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Complex Notes: Abhishake Sadhukhan Complex Residues

This document discusses complex residues and the Laurent series expansion. It introduces the Cauchy residue theorem, which states that the integral around a closed contour of a function with an isolated singularity inside the contour equals 2πi times the residue of the function at that singularity. Several examples are provided to demonstrate evaluating integrals using residues, including finding the residues directly from the Laurent series and by differentiation. Exercises are also provided to have the reader practice applying these concepts.

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Sourav Roy
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86 views2 pages

Complex Notes: Abhishake Sadhukhan Complex Residues

This document discusses complex residues and the Laurent series expansion. It introduces the Cauchy residue theorem, which states that the integral around a closed contour of a function with an isolated singularity inside the contour equals 2πi times the residue of the function at that singularity. Several examples are provided to demonstrate evaluating integrals using residues, including finding the residues directly from the Laurent series and by differentiation. Exercises are also provided to have the reader practice applying these concepts.

Uploaded by

Sourav Roy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complex Notes

Abhishake Sadhukhan
Complex residues

Suppose a function f (z) is defined inside a complex domain C and it has a singularity at z0 ∈ C
then in general we can write
b1 b2 bm
f (z) = a0 + a1 (z − z0 ) + a2 (z − z0 )2 + ... + + + .... (1)
(z − z0 ) (z − z0 )2 (z − z0 )m
This is called Laurent series. Ex.1) First show

I
(z − z0 )n = 2πiδn,−1 (2)
C

To show this you have to assume(and this is very important) a domain which is 0 < |z − z0 | < r
Cauchy’s residue theorem automatically follows. Also note that for this to work the f (z) in equation
(1) will need to have an isolated singularity at z0 . If there is another singularity within a very tiny
distance of z0 this residue theorem fails. Why?
Exercise) Is the singularity of sin(π/z) isolated at z = 0? Why or why not?

I
f (z)dz = 2πib1 (3)
C

Here the integral is along the periphery of the domain (also called contour) and it is taken to be in
the counterclockwise direction by convention.
Exercise) Evaluate I I
−1 z
z e dz and ze1/z dz (4)

where the contour is a circle of unit radius centered around the origin.
Now, multiply by (z − z0 )m to turn the Laurent series into a power series. This only works if m
is finite integer which means z0 is not an essential singularity. (When m = 1, it is called a simple
pole.)

X
(z − z0 )m f (z) = an (z − z0 )n+m + b1 (z − z0 )m−1 + b2 (z − z0 )m−2 ... + bm (5)
n=0

Then kill off the b2 , ..., bm terms by differentiating m − 1 times . You’ll get
dm−1 m
X (n + m)!
m−1
f (z)(z − z0 ) = an (z − z0 )n+1 f (z) + (m − 1)!b1 (6)
dz (n + 1)!
You can now read off b1 by taking the limit z → z0 .

1
So, there are two equivalent ways to find the residue. (1) To write the Laurent series f (z) upto
the first order using partial fractions and (2) by differentiating it!.
Exercise) Find the residue of
cot πz
f (z) = (7)
z2
about z0 = 0. What is the order of pole there?
Now suppose there are two singularities z0 and z00 inside the domain C. Then, along with
equation (1) we can also write

b01 b02
f (z) = a00 + a01 (z − z00 ) + a02 (z − z00 )2 + ... + + + .... (8)
(z − z00 ) (z − z00 )2

inside the domain C.


In this case, it should be obvious that

I
f (z)dz = 2πi(b1 + b01 ) (9)
C

Exercise) Evaluate
I
1
dz (10)
C 6 − 5z + z 2
where C is a circle of radius 5 centered around origin.
Exercise) Evaluate I
dz(z + 1)
(11)
z 3 (z 2 + 1)
along a contour circle centered around 0 and radius 1/2.
We can also evaluate some trigonometric integrals using the residue theorem.
Exercise) Show using z = cos θ + i sin θ, meaning |z| = 1

1 1 dz
cos θ = (z + 1/z), sin θ = (z − 1/z), dθ = (12)
2 2 iz
Then we can write for some function F (cos θ, sin θ),
Z 2π I
F dθ = f (z)dz (13)
0 C

Then the exercise is to first find f (z) and then find the residues inside a circle |z| = 1.
Exercise) First show Z 2π
−i4zdz
I
dθ
2
= (14)
0 1 + 3 cos θ 3z + 10z 2 + 3
4

and then evaluate the integral.

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