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Generalized Configurations and Functional Descriptions of Measuring Instruments

This document discusses generalized configurations and functional descriptions of measuring instruments. It begins with basic terminology used in instrumentation. It then presents a functional diagram showing common functional elements of instruments, including: primary sensing element, variable conversion element, variable manipulation element, data transmission element, and data presentation element. Examples of functional diagrams for specific instruments like pressure gauges and thermometers are also shown. The document further discusses classifications of instruments based on different criteria. Key classifications covered include active vs passive instruments, analog vs digital modes of operation, and null vs deflection methods. Input-output configurations and methods to correct for spurious inputs like inherent sensitivity, high-gain feedback, calculated corrections, signal filtering, and opposing inputs are also summarized.

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Nishanthi Bheeman
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421 views31 pages

Generalized Configurations and Functional Descriptions of Measuring Instruments

This document discusses generalized configurations and functional descriptions of measuring instruments. It begins with basic terminology used in instrumentation. It then presents a functional diagram showing common functional elements of instruments, including: primary sensing element, variable conversion element, variable manipulation element, data transmission element, and data presentation element. Examples of functional diagrams for specific instruments like pressure gauges and thermometers are also shown. The document further discusses classifications of instruments based on different criteria. Key classifications covered include active vs passive instruments, analog vs digital modes of operation, and null vs deflection methods. Input-output configurations and methods to correct for spurious inputs like inherent sensitivity, high-gain feedback, calculated corrections, signal filtering, and opposing inputs are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Nishanthi Bheeman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Generalized Configurations

and Functional Descriptions


of Measuring Instruments

INC 336 Industrial Process Measurement


Assoc. Prof. Pakorn Kaewtrakulpong, Ph.D.
INC, KMUTT
Basic Terminology
„ measurand
„ measured quantity
„ measured medium
„ Instrument
„ Sensor
„ Transducer
„ Transmitter
Functional Diagram of An
Instrument
An Example of Functional Elements
of an Instrument
Functional Diagram
„ to present the concept of functional
element ,and not as a physical schematic of a
generalized instrument.
„ A given instrument may in value the basic
function in any number and combinations they
need not exist or appear in the order.
„ A physical component may serve several of
the basic functions.
Functional Elements
„ Primary sensing element
„ first receives energy from the measured medium and
produces an output depending , in same way ,on the
measured quantify (measurand).
„ Variable-conversion element
„ convert the output signal of the primary sensing
element to another more suitable variable, while
preserving the information content of the original
signal.
Functional Elements (cont.)
„ Variable-manipulation element
„ change, in numerical value according to the some
definite rule but a preservation of the physical nature
of the variable, e.g. an electronic amplifier (analog).
„ Data-transmission element
„ when the functional elements are separated, it
becomes necessary to transmit the data from one
to another.
Functional Elements (cont.)
„ Data-presentation element
„ presents the information about the measured
quantity to one of the human senses.
„ Data-storage/playback element
„ Storage-pen/ink
„ Storage/playback – Tape recorder/reproducer,
memory
Functional Diagram of Pressure
Gauge
Functional Diagram of Pressure
Thermometer
Instrument Classification
„ Classification criteria
„ To give general views and common
characteristics of the groups
„ pros & cons
„ precautions
Active and Passive Instruments
„ Criteria: energy consideration
„ Is the power supplied to operate the instrument come entirely from
the subject (measured medium) to be measured.
„ A passive instrument
„ a component whose output energy is supplied entirely or almost entirely
by its input signal
„ An active instrument
„ has an auxiliary source of power which supplied a part of the output
power while the input signal only an insignificant portion.
„ the input controls the output but does not supply the output power .
„ Using feedback principle
„ Normally using more complex design and circuits Î more expensive,
prone to component failures.
„ reduces loading effect.
Loading Effect
„ An instrument always extracts some energy from
the measured medium. Thus the measured quantify
is always disturbed by the act of measurement, which
makes a perfect measure theoretically impossible.
„ Good instruments are designed to minimize this
loading effect.
Examples of Active Instruments
Analog and Digital Modes of
Operation
„ Criteria: continuous/discrete nature of signals
„ Analog
„ By nature
„ Digital
„ More robust against noises
„ In combined analog/digital system ,
„ the digital portions need not limit system accuracy.
„ These limitations generally are associated with the
analog portions and/or the A/D conversion devices.
Analog and Digital Signal
Transmission in Industrial
Environment

Tx Rx
Analog and Digital Signal
Transmission in Industrial
Environment
Null and Deflection Methods
„ Criteria: operation method
„ In deflection-type device,
„ the measured quantity produces some physical effect that
engenders a similar but opposing effect in same part of the
instrument.
„ The opposing effect increases until balance is achieved, at
which point deflection is measured and the value of
measured quantity inferred.
„ In null-type device,
„ attempts to maintain deflection at zero by suitable
application an effect opposing that generated by the
measured quantity.
„ Not suitable for dynamic measurement (fluctuating).
Null and Deflection Methods (cont.)
„ For most measurements in general, the accuracy
attainable by the null method is of a higher level
than by the deflection method.
„ the opposing effect of the deflection type must be
calibrated by a standard (it is not it self a standard) while in
the null instrument a direct compassion of the unknown
variable with the standard is achieved.
„ Null methods – the detector of unbalance can be made very
(using methods of balancing) sensitive, balancing it needs cover
only a small range around zero also, the detector need not be
calibrated since it must detect on the presence and direction
of unbalance.
Example of Null and Deflection
Methods
Input-Output Configuration of
Instruments
Input-Output Configuration of
Instruments
„ Types of Inputs
„ Desired inputs
„ Spurious inputs
„ Interfering inputs
„ Modifying inputs
„ Quantities that cause a change in the input-output relations for the
desired and interfering inputs
„ Input-output relations
„ Constant
„ Nonlinear static function
„ Differential equation
„ Probability density function Æ description of output from
repeated equal static input.
Examples of Results from Different
Inputs

T
Methods of Correction for Spurious
Inputs
„ method of inherent sensitivity
„ method of high-gain feedback
„ method of calculated output corrections
„ method of signal filtering
„ method of opposing inputs
Method of Inherent Sensitivity
„ Try to make FI and FM,D as nearly to zero as
possible.
„ e.g. using a material that has low temperature
coefficient of resistance for strain gauge.
x0 = ( K Mo K SP )ei

Method of High-Gain Feedback


„ Open-loop
x0 = ( K Mo K SP )ei

„ Closed-loop
K AM K Mo K SP
x0 = ei
1 + K AM K Mo K SP K FB
K AM K Mo K SP K FB 1,
1
x0 = ei
K FB
Method of Calculated Output
Corrections
„ Requires to measure or estimate the magnitudes
of the spurious inputs.
„ With sensors for the spurious inputs, an
automatic correction can be done Æ smart
sensor.
Method of Signal Filtering
Examples of Signal Filtering
Method of Opposing Inputs
Examples of Opposing Inputs

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