AE (100)30  106 EI 30  106 (1,000)
C1    6,250 k in C2    0.2713 k in
12  40 12  40 
3
L L3

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 2
Element 2: The local force-displacement equations are:
 6,250 0 0 6,250 0 0   0.0033 in 
 0 3.25 781.1 0 3.25 781.1   0.0097 in 
  
 0 781.1 250,000 0 781.1 125,000   0.0033 rad 
  kTd  
f(2)  
 6,250 0 0 6,250 0 0  0 
 0 3.25 781.1 0 3.25 781.1   0 
  
 0 781.1 125,000 0 781.1 250,00   0 

Simplifying the above equations gives:

 20.63 k 
 2.58 k 
 
832.57 k  in 
kd   
 20.63 k 
 2.58 k 
 
 412.50 k  in 
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 26/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 2
Element 2: To obtain the actual element local forces, we must
subtract the equivalent nodal forces.
f  kd  f0

 f2x   20.63 k   0   20.63 k 

 f    2.58 k   20 k   17.42 k 
 2y       
m2  832.57 k  in  1600 k  in   767.4 k  in 
     
 f3x   20.63 k   0   20.63 k 
 f3y   2.58 k   20 k   22.58 k 
       
m3  412.50 k  in   1600 k  in  2,013 k  in 

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 2
The local forces in both elements are:

Element 1 Element 2
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 27/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3
In this example, we will illustrate the equivalent joint force
replacement method for a frame subjected to a load acting on
an element instead of at one of the joints of the structure.

Since no distributed loads are present, the point of application

of the concentrated load could be treated as an extra joint in
the analysis.

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3
In this example, we will illustrate the equivalent joint force
replacement method for a frame subjected to a load acting on
an element instead of at one of the joints of the structure.

This approach has the disadvantage of increasing the total

number of joints, as well as the size of the total structure
stiffness matrix K.
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 28/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3
In this example, we will illustrate the equivalent joint force
replacement method for a frame subjected to a load acting on
an element instead of at one of the joints of the structure.

For small structures solved by computer, this does not pose a

problem.

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3
In this example, we will illustrate the equivalent joint force
replacement method for a frame subjected to a load acting on
an element instead of at one of the joints of the structure.

However, for very large structures, this might reduce the

maximum size of the structure that could be analyzed.
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 29/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3
In this example, we will illustrate the equivalent joint force
replacement method for a frame subjected to a load acting on
an element instead of at one of the joints of the structure.

The frame is fixed at nodes 1, 2, and 3 and subjected to a

concentrated load of 15 k applied at mid-length of element 1.
Let E = 30 x 106 psi, A = 8 in2, and let I = 800 in4 for all
elements.

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3
1. Express the applied load in the
element 1 local coordinate
system (here x’ is directed from
node 1 to node 4).

2. Next, determine the equivalent

joint forces at each end of
element 1, using the Table D-1
in Appendix D.
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 30/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3
3. Then transform the equivalent joint forces from the local
coordinate system forces into the global coordinate system
forces, using the equation: f = TTf

These global joint forces are:

4. Then we analyze the structure, using the equivalent joint

forces (plus actual joint forces, if any) in the usual manner.

5. The final internal forces developed at the ends of each

element may be obtained by subtracting Step 2 joint forces
from Step 4 joint forces.
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 31/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3

Element 1: The angle between x and x’ is 63.43º (from nodes 1 to 4)

C  0.447 S  0.895

12I 12(800)
  0.0334 in 2
12  44.7 
2 2
L

u v 
6I 6(800) 4 4 4
  8.95 in 3  90.0 178 448 
L 12  44.7
k (1)
  178 359 244  k in
 
E 30  10 6
 448 244 179,000 
  55.9 k 3
L 12  44.7 in

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3

Element 2: The angle between x and x’ is 116.57º (from nodes 2 to 4)

C  0.447 S  0.895

12I 12(800)
  0.0334 in 2
12  44.7 
2 2
L

u v 
6I 6(800) 4 4 4
  8.95 in 3  90.0 178 448 
L 12  44.7
k (2)   178 359 244  k in
 
E 30  10 6
 448 244 179,000 
  55.9 k 3
L 12  44.7 in
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 32/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3

Element 3: The angle between x and x’ is 0º (from nodes 4 to 3)

C 1 S0

12I 12(800)
  0.0267 in 2
12  50 
2 2
L

u v 
6I 6(800) 4 4 4
  8.0 in 3  400 0 0
L 12  50
k (3)
 0 1.334 400  k in
 
E 30  10 6
 0 400 160,000 
  50.0 k 3
L 12  50 in

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3

The global beam equations reduce to:

 7.5 k  582 0 896  u4 

    
 0  0 719 400  v 4 

900 k  in  896 400 518,000  4 
  

Solving the above equations gives:

u4  0.0103 in 
   
v 4    0.000956 in 
  0.00172 rad 
 4  
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 33/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3

Element 1: The element force-displacement equations can be

obtained using f’ = k’Td  C S 0 0 0 0
 S C 0 0 0 0 
 
C  0.447 S  0.895  0 0 1 0 0 0
T 
 0 0 0 C S 0
 0 0 0 S C 0 
 
 0 0 0 0 0 1

 0.447 0.895 0 0 0 0   u01    0 

 0.895 0.447 0 0 0  
0  v01     0 
    
 0 0 1 0 0 0   01    0 
Td    u   
 0 0 0 0.447 0.895 0  0.0103
4 in  0.00374 in 
 0 0 0 0.895 0.447 0  v0.000956
4
 in   0.00963 in 
      
 0 0 0 0 0 1  0.00172
4 rad  0.00172 rad 

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3

Element 1: Recall the elemental stiffness matrix is:

 C1 0 0 C1 0 0 
 0 12C2 6LC2 0 12C2 6LC2 
 
 0 6LC2 4C2L2 0 6LC2 2C2L2 
k   
 C1 0 0 C1 0 0 
 0 12C2 6LC2 0 12C2 6LC2 
 
 0 6LC2 2C2L2 0 6LC2 4C2L2 

AE (8)30  106 EI 30  106 (800)

C1    447.2 k in C2    0.155 k in
L 12  44.72 L3 12  44.72 3
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 34/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3

Element 1: The local force-displacement equations are:

 447 0 0 447 0 0  0 
 0 1.868 500.5 0 1.868 500.5   0 
  
 0 500.5 179,000 0 500.5 89,490   0 
  kTd  
f(1)  
 447 0 0 447 0 0   0.00374 in 
 0 1.868 500.5 0 1.868 500.5   0.00963 in 
  
 0 500.5 89,490 0 500.5 179,000  0.00172 rad 

 1.67 k  k(1) Td
 0.88 k 
 
158 k  in 
  kd  
f(1) 
 1.67 k 
 0.88 k 
 
311 k  in 

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3

Element 1: To obtain the actual element local forces, we must

subtract the equivalent nodal forces.
f  kd  f0

 f1x   1.67 k   3.36 k   5.03 k 

 f    0.88 k    
 1y    
6.71 k
  7.59 k 

 m1   158 k  in   900 k  in  1,058 k  in 
    
 f4x   1.67 k   3.36 k   1.68 k 
 f4y   0.88 k   6.71 k   5.83 k 
       
m4   311 k  in   900 k  in   589 k  in 
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 35/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3

Element 2: The element force-displacement equations can be

obtained using f’ = k’Td  C S 0 0 0 0
 S C 0 0 0 0 
 
C  0.447 S  0.895  0 0 1 0 0 0
T 
 0 0 0 C S 0
 0 0 0 S C 0 
 
 0 0 0 0 0 1

 0.447 0.895 0 0 0 0  u20   0 

 0.895 0.447 0 0 0  
0 v 20    0 
    
 0 0 1 0 0 0  20   0 
Td    u   
 0 0 0 0.447 0.895 0   40.0103
 in   0.00546 in 
 0 0 0 0.895 0.447 0  v 40.000956
 in   0.00879 in 
     
 0 0 0 0 0 1 40.00172
 rad  0.00172 rad 

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3

Element 2: Recall the elemental stiffness matrix is:

 C1 0 0 C1 0 0 
 0 12C2 6LC2 0 12C2 6LC2 
 
 0 6LC2 4C2L2 0 6LC2 2C2L2 
k   
 C1 0 0 C1 0 0 
 0 12C2 6LC2 0 12C2 6LC2 
 
 0 6LC2 2C2L2 0 6LC2 4C2L2 

AE (8)30  106 EI 30  106 (800)

C1    447.2 k in C2    0.155 k in
L 12  44.72 L3 12  44.72 3
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 36/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3

Element 2: The local force-displacement equations are:

 447 0 0 447 0 0  0 
 0 1.868 500.5 0 1.868 500.5   0 
  
 0 500.5 179,000 0 500.5 89,490   0 
  kTd  
f(2)  
 447 0 0 447 0 0  0.00546 in 
 0 1.868 500.5 0 1.868 500.5   0.00879 in 
  
 0 500.5 89,490 0 500.5 179,000  0.00172 rad 

 2.44 k  k(2) Td
 0.877 k 
 
158 k  in 
  kd  
f(2) 
 2.44 k 
 0.877 k 
 
312 k  in 

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3

Element 2: Since there are no applied loads on element 2,

there are no equivalent nodal forces to account for.

Therefore, the above equations are the final local nodal forces

 2.44 k 
 0.877 k 
 
158 k  in 
  kd  
f(2) 
 2.44 k 
 0.877 k 
 
312 k  in 
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 37/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3

Element 3: The element force-displacement equations can be

obtained using f’ = k’Td  C S 0 0 0 0
 S C 0 0 0 0 
 
C 1 S 0  0 0 1 0 0 0
T 
 0 0 0 C S 0
 0 0 0 S C 0 
 
 0 0 0 0 0 1

1 0 0 0 0 0   4
u0.0103 in  0.0103 in 
0   

1 0 0 0 0 v 0.000956
 4  in   0.000956 in 
  
0 0 1 0 0 0  0.00172
4 rad  0.00172 rad 
Td       
0 0 0 1 0 0   u0
3   0 
0 0 0 0 1 0   v0
3
   0 
     
0 0 0 0 0 1  30   0 

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3

Element 3: Recall the elemental stiffness matrix is:

 C1 0 0 C1 0 0 
 0 12C2 6LC2 0 12C2 6LC2 
 
 0 6LC2 4C2L2 0 6LC2 2C2L2 
k   
 C1 0 0 C1 0 0 
 0 12C2 6LC2 0 12C2 6LC2 
 
 0 6LC2 2C2L2 0 6LC2 4C2L2 

AE (8)30  106 EI 30  106 (800)

C1    400 k in C2    0.111 k in
12  50 12  50 
3
L L3
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 38/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3

Element 3: The local force-displacement equations are:

 400 0 0 400 0 0   0.0103 in 
 0 1.335 400 0 1.335 400   0.000956 in 
  
 0 400 160,000 0 400 80,000  0.00172 rad 
  kTd  
f(3)  
 400 0 0 400 0 0  0 
 0 1.335 400 0 1.335 400   0 
  
 0 400 80,000 0 400 160,000   0 

 4.12 k  k(3) Td
 0.687 k 
 
275 k  in 
  kd  
f(3) 
 4.12 k 
 0.687 k 
 
137 k  in 

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 3

Element 3: Since there are no applied loads on element 3,

there are no equivalent nodal forces to account for.

Therefore, the above equations are the final local nodal forces
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 39/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 4

The frame shown below is fixed at nodes 2 and 3 and subjected

to a concentrated load of 500 kN applied at node 1.

For the bar, A = 1 x 10-3 m2, for the beam, A = 2 x 10-3 m2,
I = 5 x 10-5 m4, and L = 3 m. Let E = 210 GPa for both
elements.

Bar

Beam

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 4

Element 1: The angle between x and x’ is 0º

C 1 S 0

12I 12(5  10 5 )
  6.67  105 m 2
L2 (3)2

6I 6(5  10 5 ) u1 v1 1
  104 m3
L 3
2 0 0 
k (1)
 70  10  0
3
0.067 0.10  kN
E 210  106   m
  70  106 kN / m 3
L 3 0 0.10 0.20 
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 40/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 4

Element 2: The angle between x and x’ is 45º

C  0.707 S  0.707

u1 v1

k (2)

 
103 m 2 210  106 kN m2 0.5 0.5 
0.5 0.5  m
kN
4.24 m  
u1 v1

0.354 0.354  kN
k (2)  70  103   m
0.354 0.354 

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 4
Assembling the elemental stiffness matrices we obtain the
global stiffness matrix:

 2.354 0.354 0 
K  70  10  0.354 0.421 0.10  kN m
3
 
 0 0.10 0.20 

The global equations are:

 0  2.354 0.354 0  u1 

    
500 kN   70  10 kN m 0.354 0.421 0.10  v1 
3

  0.10 0.20  1 

 0  0
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 41/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 4
Solving the above equations gives:

u1   0.00388 m 
   
v1   0.0225 m 
   0.0113 rad 
 1  

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 4
Bar Element: The bar element force-displacement equations
can be obtained using f’ = k’Td
C  0.707 S  0.707
 u1 
 
 f1x  AE  1 1 C S 0 0   v1 
   
f3x  L  1 1   0 0 C S  u3 
v 3 

AE
f1x  Cu1  Sv1   670 kN
L

AE
f3x   Cu1  Sv1   670 kN
L
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 42/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 4
Beam Element: The bar element force-displacement equations
can be obtained using f’ = k’Td
 C S 0 0 0 0
 S C 0 0 0 0 
  C 1
 0 0 1 0 0 0
T  S 0
 0 0 0 C S 0
 0 0 0 S C 0 
 
 0 0 0 0 0 1

1 0 0 0 0 1
0   u0.00388 m   0.00388 m 
0   

1 0 0 0 0 v0.0225
 1  m  0.0225 m 
  
0 0 1 0 0 0   0.0113
1 rad   0.0113 rad 
d  Td      
0 0 0 1 0 0   u02   0 
0 0 0 0 1 0  v 02
   0 
     
0 0 0 0 0 1   20   0 

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 4
Beam Element: The bar element force-displacement equations
can be obtained using f’ = k’Td

 C1 0 0 C1 0 0 
 0 12C2 6LC2 0 12C2 6LC2 
 
 0 6LC2 4C2L2 0 6LC2 2C2L2 
k   

 1C 0 0 C1 0 0 
 0 12C2 6LC2 0 12C2 6LC2 
 
 0 6LC2 2C2L2 0 6LC2 4C2L2 

AE (0.002)210  106
C1    140  103 kN
m
L 3

EI 210  106 (5  10 5 )
C2    388.89 kN m
3 
3
L3
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 43/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 4
Beam Element: The bar element force-displacement equations
can be obtained using f’ = k’Td
 2 0 0 2 0 0   0.00388 m 
 0 0.067 0.10 0 0.067 0.10   0.0225 m 
  
3  0 0.10 0.20 0 0.10 0.10   0.0113 kN  m 
  kd  70  10 
f(1)  
 2 0 0 2 0 0  0 
 0 0.067 0.10 0 0.067 0.10   0 
  
 0 0.10 0.10 0 0.10 0.20   0 
 f1x   473 kN  k(1) d
 f    26.5 kN 
 1y   
 m1   0.0 
  
f(1) 
 f2x   473 kN 
 f2y   26.5 kN 
   
m2   78.3 kN  m 

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 4
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 44/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 5

The frame is fixed at nodes 1 and 3 and subjected to a moment

of 20 kN-m applied at node 2

Assume A = 2 x 10-2 m2, I = 2 x 10-4 m4, and E = 210 GPa for all
elements.

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 5

Element 1: The angle between x and x’ is 90º

C 0 S 1
12I 12(2  10 4 )
  1.5  10 4 m 2
L2 (4)2
6I 6(2  104 )
  3  10 4 m 3
L 4
E 210  106
  5.25  107 kN m3
L 4 u
2
v
2

2

0.015 0 0.03 
The parts of k associated 5 
k  5.25  10 0
(1)
2 0  kN m
with node 2 are:  
0.03 0 0.08 
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 45/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 5

Element 2: The angle between x and x’ is 0º

C 1 S0
12I 12(2  10 4 )
2
 2
 9.6  10 4 m 2
L (5)
6I 6(2  104 )
  2.4  10 4 m 3
L 5
E 210  106
  4.2  107 kN m3
L 5 u
2
v
2

2

2 0 0 
The parts of k associated (2) 5 
k  4.2  10 0 0.0096 0.024  kN m
with node 2 are:  
0 0.024 0.08 

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 5
Assembling the elemental stiffness matrices we obtain the
global stiffness matrix:

0.8480 0 0.0158 

K  10 06
1.0500 0.0101  kN m
 
0.0158 0.0101 0.0756 

The global equations are:

 0  0.8480 0 0.0158  u2 

    
 0   10 0
6
1.0500 0.0101  v 2 

20 kN  m   
  0.0158 0.0101 0.0756  2 
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 46/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 5
Solving the above equations gives:

u2  4.95  10 m 
6

   6 
v 2   2.56  10 m 
   2.66  10 4 rad 
 2  

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 5
Element 1: The element force-displacement equations can be
obtained using f’ = k’Td
 C S 0 0 0 0
 S C 0 0 0 0 
  C 0
 0 0 1 0 0 0
T  S 1
 0 0 0 C S 0
 0 0 0 S C 0 
 
 0 0 0 0 0 1

0 1 0 0 0 0   u01    0 
 1 0 0 0 0 0   v01    0 
    
0 0 1 0 0 0   01    0 
d  Td      6  6 
0 0 0 0 1 0  u4.95
2  10 m    2.56  10 m 
0 0 0 1 0 0  v2.56
2
  10 6 m   4.95  10 6 m 
      
0 0 0 0 0 1 2.66
2  10 4 rad   2.66  10 4 rad 
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 47/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 5
Element 1: The element force-displacement equations can be
obtained using f’ = k’Td

 C1 0 0 C1 0 0 
 0 12C2 6LC2 0 12C2 6LC2 
 
 0 6LC2 4C2L2 0 6LC2 2C2L2 
k   

 1C 0 0 C1 0 0 
 0 12C2 6LC2 0 12C2 6LC2 
 
 0 6LC2 2C2L2 0 6LC2 4C2L2 

AE (2  102 )210  106

C1    1.05  106 kN
m
L 4

EI 210  106 (5  10 5 )
C2    388.89 kN m
3
3
L3

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 5
Element 1: The element force-displacement equations can be
obtained using f’ = k’Td
 200 0 0 200 0 0  0 
 0 1.5 3 0 1.5 3   0 
  
 0 3 8 0 3 4  0 
  kd  5.25  103 
f(1)  6 
 200 0 0 200 0 0  2.56  10 m 
 0 1.5 3 0 1.5 3   4.95  10 6 m 
  
 0 3 4 0 3 8   2.66  10 4 rad 

 f1x   2.69 kN  k(1) d

 f    4.2 kN 
 1y   
 m1   5.59 kN  m 
  
f(1) 
 f2x  2.69 kN 
 f2y  4.2 kN 
   
m2  11.17 kN  m 
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 48/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 5
Element 2: The element force-displacement equations can be
obtained using f’ = k’Td
 C S 0 0 0 0
 S C 0 0 0 0 
  C 1
 0 0 1 0 0 0
T  S 0
 0 0 0 C S 0
 0 0 0 S C 0 
 
 0 0 0 0 0 1

1 0 0 0 0 0  u24.95
  10 6 m  4.95  10 6 m 
0 1 0 0 0 0  v22.56
 6  
  10 m  2.56  10 m 
6 
 
0 0 1 0 0 0  22.66
  10 4 rad   2.66  10 4 rad 
d  Td    u   
0 0 0 1 0 0   30   0 
0 0 0 0 1 0  v 30   0 
     
0 0 0 0 0 1 30   0 

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 5
Element 2: The element force-displacement equations can be
obtained using f’ = k’Td

 C1 0 0 C1 0 0 
 0 12C2 6LC2 0 12C2 6LC2 
 
 0 6LC2 4C2L2 0 6LC2 2C2L2 
k   

 1C 0 0 C1 0 0 
 0 12C2 6LC2 0 12C2 6LC2 
 
 0 6LC2 2C2L2 0 6LC2 4C2L2 

AE (2  10 2 )210  106
C1    0.84  106 kN
m
L 5

EI 210  106 (2  10 4 )
C2    336 kN m
5
3
L3
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 49/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Rigid Plane Frame Example 5
Element 2: The element force-displacement equations can be
obtained using f’ = k’Td
 200 0 0 200 0 0   4.95  10 6 m 
  
0 0.96 2.40 0 0.96 2.40   2.56  10 6 m 
 
 0 2.40 8 0 2.40 4   2.66  10 4 rad 
  kd  4.2  103 
f(2)  
 200 0 0 200 0 0  0 
 0 0.96 2.40 0 0.96 2.40   0 
  
 0 2.40 4 0 2.40 8  0 
 f2x   4.16 kN  k(2) d
 f    2.69 kN 
 2y   
m2   8.92 kN  m 
  
f(2) 
 f3x   4.16 kN 
 f3y   2.69 kN 
   
m3   4.47 kN  m 

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Inclined or Skewed Supports
If a support is inclined, or skewed, at some angle  for the
global x axis, as shown below.

The boundary conditions on the displacements are not in the

global x-y directions but in the x’-y’ directions.
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 50/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Inclined or Skewed Supports
We must transform the local boundary condition of v’3 = 0 (in
local coordinates) into the global x-y system.

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Inclined or Skewed Supports
Therefore, the relationship between of the components of the
displacement in the local and the global coordinate systems at
node 3 is:

u '3   cos  sin  0  u3 

    
v '3     sin  cos  0  v 3 

 '   0 0 1 3 
 3 
We can rewrite the above expression as:

 cos  sin  0
d '3   [t3 ]d3  t3     sin cos  0

 0 0 1
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 51/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Inclined or Skewed Supports
We can apply this sort of transformation to the entire
displacement vector as:

d '  [Ti ]d or d  [Ti ]T d '

where the matrix [Ti] is:  [I ] [0] [0] 
[Ti ]  [0] [I ] [0] 
 
[0] [0] [t3 ]

Both the identity matrix [I] and the matrix [t3] are 3 x 3 matrices.

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Inclined or Skewed Supports
The force vector can be transformed by using the same
transformation.
f '  [Ti ]f 
In global coordinates, the force-displacement equations are:
f   [K ]d
Applying the skewed support transformation to both sides of the
force-displacement equation gives:
[Ti ] f   [Ti ][K ] d 

By using the relationship between the local and the global

displacements, the force-displacement equations become:
[Ti ] f   [Ti ][K ][Ti ]T d '  f '  [Ti ][K ][Ti ]T d '
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 5 - Plane Frame and Grid Equations - Part 1 52/52

Plane Frame and Grid Equations

Inclined or Skewed Supports
Therefore the global equations become:

 F1x   u1 
F  v 
 1y   1
 M1   1 
   
 F2 x   u2 
 F2 y   [Ti ][K ][Ti ]
T
 v2 
M   
 2   2
F '3 x  u '3  Elemental
F '  v '  coordinates
 3y   3
 M3   3 

End of Chapter 5a