6.1 Working Principle of Equipment:: 6.2.1 Steady State Heat Transfer

Design Of Fin-Fan Partial Condenser
6.1 Working Principle of Equipment:

Heat Transfer from a hot stream to cold stream can be accomplished by following heat
transfer mechanism
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
In exchangers heat transfer occurs by a combination of 2 or 3 of these heat transfer
mechanisms.
6.2 Types of Heat Transfer Operations:

6.2.1 Steady State Heat Transfer:
When the rate of heat transfer remains constant and is unaffected by time, then the flow of
heat is steady state.
6.2.2 Unsteady State Heat Transfer:
An unsteady state exists when the rate of heat transfer at any point varies with time. Most
industrial processes in which heat transfer is involved are assumed to operate under steady
state conditions even though in some cases unsteady state, conditions are observed e.g.
 During start up
 Cool down
 Surge conditions
 Unsteady State Conditions are observed in:
 Batch Process
 Cooling & heating of material .e.g. polymer & glass
 Certain types of regeneration
6.3 Steady State Heat Transfer Considerations:

Most cases of heat transfer in exchangers involve the flow of heat from one fluid through a
retaining wall to another fluid. The heat that is transferred flows from warmer fluid to colder
fluid through several thermal resistances in series.
Stabilization of Naphtha Page 94

Total resistance to heat transfer
Rtot = (Th - Tc) /q
Where,
Th = Temperature of hot fluid
Tc = Temperature of cold fluid
Rtot is comprised of:
 Resistance due to convective heat transfer 1 / hc
 Resistance due to fouling on warm side Rhf
 Resistance to heat transfer through wall x/ kw
 Resistance due to fouling on colder side Rcf
 Resistance due to convective heat transfer in cold fluid 1/ hc
Rtot = 1/U = 1/ hc + Rhf + x/ kw + Rcf + 1/ hc
6.4 Consequences of Heat Transfer:

Heat transfer to a fluid or from a fluid may lead to
 Vaporization (The change of Phase from liquid to vapor)
 Condensation (The change from vapor to liquid)
 Super heating of vapor ( Change in sensible heat of vapor)
 Sub-cooling of condensed liquid ( Change in sensible heat o liquid)
6.5 Condensation:
The process of heat transfer accompanied by a phase change from vapor to liquid at constant
pressure is called condensation.· Since vapor liquid heat transfer usually occurs at constant
pressure, the condensation of a single compound normally occurs isothermally.· If a mixture

of vapors instead of a single compound is condensed then condensation may not take place
isothermally, there may be sub cooling condensed liquid.
6.6 Condensation Mechanisms:

6.6.1 Drop-wise Condensation:
When a saturated pure vapor comes in contact with a cold surface such as tubes, it condenses
and may form liquid droplets on the surface of tube, such a type is drop wise condensation.
6.6.2 Film-wise Condensation:
When a distinct film of condensed vapors appears & coats the tube and additional vapor is
required to condense onto the liquid film, then it is film wise
6.7 Comparison Of Two Condensation Mechanisms:

Due to the resistance of condensate film to the heat passing through it the heat transfer
coefficient for drop wise condensation are 4 to 8 times greater than film wise condensation.
But drop wise condensation occurs rarely because special conditions are required for it to
occur. It occurs by the presence of dirt on the surface or by the use of condense in a drop
wise manner. Drop wise condensation also occurs when several not miscible as in the case of
hydrocarbons and steam.. The pressure of the vapor in the vapor body is greater than the
saturation pressure of the cold condensate in contact with the cold surface. This pressure
difference provides potential for driving vapors out the vapor body at a great rate. Here the
controlling resistance is the film of condensate on cold tube wall. It is the slowness with
which the heat of condensation passes through this film that determines the condensing
coefficient.
6.8 Nusselt Theory For Condensation On Surface:

The following assumptions are involved for condensation on surfaces as given by
Nusselt.
 The heat delivered by the vapor is latent heat only.
 The drainage of the condensate film from the surface is by laminar flow only and the heat is
transferred through the film by conduction.
 The thickness of the film at any point is a function of the mean velocity of flow and of the
amount of condensate passing at that point.
 The velocity of the individual layers of the film is a function of the relation between
frictional shearing force and weight of the film.

 The quantity of the condensate is proportional to the quantity of heat transferred which is in
turn related to the thickness of the film and of the temperature difference between the vapor
and the surface.
 The condensate film is so thin that temperature through it is linear.
 The surface is assumed to be relatively smooth and clean.
 The temperature of the solid surface is assumed to be constant.
6.9 Introduction:
A condenser is a two-phase flow heat exchanger in which heat is generated from the
conversion of vapor into liquid (condensation) and the heat generated is removed from the
system by a coolant. Condensers may be classified into two main types: those in which the
coolant and condensate stream are separated by a solid surface, usually a tube wall, and those
in which the coolant and condensing vapor are brought into direct contact.
The direct contact type of condenser may consist of a vapor which is bubbled into a pool of
liquid, a liquid which is sprayed into a vapor, or a packed-column in which the liquid flows
downwards as a film over a packing material against the upward flow of vapor. Condensers
in which the streams are separated may be subdivided into three main types: air-cooled,
shell-and-tube, and plate. In the air-cooled type, condensation occurs inside tubes with
cooling provided by air blown or sucked across the tubes. Fins with large surface areas are
usually provided on the air side to compensate for the low air-side heat transfer coefficients.
In shell-and-tube condensers, the condensation may occur inside or outside the tubes. The
orientation of the unit may be vertical or horizontal. In the refrigeration and air-conditioning
industry, various types of two-phase flow heat exchangers are used. They are classified
according to whether they are coils or shell-and-tube heat exchangers. Evaporator and
condenser coils are used when the second fluid is air because of the low heat transfer
coefficient on the air side.
6.10 Condenser Configurations:
1) Horizontal with condensation is shell side and cooling medium in the tubes.
2) Horizontal with condensation in tube side cooling medium in shell side.
3) Vertical with condensation in the shell.
4) Vertical with condensation in the tubes.
Horizontal shell side and vertical tube side are the most commonly used types of condensers.
In this process we have used the normal mechanism for heat transfer in commercial
condenser which film wise condensation. Since vapor-liquid heat transfer changes usually
occur at constant or really constant pressure in industry, the vaporization or condensation of a
single compared normally occurs isothermally. A mixture of vapors instead of a pure vapor is
condensed at constant pressure; the change does not take place isothermally in most
instances.

6.11 Types of Condensers:

 Steam Turbine Exhaust Condensers
 Plate Condensers
 Air-Cooled Condensers
 Direct Contact Condensers
Forced and
Induced Types of Fan Cooler

6.12 Basics of Air Cooled Heat Exchanger

An ACHE is a device for rejecting heat from a fluid directly to ambient air. This is in
contrast to rejecting heat to water and then rejecting it to air, as with a shell and tube heat
exchanger and a wet cooling tower system.
The obvious advantage of an ACHE is that it does not require water, which means that plants
requiring large cooling capacities need not be located near a supply of cooling water.

An ACHE may be as small as an automobile radiator or large enough to reject the heat of
turbine exhaust steam condensation from a 1,200 MW power plant — which would require
42 modules, each 90 feet wide by 180 feet long and served by two 60-foot diameter fans
driven by 500-horsepower motors
6.13 Components:
An ACHE consists of the following components:
 One or more bundles of heat transfer surface.
 An air-moving device, such as a fan, blower, or stack.
 Unless it is natural draft, a driver and power transmission to mechanically rotate the
fan or blower.
 A plenum between the bundle or bundles and the air-moving device.
 A support structure high enough to allow air to enter beneath the ACHE at a
reasonable rate.
 Optional header and fan maintenance walkways with ladders to grade.
 Optional louvers for process outlet temperature control.
 Optional recirculation ducts and chambers for protection against freezing or

solidification of high pour point fluids in cold weather.
 Optional variable pitch fan hub for temperature control and power savings.
6.13.1 Tube Bundle
A tube bundle is an assembly of tubes, headers, side frames, and tube supports as shown in
figure below. Usually the tube surface exposed to the passage of air has extended surface in
the form of fins to compensate for the low heat transfer rate of air at atmospheric pressure
and at a low enough velocity for reasonable fan power consumption.

Typical construction of tube bundles with plug and cover plate headers
The prime tube is usually round and of any metal suitable for the process, due consideration
being given to corrosion, pressure, and temperature limitations. Fins are helical or plate type,
and are usually of aluminum for reasons of good thermal conductivity and economy of
fabrication. Steel fins are used for very high temperature applications.
6.13.2 Fins are attached to the tubes in a number of ways:
 An extrusion process in which the fins are extruded from the wall of an aluminum
tube that is integrally bonded to the base tube for the full length.

 Helically wrapping a strip of aluminum to embed it in a pre-cut helical groove and

then penning back the edges of the groove against the base of the fin to tightly secure it.
 Wrapping on an aluminum strip that is footed at the base as it is wrapped on the tube.
Sometimes serrations are cut in the fins. This causes an interruption of the air boundary layer,
which increases turbulence which in turn increases the airside heat transfer coefficient with a
modest increase in the air-side pressure drop and the fan horsepower.
The choice of fin types is critical. This choice is influenced by cost, operating temperatures,
and the atmospheric conditions. Each type has different heat transfer and pressure drop
characteristics. The extruded finned tube affords the best protection of the liner tube from
atmospheric corrosion as well as consistent heat transfer from the initial installation and
throughout the life of the cooler. This is the preferred tube for operating temperatures up to
600°F. The embedded fin also affords a continued predictable heat transfer and should be
used for all coolers operating above 600°F and below 750°F. The wrap-on footed fin tube
can be used below 250°F; however, the bond between the fin and the tube will loosen in time
and the heat transfer is not predictable with certainty over the life of the cooler. It is advisable
to derate the effectiveness of the wrap-on tube to allow for this probability.
There are many configurations of finned tubes, but manufacturers find it economically
practical to limit production to a few standard designs. Tubes are manufactured in lengths
from 6 to 60 feet and in diameters ranging from 5/8 inch to 6 inches, the most common being
I inch. Fins are commonly helical, 7 to 11 fins per inch, 5/16 to I inch high, and 0.010 to
0.035 inch thick. The ratio of extended to prime surface varies from 7:1 to 25:1. Bundles are
rectangular and typically consist of 2 to 10 rows of finned tubes arranged on triangular pitch.
Bundles may be stacked in depths of up to 30 rows to suit unusual services. The tube pitch is
usually between 2 and 2.5 tube diameters. Net free area for air flow through bundles is about
50% of face area. Tubes are rolled or welded into the tube sheets of a pair of box headers.

The box header consists of tube sheet, top, bottom, and end plates, and a cover plate that may
be welded or bolted on. If the cover is welded on, holes must be drilled and threaded opposite
each tube for maintenance of the tubes. A plug is screwed into each hole, and the cover is
called the plug sheet. Bolted removable cover plates are used for improved access to headers
in severe fouling services. Partitions are welded in the headers to establish the tube-side flow
pattern, which generates suitable velocities in as near countercurrent flow as possible for
maximum mean temperature difference. Partitions and stiffeners (partitions with flow
openings) also act as structural stays. Horizontally split headers may be required to
accommodate differential tube expansion in services having high fluid temperature
differences per pass. The figure below illustrates common head types.
Bundles are usually arranged horizontally with the air entering below and discharging
vertically. Occasionally bundles are arranged vertically with the air passing across
horizontally, such as in a natural draft tower where the bundles are arranged vertically at the
periphery of the tower base. Bundles can also be arranged in an "A" or "V" configuration, the
principal advantage of this being a saving of plot area. The disadvantages are higher
horsepower requirements for a given capacity and decreased performance when winds on
exposed sides inhibit air flow.
Within practical limits, the longer the tubes and the greater the number of rows, the less the
heat transfer surface costs per square foot. One or more bundles of the same or differing
service may be combined in one unit (bay) with one set of fans. All bundles combined in a
single unit will have the same air-side static pressure loss. Consequently, combined bundles
having different numbers of rows must be designed for different face velocities.
6.13.3 Axial Flow Fans:
The figure below displays the air moving device for an ACHE which is commonly an axial
flow, propeller type fan that either forces the air across the bundles (forced draft) or pulls it
across (induced draft). To provide redundancy in case a mechanical unit falls and to provide
the basic control achievable by running one fan or two, a bundle or set of bundles is usually
provided with two fans.

Axial flow fans
Even distribution of the air across the tube bundle is critical for predictable, uniform heat
transfer. This is achieved by adequate fan coverage and static pressure loss across the bundle.
Good practice is to keep the fan projected area to a minimum of 40% of the projected face
area of the tube bundle and the bundle static pressure loss at least 3.5 times the velocity
pressure loss through the fan ring. For a two fan unit this is generally assured if the ratio of
tube length to bundle width is in the range of 3 to 3.5 and the number of tube rows is held to
4 rows minimum with the net free area for air flow at about 50% of the face area of the
bundle.
Fans can vary in size from 3 to 60 feet in diameter, and can have from 2 to 20 blades. Blades
can be made of wood, steel, aluminum, or fiberglass-reinforced plastic, and can be solid or
hollow. Hollow plastic blades are by far the most popular. Blades can have straight sides or
be contoured. The more efficient type has a wide chord near the center and tapers to a narrow
chord at the tip, with a slight twist. The twist and taper compensate for the slower velocity of
the blade nearer the center to produce a uniform, efficient air velocity profile.

Fans may have fixed or adjustable pitch blades. Except for small diameters (less than 5 feet)
most ACHEs have adjustable pitch blades. Adjustable pitch fans are manufactured in two
types. One is manually adjustable (with the fans off) and the other is automatically adjustable
(while running). Most automatically adjustable pitch fans change their pitch by means of a
pneumatically actuated diaphragm working against large springs inside the hub.
6.13.4 Plenum:
The air plenum is an enclosure that provides for the smooth flow of air between the fan and
bundle. Plenums can be box type or slope sided type. The slope sided type gives the best
Distribution of air over the bundles, but is almost exclusively used with induced draft
because hanging a machinery mount from a slope sided forced draft plenum presents
structural difficulties.
6.14 Mechanical Equipments

Fans may be driven by electric motors, steam turbines, gas or gasoline engines, or hydraulic
motors. The overwhelming choice is the electric motor. Hydraulic motors are sometimes
used when power from an electric utility is unavailable. Hydraulic motors also provide
variable speed control, but have low efficiencies. The most popular speed reducer is the high-
torque positive type belt drive, which uses sprockets that mesh with the timing belt cogs.
They are used with motors up to 50 or 60 horsepower, and with fans up to about 18 feet in
diameter. Banded V-belts are still often used in small to medium sized fans, and gear drives
are used with very large motors and fan diameters. Fan speed is set by using a proper
combination of sprocket or sheave sizes with timing belts or V-belts, and by selecting a
proper reduction ratio with gears. Fan tip speed should not be above 12,000 feet per minute
for mechanical reasons, and may be reduced to obtain lower noise levels. Motor and fan
speed are sometimes controlled with variable frequency drives. The figure below provides a
breakdown of the mechanical equipment.
6.14.1 Structure:
The structure consists of the columns, braces, and cross beams that support the exchanger at
a sufficient elevation above grade to allow the necessary volume of air to enter below at an
approach velocity low enough to allow unimpeded fan performance and to prevent unwanted
recirculation of hot air. To conserve ground space in oil refineries and chemical plants,
ACHEs are usually mounted above, and supported by, pipe racks, with other equipment
occupying the space underneath the pipe rack. ACHE structures are designed for appropriate
wind, snow, seismic, piping, dead, and live loads.
6.15 Comparison of Induced and Forced Draft Units


6.15.1 6.15.1 Induced Draft:
Advantages
 Better distribution of air across the bundle.

 Less possibility of hot effluent air re-circulating into the intake. The hot air is discharged
upward at approximately 2.5 times the intake velocity, or about 1,500 feet per minute.
 Better process control and stability because the plenum covers 60% of the bundle face area,
reducing the effects of sun, rain, and hall.
 Increased capacity in the fan-off or fan failure condition, since the natural draft stack effect is
much greater.
Disadvantages and limitations
 Possibly higher horsepower requirements if the effluent air is very hot.

 Effluent air temperature should be limited to 220°F to prevent damage to fan blades,
bearings, or other mechanical equipment in the hot air stream. When the process inlet
temperature exceeds 350°F, forced draft design should be considered because high effluent
air temperatures may occur during fan-off or low air flow operation.
 Fans are less accessible for maintenance, and maintenance may have to be done in the hot air
generated by natural convection.
 Plenums must be removed to replace bundles.
6.15.2 Forced Draft:
Advantages
 Possibly lower horsepower requirements if the effluent air is very hot. (Horsepower varies
inversely with the absolute temperature.)
 Better accessibility of fans and upper bearings for maintenance.
 Better accessibility of bundles for replacement.
 Accommodates higher process inlet temperatures.

Disadvantages
 Less uniform distribution of air over the bundle.

 Increased possibility of hot air recirculation, resulting from low discharge velocity from the
bundles, high intake velocity to the fan ring, and no stack.
 Low natural draft capability on fan failure.
 Complete exposure of the finned tubes to sun, rain, and hail, which results in poor process
control and stability.
 In most cases the advantages of induced draft design outweigh the disadvantages.

6.16 Thermal Design:

There are more parameters to be considered in the thermal design of ACHEs than for shell
and tube exchangers (see figure below). ACHEs are subject to a wide variety of constantly
changing climatic conditions which pose problems of control not encountered with shell and
tube exchangers. Designers must achieve an economic balance between the cost of electrical
power for the fans and the initial capital expenditure for the equipment. A decision must be
made as to what ambient air temperature should be used for design. Air flow rate and exhaust
temperature are initially unknown and can be varied in the design stage by varying the
number of tube rows and thus varying the face area.
Because the number of tube rows, the face area, the air face velocity, and the geometry of the
surface can all be varied, it is possible to generate many solutions to a given thermal
problem. However, there is obviously an optimum solution in terms of capital and operating
costs.
The basic heat transfer relationships that apply to shell and tube exchangers also apply to
ACHEs.
The fundamental relation is the Fourier equation:

Where F is a factor that corrects the log mean temperature difference for any deviation from
true counter-current flow. In ACHEs the air flows substantially unmixed upward across the
bundles and the process fluid can flow back and forth and downward as directed by the pass
arrangement. With four or more downward passes, the flow is considered counter-current and
so the factor "F" is 1.0.
As is apparent, initially neither the area nor the overall heat transfer rate nor the effluent air
temperatures are known. The traditional approach in the design of ACHEs entailed an
iterative trial and error procedure both on the CMTD and the transfer rate until the area
satisfied both. Specifically, an air rise was assumed, the CMTD was calculated, an overall
heat transfer coefficient was assumed, and an exchanger size was selected with the expected
necessary area. An appropriate face velocity was then used to calculate an effluent air
temperature, and the process was repeated until the assumed effluent air temperature matched
the calculated value. The individual coefficients and the overall coefficient were then
calculated, and the whole process was repeated until the calculated "U" and CMTD were
sufficiently close to the assumed values.
However, there is another method that eliminates trial and error on the CMTD, and leaves
only the trial and error on the tube-side film coefficient. The following discussion presents
the Ntu Method described by Kays and London in Compact Heat Exchangers, as applied to
ACHEs.
The following are definitions based on Compact Heat Exchangers:
Hot fluid heat capacity rate =
Cold fluid heat capacity rate =
Number of heat transfer units = Ntu =
Heat capacity rate ratio = R =
ACHE heat transfer effectiveness =


Typical Heat Transfer Coefficients for
Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers
Condensing service U
Amine reactivator 100 - 120
Ammonia 105 - 125
Refrigerant 12 75 - 90
Heavy naphtha 70 - 90
Light gasoline 95
Light hydrocarbons 95 - 105
Light naphtha 80 -100
Reactor effluent Platformers, Hydroformers, 80-100
Rexformers
Steam (0 - 20 psig) 135 - 200
Gas cooling service
Air or flue gas @ 50 psig (DP = 1 psi) 10
Ammonia reactor stream 90 - 110
Hydrocarbon gasses @ 15 - 50 psig (DP = 1 psi) 30 - 40
Liquid cooling service
Engine jacket water 130 - 155
Fuel oil 20 - 30
Hydroformer and Platformer liquids 85
Light gas oil 70 - 90
Light hydrocarbons 90 -120
Light naphtha 90
Process water 120 -145
Residuum 10 - 20
Tar 5 - 10

Coefficients are based on outside bare tube surface for 1-inch OD tubes with 10 plain
extruded aluminum fins per inch, 5/8 inch high, 21.2:1 surface ratio.
6.17 Fan Selection - Horsepower Requirements:
The fan diameter must be 6 inches less than the bundle width. Fan performance curves are
used to select the optimum number of blades and pitch angle as well as the horsepower.
To calculate the required horsepower for the fan driver:
Motor Shaft Horsepower = Actual ft3/min (at fan) - Total Pressure Loss (inches water)
6356 - Fan (System) Efficiency - Speed Reducer Efficiency
The actual volume at the fan is calculated by multiplying the standard volume of air (scfm)
by the density of standard air (0.075 lb/ft) divided by the density of air at the fan. From this
relationship it can be seen that the ratio of the fan horsepower required for a forced draft unit
to that required for an induced draft unit is approximately equal to the ratio of the exit air
density to the inlet air density, which is in turn equal to the ratio of absolute air temperatures
(t1 + 460) / t2 + 460). The total pressure difference across the fan is equal to the sum of the
velocity pressure for the selected fan diameter, the static pressure loss through the bundle,
(which is deten-nined from the equipment manufacturer's test data for a given fin type and
tube spacing), and other losses in the aerodynamic system. Fan diameters are selected to give
good air distribution and usually result in velocity pressures of approximately 0.1 inch of
water.
The design of the fan, the air plenum chamber, and the fan housing, (in particular fan tip
clearance), can materially affect system efficiency, which is always lower than shown on fan
curves based on idealized wind tunnel tests. Industrial axial flow fans in properly designed
ACHEs have fan (system) efficiencies of approximately 75%, based on total pressure. Poorly
designed ACHEs may have system efficiencies as low as 40%. Speed reducers usually have
about 95% mechanical efficiency. The value of driver output horsepower from the equation
above must be divided by the motor efficiency to determine input power.
For estimating purposes refer to the figure below to approximate the horsepower
requirement. This chart plots bare tube surface divided by horsepower versus tube bundle
depth for the normal range of velocities. Applying the above criteria to our sample problem,
we detennine that we must use two 10-foot diameter fans to have 40% of the bundle face
area. We find that for a 6-row bundle, the area/horsepower is between 68 and 92 square feet
of bare tube surface. If we use an average value of 80, the horsepower requirement for each
fan is (336 ·.2618 · 32) (2 · 80) = 17.5 horsepower at maximum design ambient temperature.
Power consumption must be calculated for the coldest expected ambient temperature, since at
a fixed fan blade angle, fan horsepower consumption is inversely proportional to the absolute
temperature. The power required for this minimum ambient temperature will set the required
motor size.

6.18 Performance Control of ACHEs:
In addition to the fact that the process flow rate, composition, and inlet temperature of the
fluid may vary from the design conditions, the ambient air temperature varies throughout a
24-hour day and from day to day. Since air coolers are designed for maximum conditions,
some form of control is necessary when overcooling of the process fluid is detrimental, or
when saving fan power is desired. Although control could be accomplished using by-passing
of process fluid, this is rarely done, and the usual method is air flow control.
6.18.1Varying Air Flow:
Varying air flow can be accomplished by: (see figure below)
 Adjustable louvers on top of the bundles.

 Two-speed fan motors.
 Fan shut-off in sequence for multi fan units.
 AUTO-VARIABLE® fans.
 Variable frequency fan motor control
Louvers operate by creating an adjustable restriction to air flow and therefore do not save
energy when air flow is reduced. In fact, louvers impose a permanent energy loss, even in the
open position.

Two-speed motors, AUTO-VARIABLE fans, and variable frequency fan motor control do
save power when air flow is reduced. In temperate climates, as much as 67% of the design
power may be saved over the course of a year with AUTO-VARIABLE pitch fans. AUTO-
VARIABLE hubs will thus pay back their additional cost in about one year or less.
Both louvers and AUTO-VARIABLE fans may be operated automatically through an

instrument that senses temperature or pressure in the outlet header. For extreme cases of
temperature control, such as prevention of freezing in cold climates in winter, or prevention
of solidification of high pour-point or high melting point materials, more sophisticated
designs are available.
6.19 Extreme Case Controls
6.9.1 Internal Recirculation:
By using one fixed-pitch fan blowing upward and one AUTO-VARIABLE pitch fan, which
is capable of negative pitch and thus of blowing the air downward, it is possible to temper the
air to the coldest portion of the tubes and thus prevent freezing. Normally forced draft units
have the negative pitch fan at the outlet end, while induced draft units have the positive pitch
fan at the outlet end. In hot weather both fans can blow upward.
6.19.2 External Recirculation:
This is a more positive way of tempering coolant air, but is practical only with forced draft
units. Hot exhaust air exits the bundle, and enters a top plenum covered by a louver. When no
recirculation is required, the top louver is wide open, and the heated air exits through it.
When the top louver is partially closed, some of the hot air is diverted to a duct, through
which it flows downward and back into the fan intake, mixing with some cold ambient air.
An averaging air temperature sensor below the bundle controls the amount of recirculated air,
and thus the average air intake temperature, by varying the louver opening.
6.20 Co-current Flow:

For high pour-point streams it is often advisable to ensure a high tube wall temperature by
arranging the flow co-currently, so that the high inlet temperature process fluid is in contact
with the coldest air and the low temperature outlet process fluid is in contact with wan-ned
air.
6.20.1 Auxiliary Heating Coils - Steam or Glycol:
Heating coils are placed directly under bundles. Closing a louver on top of a bundle will
allow the heating coil to warm the bundle or keep it warm in freezing weather, so that on
start-up or shut-down the material in the bundle will not freeze or solidify. Heating coils are

also occasionally used to temper very cold air to the bundles while the fan is operating and
the exhaust louver is open.
6.20.2 Noise Control:
In recent years concerns about industrial noise have grown. Since ACHEs were not originally
one of the serious sources, it has only been after the abatement of the more serious
contributors that attention has focused on ACHEs.
ACHE noise is mostly generated by fan blade vortex shedding and air turbulence. Other
contributors are the speed reducer (high torque drives or gears) and the motor. The noise is
generally broad band, except for occasional narrow band noise produced by the motor or
speed reducer, or by interaction between these sources and the ACHE structure.
The evidence is that for efficient fans at moderate fan tip speeds, this noise is proportional to
the third power of the fan blade tip speed, and to the first power of the consumed fan
horsepower. It is at present quite practical and usually economical to reduce the sound
pressure level at 3 feet below an ACHE to 85 dB(A), but below 80 dB(A), noise from the
drives predominates and special measures must be taken.
6.21 Design of ACHEs for Viscous Liquids

Film coefficients for laminar flow inside tubes are very low and of the same order of
magnitude as film coefficients for air flowing over the outside of bare tubes. Therefore, there
is generally no advantage in using fins on the air side to increase the overall heat transfer rate
since the inside laminar flow coefficient will be controlling. Bare tube bundles with a large
number of rows are usual.
For process fluids with outlet viscosities up to 20 centipoises, it is possible by using large
diameter tubes and high velocities (up to 10 ft/sec) to achieve a Reynolds number at the
outlet above the 2,000 critical Reynolds number, and to keep the flow in the transition region.
However, this usually results in pressure drops of 30 to 100 psi. In view of the disadvantages
of designing for laminar flow, this increased pressure drop is normally economically
justifiable because the increase in the operating and capital cost of the pump is small
compared with the decrease in the cost of the turbulent exchanger.
The biggest problem with laminar flow in tubes is that the flow in inherently unstable. The
reasons for this can be demonstrated by a comparison of pressure drop and heat transfer
coefficient for turbulent versus laminar flow, as functions of viscosity (m) and mass velocity
Heat Transfer
Flow Type Delta P Function
Turbulent 0.2, G1.8 -0.47, G0.8
Laminar 1.0, G1.0 0.0, G0.33

In an air-cooled heat exchanger, because of imperfect air-side flow distribution due to wind,
or because of multiple tube rows per pass, it is likely that the flow through some of the tubes
in a given pass is cooled more than that through other tubes.
With turbulent flow, pressure drop is such a weak function of viscosity (0.2 power) and such
a strong function of mass velocity (1.8 power), that the flow in the colder tubes must
decrease only slightly in order for the pressure drop to be the same as that in the hotter tubes.
Also, as the flow slows and the viscosity increases, the heat transfer coefficient drops
significantly, (-0.47 power of viscosity, 0.8 power of G), so the over-cooling is self-
correcting.
With laminar flow, pressure drop is a much stronger function of viscosity (1.0 power) and a
much weaker function of mass velocity (1.0 power), so the flow in the colder tubes must
decrease much more to compensate for the higher viscosity. Viscosity of heavy hydrocarbons
is usually a very strong function of temperature, but with laminar flow, the heat transfer
coefficient is independent of viscosity, and only a weak function of mass velocity (0.33
power), so the self correction of turbulent flow is absent.
The result is that many of the tubes become virtually plugged, and a few tubes carry most of
the flow. Stability is ultimately achieved in the high flow tubes as a result of high mass
velocity and increased turbulence, but because so many tubes carry little flow and contribute
little cooling, a concurrent result is high pressure drop and low performance. The point at
which stability is reached depends on the steepness of the viscosity versus temperature curve.
Fluids with high pour points may completely plug most of an exchanger.
This problem can sometimes be avoided by designing deep bundles to improve air flow
distribution. Bundles should have no more than one row per pass, and should preferably have
at least two passes per row, so that the fluid will be mixed between passes.
When a fluid has both a high viscosity and a high pour point, long cooling ranges should be
separated into stages. The first exchanger should be designed for turbulent flow, with the
outlet temperature high enough to ensure an outlet Reynolds number above 2,000 even with
reduced flow. The lower cooling range can be accomplished in a serpentine coil (a coil
consisting of tubes or pipes connected by 180' return bends, with a single tube per pass). The
low temperature serpentine coil should, of course, be protected from freezing by external
warm air recirculation ducts.
Closed loop tempered water systems are often more economical, and are just as effective as a
serpentine coil. A shell and tube heat exchanger cools the viscous liquid over its low
temperature range on the shell side. Inhibited water is re-circulated between the tube side of
the shell and tube and an ACHE, where the heat is exhausted to the atmosphere.
For viscous fluids which are reasonably clean, such as lube oil, it is possible to increase the
tube side coefficient between four- and tenfold, with no increase in pressure drop, by
inserting turbulence promoters, and designing for a lower velocity. It is then advantageous to
use external fins to increase the airside coefficient also. In addition to the increase in heat
transfer coefficient, turbulence promoters have the great advantage that the pressure drop is
proportional to the 1.3 power of mass velocity, and only to the 0.5 power of viscosity, so that
non-isothermal flows are much more stable. The simplest and probably the most cost-
effective promoters are the swirl strips, a flat strip twisted into a helix.
Design Calculations
Purpose of Condenser in the Process:

6.22 Selection Of Condenser Type:

Since our operating pressure is very high (1010Kpa) so there is chance of leakage of
Gasketed material in Gasketed Plate condensers, also fouling problems eliminates the use of
PLATE-FIN tube condenser.
Since we are also dealing with recovery of LPG so Direct contact condensers cannot be used
because direct addition of coolant will hinder the separation of LPG.
Only choice is the use of shell & tube and air cooled condenser. We are using fan condenser
because of its less maintenance & Operating cost then shell & tube condenser due to
elimination of water fouling characteristics which require frequent cleaning
of water cooled heat exchanger and also due to quality of heat.
6.23 Induced Draft type arrangement:

This type of arrangement was selected for the following reasons;
 Better distribution of air across the bundle.
 Less possibility of hot effluent air recirculating into the intake. The hot air is discharged
upward at approximately 2.5 times the intake velocity, or about 1,500 feet per minute.
 Better process control and stability because the plenum covers 60% of the bundle face
area, reducing the effects of sun, rain, and hall.
 Increased capacity in the fan-off or fan failure condition, since the natural draft stack
effect is much greater.

6.24 Material & Energy Balance across the Fan Condenser:
6.25 Designing Steps:

 Establishment of Temperature & Pressure
 Specify temperature Intervals
 Calculation of Compositions & Heat duty for each interval
 Assumption of Ux
 Calculate Extended heat transfer Area

 Calculation of Face Area
 No of Fans to be used
 No of Tubes
 Calculation of Air flow rate
 Calculate air side heat transfer coefficient
Calculation of Heat Load:
Interval Latent Sensible Total Heat

Heat Heat
o
C kJ/hr kJ/hr kJ/hr
1 (61-59)
2450232 81932 2532164
2 (59-57) 1269448 81463 1350912
3 (57-55) 854324 81011 935335
4 (55-53) 482596 80548 563145
5 (53-51) 200461 80087 280547
6 (51-49) 83172 79656 162828
Vapor Liquid Equilibrium Calculations:

Zi = xi (1-v) + yiv
Zi = xi (1-v) + kixiv
Zi = xi {(1-v) + kiv}
xi = Zi/(1-v) + kiv
Finally we get;
xi = Zi/1-v (1-ki)
Now iterating for different values of v till the sum of xi for all components becomes equal to
1.
Once achieved, the resultant xi will be the composition for the liquid from which
composition of vapor can easily be calculated
Assumption of Ux:
From Table 6.1 Appendix – 6 we assume value of Ux

For hydrocarbons condensing we assume a value for Ux in SI units as;
Ux = 24 Watt/m2K
Mean Temperature Difference:

∆T = 15 oC
Extended Heat Transfer Area:
Ax = Q/Ux ∆TM
Ax = 4632 m2
Face Area:
Using Table 6.2 Appendix-6

Assuming 3 tube rows
Face Area = Ax / APSM
= 38.98m2
Bundle Size & No. Of Fans:

Length OF Tube = 9.15m
Width = 4.26m

Hence Two Fans can Be Used
No. Of Tubes:
No.Of tubes = Ax
APM ×L
= 296 tubes
For symmetry requirements use 300 tubes
Corrected Area:
Corrected Area = No. Of tubes × L / APM
= 4666m2
Corrected Face Area:

Corrected Face Area =Corrected Ax/APSM
= 4666/118.8
= 39.27
Corrected Width:
Corrected Width = 39.27/9.15
= 4.29m
Still Two Fans can be used
Corrected Ux:
Ux = Q/ ∆TM Ax
= 1618036/4666×15
= 23.2W/m2K

Flow Rate Of Air

Wa = Q/Cp ∆T
= 159.4kg/sec
Air Mass Velocity:

Air mass velocity (Ga) = Wa / Face Area
= 159/39
= 4.09kg/m2sec
Air Side Heat Transfer Coefficient:

Heat transfer Coefficient:

HA = 53.04W/m2K
Tube Side Calcuations
Dry Gas Mass Velocity:
Total Flow Area (At) = π NT

D2
4 i 2NP
= 0 .04m
Mass Velocity = Vapor mass flow

Total flow area
= 98.6 kg/m2sec
Dry Gas Film Coefficient:
0.8 0 .4
h i Di DG Cpμ μ 0. 14
ka ( )( )( )
=. 0243 i
μ ka μw
hi = 415 Watt/m2K
Diffusivity Coefficient:

= 9.9175×10-5m2/sec
Calculation of UΔT:
Heat balance equation was satisfied by this assumption as;
hi ( t g −t c ) + K g Mλ ( pv − pc )=h oi ( t c −t A ) =U ( t g −t A )
L.H.S = 13502
R.H.S = 13258
Both values differ by 1.7% which is less then permissible 3%
Thus averaging both values we get,
U(tg-tA) = UΔT = 13380 Watt/m2
Calculation of UΔT for other Intervals:
Interval Temp. UΔT TA=TAʹ-qʹ/mA CpA ΔT U

o
C W/m2 o
C K W/m2K
1 (61-59)
13380 43 17 787
2 (59-57) 13120 40 18 729
3 (57-55) 12334 38 18 685
4 (55-53) 11104 37 17 653
5 (53-51) 9922 36 16 620
6 (51-49) 8759 35 15 584
Overall Dirt Coefficient UD:
1 1 1
= +
Stabilization of Naphtha U D U c hD Page 124
UD = 596 Watt/m2K
Overall Coefficient UD based on extended area:
Ai
U x=U D ×
Ax
Ux = 24.4 Watt/m2K
Required Extended Tube Area:
Q
A=
U x ΔT
A = 4528 m2
Available Area = 4666 m2
Hence lesser area is actually required than is available so condenser is well overdesigned
and assumption of Ux taken initially is very much correct.
Fanned Area:
Fanned Area = 40% of total face area
= 16 m2
No of Fans = 2
Area Covered by each fan = 8 m2
Fan Diameter: 4× A
DFAN =
√
DFAN = 3.1 m
π
Available nearest standard Fan Diameter is 3.35 m

Air side Pressure Drop:

Pressure drop per tube row is given by;
DPA = 35 Pa
Total Pressure Drop:
Total Pressure Drop,
= No(rows)× DPA
= 105 Pa
Tube side Pressure Drop:
8 j f L ( μ/ μw )−0. 14 +2. 5 ρV t 2
ΔP t =N p
[ di ] 2
Using Ret = 125859
From Graph fig. 6.1 Appendix-6 we get value for the jf factor;
jf = 2.8×10-3
Hence
ΔPt = 46 KPa
Pressure Force Delivered By Fan:
P-force = 147 Pa
Fan Power:
Power = 17211 Watts
As a safety measure use a 20 KWatt motor

Specification Sheet
Identification: Partial Fan condenser
Operation: Continuous
Function: Partially condense the overhead vapors from the Stabilizer and to separate
LPG from the non-condensable gas (HP gas)
Type: Induced Draft Fan Condenser
Heat Duty: 5894230 kj/hr
Tube Side Fluid

Fluid (LPG & HP)
Flow rate: 17294.8kg/hr
Pressure: 1010Kpa
Temperature(Inlet): 61 oC
Temperature(Outlet): 49 oC
Tube Side Pressure Drop: 46 KPa
Number of Passes 3
Number of Tubes 300
Tube Length 20 ft
Diameter 1 inch 16 BWG
Air Side:
Flow rate 159.4 kg/sec
Pressure 1atm

Temperature(Inlet) 35oC
Temperature(Outlet): 45 oC
Air side heat transfer Coefficient: 53.04Watt/m2K
No.Of Fans Used: 2
Area Covered By Fans 15.8m2
Air side Pressure Drop 146.7Pa
Fan Horsepower 23.08HP
Ux assumed = 23.29W/m2 K Ux calculated = 24.2 W/m2 K
Allowed dirt factor Rd=0.005 W/m2 K

6.1 Working Principle of Equipment:: 6.2.1 Steady State Heat Transfer

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6.1 Working Principle of Equipment:: 6.2.1 Steady State Heat Transfer

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What are the different mechanisms of heat transfer?

What are the different mechanisms of heat transfer?

What are the different types of condensation mechanisms?

What are the different types of condensation mechanisms?

Design Of Fin-Fan Partial Condenser

6.1 Working Principle of Equipment:

6.2 Types of Heat Transfer Operations:

6.2.2 Unsteady State Heat Transfer:

 Unsteady State Conditions are observed in:

 Cooling & heating of material .e.g. polymer & glass

 Certain types of regeneration

6.3 Steady State Heat Transfer Considerations:

Stabilization of Naphtha Page 94

Total resistance to heat transfer

Rtot = (Th - Tc) /q

Th = Temperature of hot fluid

Tc = Temperature of cold fluid

Rtot is comprised of:

 Resistance due to convective heat transfer 1 / hc

 Resistance due to fouling on warm side Rhf

 Resistance to heat transfer through wall x/ kw

 Resistance due to fouling on colder side Rcf

 Resistance due to convective heat transfer in cold fluid 1/ hc

Rtot = 1/U = 1/ hc + Rhf + x/ kw + Rcf + 1/ hc

6.4 Consequences of Heat Transfer:

 Vaporization (The change of Phase from liquid to vapor)

 Condensation (The change from vapor to liquid)

 Super heating of vapor ( Change in sensible heat of vapor)

 Sub-cooling of condensed liquid ( Change in sensible heat o liquid)

Stabilization of Naphtha Page 95

6.6 Condensation Mechanisms:

6.6.2 Film-wise Condensation:

6.7 Comparison Of Two Condensation Mechanisms:

6.8 Nusselt Theory For Condensation On Surface:

 The heat delivered by the vapor is latent heat only.

Stabilization of Naphtha Page 96

 The condensate film is so thin that temperature through it is linear.

 The surface is assumed to be relatively smooth and clean.

 The temperature of the solid surface is assumed to be constant.

6.10 Condenser Configurations:

Stabilization of Naphtha Page 97

6.11 Types of Condensers:

Induced Types of Fan Cooler

Stabilization of Naphtha Page 98

6.12 Basics of Air Cooled Heat Exchanger

Stabilization of Naphtha Page 99

An ACHE consists of the following components:

 One or more bundles of heat transfer surface.

 An air-moving device, such as a fan, blower, or stack.

 A plenum between the bundle or bundles and the air-moving device.

 Optional header and fan maintenance walkways with ladders to grade.

 Optional louvers for process outlet temperature control.

 Optional recirculation ducts and chambers for protection against freezing or

6.13.1 Tube Bundle

Stabilization of Naphtha Page 100

6.13.2 Fins are attached to the tubes in a number of ways:

Stabilization of Naphtha Page 101

 Helically wrapping a strip of aluminum to embed it in a pre-cut helical groove and

Stabilization of Naphtha Page 102