ANALOG ELECTRONIC

CIRCUITS
ECE2002
Fall-2020-21
Dr. BALAJI V R
Assistant Professor-SENSE
[email protected]
 Quotes
A room without books is like a body without a
soul.”― Marcus Tullius Cicero
 PREVIOUS LECTURE
• The structure and operation of the pn junction – a basic
semiconductor structure that implements the diode and plays a
dominant role in semiconductors (Basic Diode Physics)
• Practical diodes
Lecture Objective
Concepts of different mathematical diode
models.
Analyze diode behavior
Diode applications
Different working regions
Simple diode models
Recap
• Most common
implementation of a
diode utilizes pn
junction.
• I-V curve consists of
three characteristic
regions
– forward bias: v > 0
– reverse bias: v < 0
– breakdown: v << 0
Characteristics Curve
Oxford University Publishing
Microelectronic Circuits by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith (0195323033)
 The
Forward-Bias Region
IS  constant for diode at given
temperature (aka. saturation current)

• The forward-bias (eq4.1) i  IS (ev / VT  1)

region of operation is VT  thermal voltage
k  Boltzmann's constant (8.62E -5 eV/K)
entered when v > 0. q  magnitude of electron charge (1.6E -19 C)

• I-V relationship is kT
(eq4.2) VT   25.8mV
closely approximated q at room
by equations to right. temperature
IS  constant for diode at given
temperature (aka. saturation current)

(4.3) is a simplification (eq4.3) i  IS ev / VT

suitable for large v
Oxford University Publishing
Microelectronic Circuits by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith (0195323033)
 The Forward-Bias Region

• cut-in voltage – is
voltage, below which,
minimal current flows
– approximately 0.5V
• fully conducting region
– is region in which
Rdiode is approximately
equal 0
– between 0.6 and 0.8V
fully conducting region
 Uses
• Block current flow in specific direction
• Rectifier (AC to DC )
• Voltage Regulator and Protections
• Light Emitting diodes
• AM detectors
• Logic gates
• Phototdiodes
V-I Characteristics
 Simple Diode Models: Ideal model

Simplified diode models better suited for use in circuit

analyses:
• exponential model
• constant voltage-drop model
• ideal diode model
• small-signal (linearization) model
 Ideal diode
• The simplest and most fundamental nonlinear circuit element is the diode.
It is a two terminal device like a resistor but the two terminals are not
interchangeable.
• The i-v characteristic for the ideal diode passes no current when the
applied voltage is negative, and when the applied voltage is positive the
diode is a perfect short circuit (zero resistance).
Diode is Polarity dependent
 Simple Application: Rectifier
 vD 

vI iD R vO

vI
vP

for vI  0 t

 vD  0   vD  v I  for vI  0
 
vI vO  v I vI iD  0 vO  0
iD R R
 
vO The negative half-cycle
The positive half-cycle
vP is blocked
is transmitted
t
 Another Application: Diode Logic Gates
Diodes and resistors can be used to implement digital logic functions
0V is a Low and +5V is a high
In the circuit on the left below if any one of the three inputs is at +5V the output v Q will also be at +5V and
there will be a current flowing through the resistor. If all three input are zero the diodes will be cut off and
the output will be grounded through the resistor. The results are summarized in the OR gate truth table next
to the circuit
In the circuit on the right below, if any of the inputs are zero that diode will be on and the output will be at
zero volts. If all three inputs are at +5V the diodes will be cut off and the output will be at +5V. The results are
summarized in the AND gate table.
 Piecewise-linear Model
• The analysis of a diode circuit can be greatly simplified by approximating
the exponential i-v curve with two straight lines. One line, A, has a zero
slope and the second line, B, has a slope of 1/rD
• The piecewise-linear model is described as follows:
i  0, v  V
D D D0

i  v V  r
D D D0 D
, v V
D D0

v V  i r
D D0 D D
 Constant-Voltage Drop Model
This model is even simpler than the piecewise-linear or battery-plus-resistance model
shown on the previous slide.
Here, we use a vertical straight line, B, to approximate the fast-rising part of the
exponential i-v curve of the diode.
We assume that a forward-conducting diode exhibits a constant voltage drop, VD,
which is approximately 0.7 V.
This model is used in the initial phases of analysis and design to give a rough estimate
of circuit behavior.

𝑉 − 𝑉𝐷
𝐼𝐷 =
𝑅
 Problem:
For the circuit shown below, find ID and VD for VDD=5V and R=10kΩ.
Assume that the diode has a voltage of 0.7V at 1mA current and the voltage
changes by 0.1V
Use the piecewise linear model with (a)VD0=0.65V and rD=20W, and (b) the
constant voltage-drop model with VD=0.7V.ecade of current change.
Piecewise-linear Model
Constant-Voltage Drop Model