Introduction

Three phase transformer consists of three sets of primary windings, one for each phase,
and three sets of secondary windings wound on the same iron core. Separate single-
phase transformers can be used and externally interconnected to yield the same results
as a 3-phase unit.

Understanding Vector Group of Transformer (Part 1)

The primary windings are connected in one of several ways. The two most common
configurations are the delta, in which the polarity end of one winding is connected to the
non-polarity end of the next, and the star, in which all three non-polarities (or polarity)
ends are connected together. The secondary windings are connected similarly. This
means that a 3-phase transformer can have its primary and secondary windings
connected the same (delta-delta or star-star), or differently (delta-star or star-delta).

It’s important to remember that the secondary voltage waveforms are in phase with the
primary waveforms when the primary and secondary windings are connected the same
way. This condition is called “no phase shift.”
But when the primary and secondary windings are connected differently, the secondary
voltage waveforms will differ from the corresponding primary voltage waveforms by 30
electrical degrees. This is called a 30 degree phase shift. When two transformers are
connected in parallel, their phase shifts must be identical; if not, a short circuit will occur
when the transformers are energized.”
Basic Idea of Winding
An ac voltage applied to a coil will induce a voltage in a second coil where the two are
linked by a magnetic path. The phase relationship of the two voltages depends upon
which ways round the coils are connected. The voltages will either be in-phase or
displaced by 180 degree.

When 3 coils are used in a 3 phase transformer winding a number of options exist. The
coil voltages can be in phase or displaced as above with the coils connected in star or
delta and, in the case of a star winding, have the star point (neutral) brought out to an
external terminal or not.

Six Ways to wire Star Winding:

Six Ways to wire Star Winding

Six Ways to wire Delta Winding:

 Six Ways to wire Delta Winding

Polarity
An AC voltage applied to a coil will induce a voltage in a second coil where the two are
linked by a magnetic path.  The phase relationship of the two voltages depends upon
which way round the coils are connected.  The voltages will either be in-phase or
displaced by 180 deg.

When 3 coils are used in a 3 phase transformer winding a number of options exist. The
coil voltages can be in phase or displaced as above with the coils connected in star or
delta and, in the case of a star winding, have the star point (neutral) brought out to an
external terminal or not.
 Additive and substractive polarity of
transformer

When Pair of Coil of Transformer have same direction than voltage induced in both coil
are in same direction from one end to other end. When two coil have opposite winding
direction than Voltage induced in both coil are in opposite direction.

Winding connection designations

 First Symbol: for High Voltage: Always capital letters.
  D=Delta, S=Star, Z=Interconnected star, N=Neutral
 Second Symbol: for Low voltage: Always Small letters.
  d=Delta, s=Star, z=Interconnected star, n=Neutral.
 Third Symbol: Phase displacement expressed as the clock hour number (1,6,11)
Example – Dyn11
Transformer has a delta connected primary winding (D) a star connected secondary (y)
with the star point brought out (n) and a phase shift of 30 deg leading (11).

The point of confusion is occurring in notation in a step-up transformer. As the IEC60076-

1 standard has stated, the notation is HV-LV in sequence. For example, a step-up
transformer with a delta-connected primary, and star-connected secondary, is not written
as ‘dY11’, but ‘Yd11’. The 11 indicates the LV winding leads the HV by 30 degrees.
Transformers built to ANSI standards usually do not have the vector group shown on
their nameplate and instead a vector diagram is given to show the relationship between
the primary and other windings.
Vector Group of Transformer
The three phase transformer windings can be connected several ways. Based on the
windings’ connection, the vector group of the transformer is determined.

The transformer vector group is indicated on the Name Plate of transformer by the

manufacturer. The vector group indicates the phase difference between the primary and
secondary sides, introduced due to that particular configuration of transformer windings
connection.
The Determination of vector group of transformers is very important before connecting
two or more transformers in parallel. If two transformers of different vector groups are
connected in parallel then phase difference exist between the secondary of the
transformers and large circulating current flows between the two transformers which is
very detrimental.

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Phase Displacement between HV and LV

Windings
The vector for the high voltage winding is taken as the reference vector. Displacement of
the vectors of other windings from the reference vector, with anticlockwise rotation, is
represented by the use of clock hour figure.

IS: 2026 (Part 1V)-1977 gives 26 sets of connections star-star, star-delta, and star
zigzag, delta-delta, delta star, delta-zigzag, zigzag star, zigzag-delta. Displacement of the
low voltage winding vector varies from zero to -330° in steps of -30°, depending on the
method of connections.
Hardly any power system adopts such a large variety of connections. Some of the
commonly used connections with phase displacement of 0, -300, -180″ and -330° (clock-
hour setting 0, 1, 6 and 11).
Symbol for the high voltage winding comes first, followed by the symbols of windings in
diminishing sequence of voltage. For example a 220/66/11 kV Transformer connected
star, star and delta and vectors of 66 and 11 kV windings having phase displacement of
0° and -330° with the reference (220 kV) vector will be represented As Yy0 – Yd11.

The digits (0, 1, 11 etc) relate to the phase displacement between the HV and LV
windings using a clock face notation. The phasor representing the HV winding is taken as
reference and set at 12 o’clock. Phase rotation is always anti-clockwise. (International
adopted).

Use the hour indicator as the indicating phase displacement angle. Because there are 12
hours on a clock, and a circle consists out of 360°, each hour represents 30°.Thus 1 =
30°, 2 = 60°, 3 = 90°, 6 = 180° and 12 = 0° or 360°.
The minute hand is set on 12 o’clock and replaces the line to neutral voltage (sometimes
imaginary) of the HV winding. This position is always the reference point.

Example
 Digit 0 =0° that the LV phasor is in phase with the HV phasor
Digit 1 =30° lagging (LV lags HV with 30°) because rotation is anti-clockwise.
 Digit 11 = 330° lagging or 30° leading (LV leads HV with 30°)
 Digit 5 = 150° lagging (LV lags HV with 150°)
 Digit 6 = 180° lagging (LV lags HV with 180°)
When transformers are operated in parallel it is important that any phase shift is the
same through each. Paralleling typically occurs when transformers are located at one site
and connected to a common bus bar (banked) or located at different sites with the
secondary terminals connected via distribution or transmission circuits consisting of
cables and overhead lines.

Phase Shift Connection

(Deg)
0 Yy0 Dd0 Dz0
30 lag Yd1 Dy1 Yz1
60 lag Dd2 Dz2
120 lag Dd4 Dz4
150 lag Yd5 Dy5 Yz5
180 lag Yy6 Dd6 Dz6
150 lead Yd7 Dy7 Yz7
120 lead Dd8 Dz8
60 lead Dd10 Dz10
30 lead Yd11 Dy11 Yz11

The phase-bushings on a three phase transformer are marked either  ABC, UVW or 123
(HV-side capital, LV-side small letters). Two winding, three phase transformers can be
divided into four main categories

Group O’clock TC
Group I 0 o’clock, 0° delta/delta,
star/star
Group II 6 o’clock, delta/delta,
180° star/star
Group III 1 o’clock, -30° star/delta,
delta/star
Group IV 11 o’clock, star/delta,
+30° delta/star
Minus indicates LV lagging HV, plus
indicates LV leading HV
Clock Notation 0 (Phase Shift 0)

Clock
Notation 0 (Phase Shift 0)
Clock Notation 1 (Phase Shift -30)

Clock
Notation 1 (Phase Shift -30)
Clock Notation 2 (Phase Shift -60)
 Clock Notation 2 (Phase Shift -60)
Clock Notation 4 (Phase Displacement -120)

Clock Notation 4 (Phase Displacement -120)

Clock Notation 5 (Phase Displacement -150)
 Clock
Notation 5 (Phase Displacement -150)
Clock Notation 6 (Phase Shift +180)

Clock
Notation 6 (Phase Shift +180)
Clock Notation 7 (Phase Shift +150)
 Clock
Notation 7 (Phase Shift +150)
Clock Notation 11 (Phase Shift +30)

Clock
Notation 11 (Phase Shift +30)

To be continued…