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Static and Dynamic Analyses of Micropiles to Reinforce the High Railway

Embankments on Loose Beds

Research · January 2016

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4395.1122

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 Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering 1-2 (2013) 39-48

journal homepage: http://civiljournal.semnan.ac.ir/

Static and Dynamic Analyses of Micropiles to

Reinforce the High Railway Embankments on Loose
Beds

M. Esmaeili 1* , M. Gharouni Nik 1 and F. Khayyer 2

1. Assistant Professor, Department of Railway Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, 16846
Iran, Tehran, Narmak.
2. M.Sc. Department of Railway Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, 16846 Iran, Tehran,
Narmak.
corresponding author: [email protected]

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history:
Received: 17 November 2012 Construction of railway embankments on loose beds without
Accepted: 26 May 2013 using any methods of soil improvement (e.g. stone columns
in silt and clay beds, deep soil mixing method, jet grouting
Keywords: and also using micropiles individually or in groups form)
Micropiles
leads to reduction of embankment slope gradient, which
Numerical modeling
Embankment significantly increases the volume of soil operation.
Loose beds Generally, micropile as a reinforcing element with the main
Bearing capacity characteristics of improving the mechanical-physical
properties of soil, is a proper methodology for the aim of
improving loose earth with low bearing capacity and
intensive settlement characteristics. This paper explores
numerical models of non-reinforced and reinforced railway
embankments (with the height of 10 to 25 m) rested on loose
beds that simulated and analyzed by SLIDE software. It
should be considered that in order to reinforce the
embankments using different arrangements of micropiles. In
addition, the non-reinforced and reinforced embankments
were analyzed against different load combinations that
consist of railway operational load, permanent weight of the
rail line and intense earthquake load. It should be mentioned
that LM71 standard load was used as operational load during
the simulations. The main purpose of this paper is finding the
optimum arrangement of micropiles to reinforce the high
railway embankments on loose beds. Therefore, according
numerical analyses procedure, it was resulted that the use of
micropiles exactly between toe and 1/3 to 1/2 length of the
embankment slope is the optimal way to reinforce the
embankments on loose beds.
40 M. Esmaeili et el./ Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering 1-2 (2013) 39-48

1. Introduction efficiency of micropiles for slope stabilization

by using finite element and equilibrium point
Generally, geotechnical engineers are facing software.
two options in dealing with problematic soils
Accordance with the above, this paper is
such as loose soils with low bearing capacity
prepared to numerically examine the
or high consolidation, liquefied soils,
micropiles in a software environment, too. It is
remoulded soils, and so on:
remarkable that the study is about the
A. Use of load bearing elements in the soil to embankment with height of 10 to 25 m.
transfer the applied loads to a deeper, more
It is noteworthy that in this paper, SLIDE
competent or stable stratum;
version 5.0 has been used to design micropiles
B. Improvement and modification of physical for reinforcing embankment slope against the
and mechanical properties of soil mass. sliding. By using this 2D slope stability
analysis software can calculate the safety
Each of these solutions has its own
factors for circular slope failure surfaces,
specifications, which have been greatly
based on a number of widely used limit
developed over many years. Some of the
equilibrium techniques including Bishop
innovative techniques have a nature combined
Method. In addition, some specifications are
of both methods (with the advantages of both),
considered to select this software, which are as
among which the use of micropiles
follows: combination of an attractive, easy to
individually or reticulated (in groups form) can
use CAD based graphical interface with a wide
be noted (Esmaeili et al., 2010).
range of modelling and data interpretation
Micropiles refer to the lightly reinforced and options, the similarity between the simulated
grouted piles with a diameter smaller than 30 environment and real conditions, simplicity of
cm. Micropile not only acts as a load bearing the software environment, high capability of
element resistant against applied loads, but modelling the embankment, micropiles against
also improves the mechanical properties of the the applied loads (Azami et al., 2003).
surrounding soil because of the cement
The main purpose of this design is to
grouting (FHWA, 2000).
determine the most appropriate location of
Before using micropile as a way to reinforce micropile embankment slope in order to be
the high embankments in the site conditions, used in experimental modelling. The most
the numerical and experimental investigations critical material and geometrical conditions for
are necessary to prove the efficiency of this the embankment have been considered to
method. Accordingly, several numerical increase the efficiency of this investigation.
studies have been conducted by engineers Considering this issue and the realistic
community during the recent years that conditions established for this embankment,
express the applicability of micropiles in this the following have been considered for the
way. For instance, Cantoni and Collotta (1989) intended simulation: the dead load resulting
investigated the reticulated micropiles from weight of the rail line pavement, the live
structures to reinforce the slopes against load resulting from the operational loads of
sliding. Dam stabilization with micropiles was rail line (that's calculated based on LM71
studied by Haider et al. (2004). In another standard load), and finally the earthquake load
work, Bruce et al. (2004) designed a micropile for earthquake-prone areas (Ehteshami et al.,
wall to stabilize a railway embankment in the 2004).
environment of Flac-2D software. In addition,
Wang et al. (2009) analyzed micropile 2. Inputs of SLIDE software for
foundation in subgrade by using finite element designing micropiles
method. Finally, Howe (2010) examined the
 M. Esmaeili et el./ Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering 1-2 (2013) 39-48 41

As mentioned before, to examine the slope stability program for evaluating the
efficiency of micropiles to reinforce the stability of circular or non-circular failure
embankments and determine the optimum surfaces in soil or rock slopes. SLIDE is very
arrangement of them, the numerical models of simple to use, and yet complex models can be
non-reinforced and reinforced embankments created and analyzed quickly and easily.
simulated by SLIDE software that the External loading, groundwater and support can
significant analysis information are given in all be modelled in a variety of ways (Azami et
Table 1. It's to be noted that SLIDE is a 2D al., 2003).

Table 1. Analysis information of SLIDE software

Maximum number of Radius
Analysis Method Number of slices Tolerance Surface Type
iterations increment
Bishop simplified 25 0.005 50 Circular 10

2.1. Determining the properties of bed and According to UIC719-R code (1994), the
gradient of embankment slope is typically
embankment
considered to be 1 to 3, 1 to 2 and 2 to 3.
Considering the prevalent use of high Obviously, if the slope gradient increases, the
embankments for making the infrastructure of volume of the soil operation in the
railway lines, moreover the stability problems construction of embankment is reduced.
of them against the static and dynamic loads Consequently, because of the use of micropile
cause that the range of embankments height for creating economic balance, maximum
selected between 10 to 25 for SLIDE slope gradient has been considered in the
simulations. It's to be noted that the bed simulation of embankment. In order to
dimensions determined based on a logical optimize the paper size just shown the figures
relative to the embankment dimensions (Table of embankments with the height of 15 and 20
2). m, as the pictorial outputs of SLIDE analyses
(Figs 1 and 2).

Table 2. The dimensions of bed and embankment

Length of the Length of the Depth of the
Height of the Length of the
embankment embankment Depth of bed (m) modified part
embankment (m) bed sides (m)
slope (m) crest (m) of the bed (m)
15 27 15 6 15 2
20 36 20 6 20 2

Fig 1. Dimensions of a 15-m embankment simulated by SLIDE software

42 M. Esmaeili et el./ Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering 1-2 (2013) 39-48

Fig 2. Dimensions of a 20-m embankment simulated by SLIDE software

Given that the most critical conditions have bed, the properties of SC material were used
been considered, the soil of bed was chosen (according to the soil characteristics of the
from loose soils with low bearing capacity. implemented embankments in the Iranian
Accordingly, the bed material was selected railways after 1978) (Zakeri, Shahroudi,
from the SP sand (Das, 2005). Also to model 2006). The selected material properties are
the embankment and a upper 2-m layer of the given in Table 3.

Table 3. The material properties of bed and embankment

Properties
Strength Type γSoil (kN/m3) c (kPa) φ (degree)
Type of soil
Embankment soil Mohr-Coulomb 20 20 30
Bed soil Mohr-Coulomb 18 1 28

2.2. Loading the embankment Eq. (2), (3), (4) and (5) (Ehteshami et al.,
2004).
The vertical loads that were assumed to
simulate the embankment in the SLIDE δ = 1+ α + β + γ (2)
environment are based on permanent weight of α = 0.04 [V/100]2 (3)
rail line and railway operational load. Also, to
apply the earthquake load, a seismic load β = 0.2
coefficient (horizontal) was assumed to be γ = γ0 . α . β (4)
equal to 0.3 . It's to be noted that the unit
weight of ballast has been supposed to be 1.9 γ0 = 0.1+0.17×[V/100]2 (5)
t/m3 (Ehteshami et al., 2004). The vertical
V=200 (Km/h) → δ = 1+0.16+0.2+0.025 =
overheads are calculated according to Eq. (1).
1.385 > 1.3
Q = P / (L×B) (1)
Finally, the values of load combinations to
2
QL = (4×37.5) / (6.4×6) = 3.91 (t.m/m ) simulate the embankment by SLIDE, are
calculated according to the Eq. (6), (7) and (8).
QD1 = (0.3×1.9×3.65) / 6 = 0.347 (t.m/m2)
load combination Case 1 = QD1+QD2+δ.(QD1 +
QD2 = (0.15×1.9×6) / 6 = 0.285 (t.m/m2) QD2) = 0.632+0.243 = 0.875 (t.m/m2) (6)
It is noteworthy that the amount of operational load combination Case 2 =
load determined depending on the amount of QL+QD1+QD2+δ.(QL+QD1+QD2) =
axial force which is variable between 20 to 0.632+3.91+1.5 = 5.41 (t.m/m2) (7)
37.5 ton. Furthermore, the effect of impact
load is applied for vertical efforts by using the
 M. Esmaeili et el./ Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering 1-2 (2013) 39-48 43

load combination Case 3 = Water cement ratio and the characteristics of

QE+QD1+QD2+δ.(QD1+QD2) (8) reinforcing steel can be considered as the most
important material properties of micropiles.
It's to be noted that according to UIC719-R
According to FHWA guidelines (2000), water
code (1994), the allowable safety factors of
cement ratio was considered between 0.45 to
embankment stabilization for load
0.6. In addition, the elasticity modulus of
combinations Case 1, 2 and 3 are 1.5, 1.3 and
cement grout and reinforcing steel (for steel
1.1, respectively.
bar and casing pipe) were assumed to be equal
2.3. Determining the properties of to 31 and 200 Gpa (standard wrought steel),
micropiles respectively (Table 4).

The material properties of micropiles

Table 4. The material properties of micropiles

Elasticity modulus of Compressive strength of Elasticity modulus of
Water cement ratio
cement grout (MPa) cement grout (MPa) reinforcing wire (MPa)
31000 34.5 0.45 to 0.6 200000

Recent research suggests, however, that in the shear strength according to the Eq. (10)
certain conditions and for certain micropile (Figure 4) (ACI 318, 2005).
arrangements, the micropiles are principally,
ESteel I1 + EGrout I2 + ESteel I3 + EGrout I4 = EGrout I
directly, and locally subjected to bending and
(9)
shearing forces, specifically near the sliding
surface (Pearlman et al., 1992). Accordingly, 200 × 5.15 + 31 × 31038.04 + 200 × 8717.59 +
to simulate the micropiles in the environment 31 × 267035.38 = 31 × (πR4/ 4)
of SLIDE software, the amount of allowable
shear strength of micropile is used, that has R = 25.92 (cm)
been considered to be 0.55×√fˊc×πR2, where fˊc FS = 0.55 ×√ fˊc × πR²
is the compressive strength of the cement (10)
grout. In addition, an equivalent steel section
of micropiles was used (Eq. (9)) to calculate FS = 0.55 × √34500 × 0.211 = 21.555 (kN)

Fig 3. Representation of LM71 standard load (Ehteshami et al., 2004)

44 M. Esmaeili et el./ Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering 1-2 (2013) 39-48

Fig 4. Cross-section of the micropile with a diameter of 15 cm

The geometrical parameters of micropiles D. Number of micropiles: total number

of micropiles increased as trial and
Determining the geometrical parameters of
error until achieving the allowable
micropiles are important to simulate reinforced
safety factor of embankment slope
embankment which were assumed as Table 5.
stability; and
A. Length of micropiles: to reduce the
E. Micropiles spacing: it was also
operation of trial and error method
reduced as trial and error until
in order to obtain optimum
achieving the allowable safety factor
arrangement of micropiles, constant
of embankment slope stability. It
values have been considered for the
should be considered that this item
length of micropiles, which assumed
was variable in two orientations,
to be 10 to 25 m for the 10 to 25-m
lateral and longitudinal spacing that
embankments, respectively;
the first is the distance between
B. Angle of micropiles relative to the distributed micropiles along the
vertical axis: the angle of micropiles length of embankment slope, and
has been selected between 0 to 30 the second is the distance between
degree relative to the vertical axis. micropiles along the length of
According to the deep failure of embankment (FHWA, 2000).
embankment slope and the selected
It's to be noted that by using the
length of micropiles, the angles
recommendations of UIC719-R code (1994)
were selected such a way that the
about the location of micropiles in the
micropiles cross the sliding surface
embankment slope can reduce the steps of
certainly;
designing in trial and error method.
C. Diameter of micropiles: to reduce Accordingly, in this paper all the micropiles
the number of micropiles for arrangements were based on the both
savings in financial costs of recommended case of UIC719-R code (1994)
construction process, the diameter (Figure 5).
was considered to be the maximum
dimension, equal to 30 cm;
 M. Esmaeili et el./ Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering 1-2 (2013) 39-48 45
Table 5. The geometric parameters of micropiles arrangement
Parameters Length of the
θ SLateral SLongitudinal
LMP (m) DMP (cm) NSection slope that
(degree) (m) (m)
Arrangement number reinforced
Toe of the
No. 1 15 0 to 30 30 4 0 0.5 embankment
slope
Whole the
No. 2 15 0 30 4 6.75 0.5
length
Whole the
No. 3 15 to 25 0 30 4 6.75 0.5
length
No. 4 15 0 30 3 4.5 1 1/3length
No. 5 15 0 30 3 4.5 0.5 1/3length
No. 6 15 0 30 4 3 0.5 1/3length
No. 7 15 15 30 4 3 0.5 1/3length
Toe of the
No. 8 20 0 to 30 30 6 0 0.5 embankment
slope
Whole the
No. 9 20 0 30 6 6 0.5
length
Whole the
No. 10 20 to 30 0 30 6 6 0.5
length
No. 11 20 0 30 5 4.5 1 1/2length
No. 12 20 0 30 5 4.5 0.5 1/2length
No. 13 20 0 30 6 3.6 0.5 1/2length
No. 14 20 15 30 6 3.6 0.5 1/2 length

Fig 5. Recommendations of UIC719-R code (1994) about the location of micropiles in the embankment
slope

3. Designing the micropiles to 3.1. Analyzing the non-reinforced

reinforce the high railway embankments
embankments on loose beds Results of the analysis procedure on non-
reinforced embankments with the height of 10
First, the embankment stability was examined
to 25 m are as follows:
in a non-reinforced condition, then it would be
reinforced with different arrangement of A. As was expected, the load combination
micropiles; and the analysis procedure Case 3 was more critical than the load
continued as a trial and error method, until combinations Case 1 and 2, the reasons for
achieving the allowable safety factor of which are as follows :
embankment slope stability.
- Lateral loads like earthquake load are more
effective for creating sliding on the
embankments slope; and
- Lateral loads are more effective on the high
embankments.
46 M. Esmaeili et el./ Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering 1-2 (2013) 39-48

B. The embankments wasn't even close to the movement of layers of loose beds (Figures
moment of failure against the load 6 and 7).
combinations Case 1 and 2 (Figures 6(a)
According to the Figures 6 and 7, the
and 7(a)), while deep sliding occurs in the
embankments failure just appeared against
embankments slope against the load
the load combination Case 3. Accordingly,
combination Case 3 (Figures 6(b) and 7(b));
all the followed numerical simulations
and
would be done based on this load
C. The main reason of deep sliding in the combination.
embankments slope was the lateral

Fig 6. (a) The stability of non-reinforced embankment with the height of 15 m against the load combination
Case 2 (FS = 1.54 > 1. 3), and (b) its failure against the load combination Case 3 (FS = 1.02 < 1. 1)

Fig 7. (a) The stability of non-reinforced embankment with the height of 20 m against the load combination
Case 2 (FS = 1. 46 >1. 3), and (b) its failure against the load combination Case 3 (FS = 0. 93 < 1. 1)

3.2. Analysis of embankments reinforced 17 m, was effective only by using the

with micropiles micropiles with very long and non-
To examine the efficiency of micropiles to standard length in order to cross the
reinforce the embankments, 10 to 25-m sliding surface.
embankments reinforced with different C. The micropiles distribution between the
arrangements of micropiles were studied; and toe and 1/3 length of slope was the most
the output results of the research are given in effective and appropriate location to
Table 6. reinforce the slope of embankments
Results of numerical analyses on the with the height of 10 to 17 m.
embankments with the height of 10 to 17 m: Results of numerical analyses on the
A. Using the micropiles exactly in the toe embankments with the height of 17 to 25 m:
of 10 to 17-m embankments slope was A. Using the micropiles exactly in the toe
not very effective in order to prevent the of 17 to 25-m embankments slope even
sliding due to the high altitude of with long length couldn't stabilize the
embankments; and failure still occurred slope.
in the upper part of the embankments. B. The distribution of micropiles along the
B. The distribution of micropiles along the whole length of slope for the
whole length of slope for the embankments with the height of 17 to
embankments with the height of 10 to 25 m, was effective only by using the
 M. Esmaeili et el./ Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering 1-2 (2013) 39-48 47

micropiles with very long and non- reinforce the slope of embankments
standard length in order to cross the with the height of 17 to 25 m.
sliding surface. According to the above mentioned, it's
C. The micropiles distribution between the observed that the optimum arrangements of
toe and 1/2 length of slope is the most micropiles to reinforce the embankments with
effective and appropriate location to the height of 15 and 20 m are arrangements
No. 6 and 13, respectively (Figure 8 and 9).
Table 6. The results of analyses procedure for the reinforced embankments
Number of
No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No.
micropiles
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
arrangement
Safety factor 1.02 1.09 1.10 1.05 1.08 1.10 1.10 0.93 1.09 1.10 1 1.08 1.10 1.10

Fig 8. The results of analysis procedure on 15-m Fig. 9. The results of analysis procedure on 20-m
embankment reinforced with micropiles embankment reinforced with micropiles
arrangement No. 6 (FS = 1. 1) arrangement No. 3 (FS = 1. 1)

4. Conclusion by using the maximum diameter of micropiles

can reduce the number of them to minimize
In this paper, high railway embankments the financial costs of construction process. It
which are rested on loose beds, have been should be considered that the optimum
simulated and analyzed against the standard arrangement of micropiles has been
load combinations by SLIDE software to determined in a trial and error method, and to
determine the optimum arrangement of reduce the steps of this method can assume the
micropiles. amounts of some geometrical parameters such
as length and angle, constantly. Finally, the
To this end, in the first step, the non-reinforced
amounts of other parameters obtained during
high embankments on loose beds were
the software analysis.
simulated in order to investigate the slope
stability, then the embankments reinforced Based on the results obtained, the use of
with different arrangements of micropiles to micropiles exactly between the toe and 1/3 to
examine the efficiency of this methodology. 1/2 length of embankment slope is the optimal
Finally, the optimum arrangement of way to reinforce the embankments on loose
micropiles was determined. beds by modifying the physical and
mechanical properties of bed soil, sewing its
Based on the research, it was resulted that the
loose layers together, and transferring the
best location of micropiles to reinforce the
applied load to a deeper, more competent or
high railway embankments is between the toe
stable stratum.
and middle of embankments slope; moreover,
 48 M. Esmaeili et el./ Journal of Rehabilitation in Civil Engineering 1-2 (2013) 39-48

Notation [4] Cantoni, R., Collotta, T., Ghionna, V.N.,

B: width of loading area (width of embankment crest) Moratti, P.V. (1989). “Design method for
(m); reticulated micropiles structures in sliding
c: cohesion of soil (kpa); slopes”. Ground Engng, Elsevier Ltd., Vol.
DMP: micropile diameter (cm); 22, No. 4, pp. 41-47.
EGrout: elasticity modulus of cement grout (Gpa); [5] Das, B.M. (2005), “Principles of geotechnical
ESteel: elasticity modulus of reinforcing steel (Gpa);
engineering”. The University of Texas at El
FS: shear strength (KN);
fˊc: compressive strength of the cement grout (MPa); Paso, pp. 50-150.
I: moment of inertia of the equivalent steel section [6] Ehteshami, M., Esmaeil Pour, E., Esmaeili,
(cm4); A.M. (2004). “Earth works for railway lines
I1: moment of inertia of area 1 (cm4); general technical specifications, Manual No.
I2: moment of inertia of area 2 (cm4); 279”, Management and Planning
I3: moment of inertia of area 3 (cm4); Organization Office of Deputy for Technical
I4: moment of inertia of area 4 (cm4); Affaires of Iran, Tehran, pp. 6-12.
L: length of loading area (length of embankment crest) [7] Esmaeili, M., Gharouni Nik, M., Khayyer, F.
(m); (2010), “Improvement the railway
LMP: micropile length (m);
embankments with micropiles”. M.S. thesis,
N: number of micropiles;
NSection: number of micropiles in embankment section; School of Railway Engineering of Iran
P: operational load or permanent weight of rail line University of Science and Technology,
(t.m) ; Tehran, pp. 50-100.
Q: applied distributed constant load on the embankment [8] FHWA, (2000). “Micropile design and
crest (orientation: vertical) (t.m/m2); construction guidelines”. Report No.
QD1: ballast overhead (t.m/m2); FHWA-SA-97-070, United States
QD2: sub-ballast overhead (t.m/m2); Department of Transportation, pp. 31-200.
QE: earthquake load (seismic load coefficient = 0.3); [9] Haider, T.F., Byle, M.J., Horvath, R.E. (2004).
QL: distributed operational load (based on LM71 “Dam stabilization with micropiles”.
standard load Fig. 3.) (t.m/m2);
Proceedings of Sessions of Geo‐Denver
R: radius of the equivalent steel section(cm);
SLateral: lateral micropile spacing (transverse distance 2000, ASCE, Denver, Colorado.
between micropiles) (m); [10] Howe, W.K. (2010). “Micropiles for slope
SLongitudinal: longitudinal micropile spacing (m); stabilization”. Proceedings of the 2010
V: velocity (Km/h); Biennial Geotechnical Seminar, ASCE,
α, β, γ : velocity factors (non-dimensional); Denver, Colorado.
δ: impact factor (non-dimensional); [11] Pearlman, S.L., Campbell, B.D., Withiam,
φ: angle of internal friction (degree); J.L. (1992). “Slope stabilization using insitu
γSoil: soil density (kN/m2); and earth reinforcements”. Proceedings of the
θ: angle of micropile relative to the vertical axis ASCE Specialty Conference on Stability and
(degree).
Performance of Slopes and Embankments-II,
Berkeley, California.
[12] UIC719-R, (1994). “Earthworks and track-bed
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[2] Azami, A., Charbonneau, K., Corkum, B., Proceedings of Selected Papers from the
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[3] Bruce, J., Ruel, M., Janes, M., Ansari, N. [14] Zakeri, J.A., Shahroudi, M.M. (2006).
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