CHAPTER IV

STRUCTURAL

Table of Contents

1. PURPOSE OF CRITERIA
1.1 Metrication

2. REFERENCES
2.1 Publications of United States Government
2.2 Construction Industry Codes and Specifications

3. REQUIREMENTS FOR PROJECT ENGINEERING PHASE/CODE 3 (ARMY)

AND PROJECT DEFINITION (AIR FORCE) SUBMITTAL
3.1 Structural Submittal

4. REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCEPT SUBMITTAL

4.1 Structural Narrative
4.2 Design Analysis
4.3 Structural Drawings

5. REQUIREMENTS FOR FINAL SUBMITTAL

5.1 Structural Narrative
5.2 Design Analysis
5.3 Structural Drawings
5.4 Seismic Design

6. LOADINGS
6.1 Minimum Design Loads & Load Case Combinations
6.2 Load Combinations Concrete, Steel, and Wood
6.3 Minimum Design Pressure for Interior Walls
6.4 Wind Speed, Seismic Acceleration, Ground Snow Load

7. MATERIALS AND DESIGN CODES

7.1 Concrete
7.2 Steel
7.3 Masonry
7.4 Wood Framing for Barracks/Dormitories

8. FOUNDATION DESIGN
8.1 General
8.2 Type of Foundation
8.3 Design Loads

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9. PIER AND BEAM FOUNDATIONS
9.1 Grade Beam Design
9.2 Drilled Pier Design
9.3 Lateral Loads

10. RIBBED-MAT SLAB FOUNDATIONS

10.1 General Requirements
10.2 Design Requirements
10.3 Additional Requirements
10.4 Analytical Requirements
10.5 Prestressed Designs
10.6 Family Housing
10.7 Moisture Control

11. FIRST FLOOR DESIGN

11.1 Slab-on-Grade Floors
11.2 Structurally Supported Floors

12. UPPER FLOOR DESIGN

12.1 System Selection
12.2 Upper Floors Used As Diaphragms

13. STOOPS, RAMPS AND PORCHES

14. BASEMENTS

15. WALLS AND PARTITIONS

15.1 Lateral Loads
15.2 Masonry Walls
15.3 Steel Stud Walls and Partitions
15.4 Precast Concrete Walls
15.5 Wood Stud Walls and Partitions

16. BUILDING FRAMES

16.1 General
16.2 Concrete Frames
16.3 Steel Frames
16.4 Wood Framing

17. ROOFS
17.1 General
17.2 Steel Roof Decks - Build Up or Single Ply Roofing
17.3 Concrete Roof Decks
17.4 Pitched Roofs
17.5 Structural Standing Seam Metal Roof System

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18. SHEAR DIAPHRAGM DESIGN
18.1 Steel Deck Diaphragms
18.2 Precast Concrete Diaphragms
18.3 Wood Diaphragms and Shear Walls
18.4 Shear Struts

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19. SPECIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
19.1 Use of Light Cold Formed Steel Framing
19.2 Expansive Soils Areas
19.3 Special Concrete Requirements
19.4 Seismic Provisions
19.5 Fallout Shelter Spaces
19.6 Aircraft Hangar Wind Loads
19.7 Monorail Design
19.8 Traveling Crane Runway Girders
19.9 Fire Walls
19.10 Antiterrorism/Force Protection
19.11 Use of Wood Framing

20. MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES

20.1 Manholes, Pull Boxes, Surface Inlets, etc.
20.2 Headwalls
20.3 Transformer Pads and Condenser Pads
20.4 Retaining Walls/Earth Retaining Structures
20.5 Metal Building Systems
20.6 Storage Tank Foundations
20.7 Reinforced Box Culverts

21. ENGINEER OF RECORD

22. BASIC WIND SPEEDS, SEISMIC SPECTRIAL ACCELERATIONS, And

GROUND SNOW LOADS

23. SEISMIC DESIGN ANALYSIS DESIGN AID

APPENDIX A - Plates of standard notes, tables and details.

APPENDIX B - Design Checklist - Structural

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 CHAPTER IV

STRUCTURAL

1. PURPOSE OF CRITERIA. The purpose of the following

criteria is to facilitate the proper use of design criteria,
to ensure that repetitive deficiencies in design will be
eliminated, and to ensure that all aspects of structural
design are properly covered. They are not intended to be
rigidly restrictive except in the use of building codes,
unit stresses and unit loads, and for special design
considerations in expansive soils areas. The standard
details shown herein may be revised if it can be shown that
a different detail is more economical and/or will perform
better.

1.1 METRICATION. The metric units used are the

International System of Units (SI) adopted by the U.S.
Government as described in Chapter I, paragraphs 3. and
4.2.1.

1.1.1 Concrete Reinforcement. This document uses metric

concrete reinforcement designations conforming to the ASTM
A635/A635M SI system.

1.1.2 Masonry. Concrete masonry units (CMU) and clay brick

manufactured to metric standards are not readily available
in the Southwestern Division. New facilities are typically
dimensioned in metric units that are modular with hard
metric masonry products. In accordance with P.L. 104-289 the
Contractor may use soft metric CMU and brick, equivalent to
standard I-P CMU and brick during construction. Plans and
specifications should make the Contractor responsible for
changes in reinforcement detailed on P&S and all costs
associated with use of CMU and brick manufactured to I-P
units.

2. REFERENCE:

2.1 Publications of United States Government

2.1.1 TI 800-01, Design Criteria

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2.1.2 UFC 3-310-01, Load Assumptions for Buildings

2.1.3 TI 809-02, Structural Design Criteria for Buildings

2.1.4 TI 809-04, Seismic Design for Buildings

2.1.5 TI 809-05, Seismic Design for the Rehabilitation of

buildings

2.1.6 Not Used

2.1.7 TI 5-809-07, Design of Load Bearing Cold-Formed

Steel Systems and Masonry Veneer/Steel Stud Walls

2.1.8 TM 5-809-12, Concrete Slabs on Grade Subject to

Heavy Loads

2.1.9 TI 5-809-28, Design and Construction of

Conventionally Reinforced Ribbed Mat Slabs (RRMS)

2.1.10 TI 5-809-29, Structural Considerations for Metal

Roofing

2.1.11 TI 5-809-30, Metal Building Systems

2.1.12 TM 5-818-7, Foundations on Expansive Soils

2.1.13 UFC 4-010-01, DoD Minimum Antiterrorism Standards

For Buildings

2.1.14 UFC 4-010-02, DoD Security Engineering Manual

2.1.15 ER 1110-345-53, Structural Steel Connections

2.1.16 ER 1110-345-700, Design Analysis, Drawings and

Specifications

2.1.17 ETL 1110-3-447, Engineer of Record and Design

Responsibilities

2.1.18 CESWD Design Criteria for Ribbed Mat Slab

Foundations, 1985

2.1.19 CESWD Structural Design Guidance and Design

Considerations for Wood Framed Construction of

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Barracks/Dormitories

2.1.20 MIL-HDBK 1008C, Fire Protection For Facilities

Engineering, Design and Construction

2.1.21 EC 1110-1-94, Classification of Type of

Construction.

2.2 Construction Industry Codes and Specifications

2.2.1 AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings -

Allowable Stress Design and Plastic Design (1989).

2.2.2 AISC Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification

for Structural Steel Buildings (latest edition).

2.2.3 AISC Specification for the Design of Steel Hollow

Structural Sections and Hollow Structural Sections
Connections Manual.

2.2.4 ACI 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural

Concrete (latest edition)

2.2.5 SJI Standard Specifications, Load Tables and Weight

Tables for Steel Joists and Joist Girders (latest edition)

2.2.6 ASCE 7, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other

Structures (latest edition)

2.2.7 AISI, Specifications of the Design of Cold Formed

Steel Structural Members (latest edition and supplements)

2.2.8 AWS D1.1, Structural Welding Code by The American

Welding Society (latest edition)

2.2.9 Aluminum Design Manual by The Aluminum Association

(latest edition)

2.2.10 FEMA 302, NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic

Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures (1997)

2.2.11 FEMA 350, Recommended Seismic Design Criteria for

New Steel Moment Frame Buildings

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2.2.12 FEMA 353, Recommended Specifications and Quality
Assurance Guidelines for Seismic Applications

2.2.13 ANSI/AF&PA National Design Specification for Wood

Construction, Allowable Stress Design (ASD) or Load and
Resistance Design (LRFD)

2.2.14 SDI DDM02, Diaphragm Design Manual (latest edition)

2.2.15 ACI 530.1, Building Code Requirements for Masonry

Structures by The American Concrete Institute (latest
edition)

2.2.16 Low Rise Building Systems Manual by The Metal

Building Manufacturers Association (latest edition)

2.2.17 BRAB Report, Criteria for Selection and Design of

Residential Slab-on-Ground.

2.2.18 PTI Design and Construction of Post-Tensioned Slabs

on ground by Post Tensioning Institute

2.2.19 AISC, Seismic Provisions of Structural Steel

Buildings, 1997

2.2.20 API Standard 640, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage

2.2.21 AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges

(latest edition and provisional standards)

2.2.22 ACI Detailing Manual

2.2.23 AISC Hollow Structural Sections Connections Manual

2.2.24 SDI Design Manual for Composite Decks, Form Decks,

Roof Decks, and Cellular Metal Floor Deck With Electrical
Distribution. Publication No 29. (latest edition)

2.2.25 AISC Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings

and Bridges. (latest edition)

2.2.26 AISC Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM

A325 or A490 Bolts. (latest edition)

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2.2.27 A Practical Approach to the "Leaning" Column by
Lousi F. Geschwinder, AISC Engineering Journal, Volume 32,
No. 2, Second Quarter 1995.

2.2.28 International Building Code (UBC) (latest edition)

3. REQUIREMENTS FOR PROJECT ENGINEERING PHASE/CODE 3 (ARMY)

AND PROJECT DEFINITION (AIR FORCE) SUBMITTAL. (Reference: TI
802-01) When the design Scope of Works requires, either a
Project Engineering or Project Definition brochure submittal
is required. Typically this submittal is made at the 15
percent design completion stage, but the Scope of Work may
modify this requirement. The parametric estimate must be
based on reasonable description of the physical properties
that describe the project. At this pre-design stage the
structural design engineer shall have used the proposed
building footprint, room arrangement, and interface between
the facility and its proposed building site and conceptual
framing options cost estimates to select an economical
structural framing system. Facilities for which structural
design will be complex/unconventional or costly shall be
developed as required establishing the project cost.

3.1 Structural Submittal. The structural portion of the

brochure submittal will consist of a narrative and
sketches/drawings showing that structural framing functional
requirements, criteria and economics have been satisfied
during the selection of a suitable structural system.

3.1.1 The presentation shall list structural technical

criteria, manuals, codes, etc. applicable to the design.

3.1.2 The presentation shall summarize the design live

loads, give the design basic wind speed, exposure category
and importance factor, state the design Seismic Spectral
Accelerations, Ss and S1 , facility Seismic Use Group, and
Seismic Design Category. Also, identify the threat
tactic(s), threat severity level(s) and level(s) of
protection for Antiterrorism/Force Protection established by
DD Form 1391 for security of the facility.

3.1.3 The presentation should discuss the structural

framing system that is judged to be appropriate and the
alternatives that have been evaluated, i.e. load bearing

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shear walls and floor/roof diaphragms, braced frames and
floor/roof diaphragms, moment resisting steel frames,
reinforced concrete pan joist floor, bar joist with light
weight concrete slab on metal form floor, etc.

3.1.4 Discuss any special requirements that affect the

structural design and cost such as sloping construction
site, costly foundations, unusually long span length,
seismic joints, complex architectural features, Force
Protection measures required for main structural framing
system, walls, doors, windows, roofs, etc.

3.1.5 Submit preliminary calculations or rational used to

size/evaluate/justify the recommended framing system and its
estimated construction cost.

3.1.6 Submit sketches/drawings showing type floor and roof

structure, column grid lines and locations of lateral braces
in frames, shear walls and any unconventional framing
requirements

4. REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCEPT (ARMY) SUBMITTAL. When required

by the Scope of Work on Army projects, this submittal is at
the 35 percent design completion stage. The structural
portion of the submittal consists of a structural narrative,
design analysis and drawings.

4.1 Structural Narrative. Use the format shown in Chapter

IX and include all of the information listed in the format
that is applicable to the project.

4.1.1 Framing System. Selection of the structural framing

system should be based on a cost comparison of competitive
systems. Reasons for the final selection should be stated,
including economic, functional, site or other
considerations. The framing system's vertical and lateral
load resisting systems should be clearly described.

4.1.2 Foundation Type. If the on-site soil investigations,

soil testing and evaluation are complete, a foundation
design analysis with final foundation recommendations should
be in the Concept submittal. When this work is not complete
a tentative foundation recommendation (based on information
from past soil investigations and types of foundations
previously used in the vicinity of the building site) should
be given.

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4.1.3 Live Loads. The live loads to be used for design
should be stated. Loads should comply with IBC, UFC 3-310-01
and ASCE 7, and any special conditions such as needed for
computer room floors, mechanical room floors, etc.

4.1.4 Seismic Design. Preliminary seismic design is

required. Give the site Seismic Spectral Accelerations, Ss
and S1, facility Seismic Use Group, and Seismic Design
Category. State if seismic or wind controls the design of
the lateral force resisting system. When seismic controls
the design of the lateral force resisting system, describe
the system selected using "Basic Seismic-Force-Resisting
System" terminology from Table 7-1 of TI 809-04. Also
describe any special seismic design features such as seismic
separation joints. Spectral accelerations S1 and Ss for each
base in the Southwestern Division are given in paragraph 22.
A design aid for Seismic Design Category is in paragraph
23.1.

4.1.5 Wind Loads. The narrative should state the basic

wind speed, importance factor and exposure category, and
should utilize references IBC, UFC 3-310-01 and ASCE 7 as
the basis for calculating wind pressures. The basic wind
speed for each base in the Southwestern Division is listed
in paragraph 22.

4.1.6 Force Protection. The narrative should summarize the

structural requirements of protection needed for force
protection established by DD Form 1391 for the facility.
Identify the structural superstructure measures incorporated
into the main structural framing system, progressive
collapse prevention measures, walls, doors, and windows to
provide the level of protection required. Utilize UFC 4-010-
02 and UFC 4-010-10 force protection guidance.

4.2 Design Analysis. Provide calculations necessary to

document comparative cost investigations and to demonstrate
the adequacy of the structural design concepts.

4.3 Structural Drawings. Drawings should show the

following:

4.3.1 Foundation plan and typical sections.

4.3.2 Floor framing plan(s), where applicable.

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4.3.3 Roof framing plan.

4.3.4 Lateral load resisting system (shear walls, frame

bracing, moment resisting frames, wall system, etc.).

5. REQUIREMENTS FOR FINAL SUBMITTAL.

5.1 Structural Narrative. The write up should cover

functional, technical requirements, and design methods upon
which the facility foundation, superstructure, floor, roof
and wall systems where designed. The write up should address
design dead, live, wind, and seismic or other loads.
Selection of structural systems for economy and to meet
technical requirements such as seismic and force protection
shall be addressed.

5.2 Design Analysis:

5.2.1 See Chapter IX - Design Analysis, and ER 1110-345-700

for additional structural requirements.

5.2.2 Lateral Load Analysis In addition to an analysis for

vertical gravity loading, a complete lateral load analysis
is required for all buildings to design a continuous load
path from the point that the lateral load is applied to the
foundation. Design lateral loads caused by wind and due to
earthquake ground motion shall be analyzed. Additional
discussion of lateral load design analysis requirements are
in Chapter IX. Basic design wind speed seismic spectral
accelerations for military installations within CESWD are in
paragraph 22. A design aid for seismic analysis is in
paragraph 23.1.

5.3 Structural Drawings:

5.3.1 Use standard details and notes shown on enclosed

plates, where applicable.

5.3.2 Use grade beam, slab, lintel, column and footing

schedules where the size of building warrants.

5.3.3 Show sufficient sections and provide sufficient

details required to construct the superstructure framing,
building foundation, walls and floors so they perform in

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accordance with the design analysis intent and detail
miscellaneous items including, steps, porches, mechanical
equipment pads, cooling tower foundations, etc.

5.3.4 Detail all critical steel beam connections including

column base plate and foundation anchor bolt details.
Simple connection details (Shear Connections) may be
selected by the structural steel fabricator from the AISC
Manual of Steel Construction. Where connections are not
detailed, show design shear capacities. The Engineer of
Record should approve the structural adequacy of shear
connections detailed by the steel fabricator as required by
ETL 1110-3-447. See paragraph 16.3.3 for additional design
requirements.

5.3.5 All reinforced concrete sections should be detailed

in accordance with the ACI Detailing Manual.

5.3.6 Roof openings and all supports for ventilators, fuel

tanks, electrical bus ducts, unit heaters and other
equipment must be detailed or adequately described on the
drawings or in the specifications. The structural designer
shall ensure that all mechanical and electrical equipment is
properly supported and that Architectural features are
adequately framed and connected, especially where seismic
design is required.

5.3.7 Masonry for buildings should be detailed to show

required thickness, vertical reinforcement size and spacing,
dowels, pilaster depth, reinforcement and ties, wall
stiffeners adjacent to openings, lintel depth, reinforcement
and end bearing dimensions, bond beam spacing and
reinforcement, joint reinforcement spacing and size, and
control joint locations and details. When walls are curtain
walls show details of masonry connections to the main
frames.

5.3.8 Light cold formed steel framing should be

detailed to show steel stud, steel joist, spacing and
required physical properties including depth, thickness,
moment of inertia, section modulus. Assembly details to show
wall top and bottom tracks along with their required
physical properties and their connections to floors or other
framing. Details including required web stiffners,
foundation clips, end clips, joist hangers and the required
number and size of connecting screws and/or weld size and

IV-9
length should be included. Framing around openings shall be
detailed to show headers, nested or double/triple members on
sides of openings shall be shown. Diagonal bracing and its
connection to foundation and light gage framing shall be
fully detailed when required for building structural
stability. Intermediate bridging for lateral support of
studs/joists needs to be fully detailed. See paragraph 19.1
for special designer requirements.

5.4 Seismic Design:

5.4.1 Seismic design parameters, as indicated by the

general notes on Plate S1 shall be on the structural
drawings in the Contract Plans.

5.4.2 Details of construction on the structural drawings

will be sufficient to assure that construction meets
applicable seismic requirements in UFC 1-200-01, TI 5-809-4,
TI 809-5, FEMA 302, FEMA 350, and FEMA 353.

6. LOADINGS.

6.1 Minimum design loads and load case combinations shall

be in accordance with references UFC 3-310-01, and ASCE 7
except as stated below.

6.2 Load combinations for strength designs of concrete

shall be based on ACI 318, AISC for Allowable Stress and
Load and Resistance Factor design for structural steel,
AISI/AF&PA National Design Specifications for Allowable
Stress and Load and Load and Resistance Factor design for
wood design.

6.3 Minimum service design pressure for interior walls and

partitions shall be 240 Pa, except use 480 Pa for interior
masonry walls.

6.4 Basic wind speeds, seismic spectral accelerations, and

ground snow loads are covered in paragraph 22.

7. MATERIALS AND DESIGN CODES.

7.1 Concrete.

7.1.1 Design of concrete elements shall conform to ACI 318.

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7.1.2 Use a concrete strength of 21 MPa (3000 psi) for
reinforced concrete and 35 Mpa (5000 psi) for prestressed
concrete. For concrete slab-on-grade subject to heavy wheel
load see paragraph 10.2.11.

7.1.3 Reinforcing should be ASTM A615M grade 420 (ASTM

A615 grade 60) or equivalent except that ties may be ASTM
A615M grade 300 (ASTM A615 grade 40).

7.2 Steel.

7.2.1 Design of hot rolled steel members and connections

shall conform to applicable AISC manuals referenced in
paragraph 2.2. with the special seismic requirements for
Seismic Use Group III buildings in UFC 1-200-01. Hot rolled
steel members should use ASTM A992, structural tubing ASTM
A500 Grade B, channels, angles, and plates may use ASTM A36.

7.2.2 Design of cold formed steel shapes shall conform with

UFC 1-200-01, TI 5-809-07 and AISI Specifications of the
Design of Cold Formed Steel Structural Members.

7.2.3 Design of open web joists and joist girders shall

conform to Steel Joist Institute Standard Specifications,
Load Tables and Weight Tables for Steel Joists and Joist
Girders.

7.2.4 Design of steel decking used as a diaphragm shall

conform to the Steel Deck Institute Diaphragm Design Manual
and the Design Manual for composite Decks, Form Decks and
Roof Decks.

7.3 Masonry. Concrete masonry units (CMU) shall be

designed in accordance with UFC 1-200-01, TI 809-04 and ACI
530.1. Use type "S" mortar. See paragraph 1.1.2 for
guidance on size of masonry units to use.

7.4 Wood Framing for Barracks/Dormitories

7.4.1 The International Building Code and EC 110-1-92 allow

use of wood construction in barracks/dormitories. Most
military barracks/dormitories may be classified based on an
Occupancy Classification of Group Residential(R), Division 1
(more than 2 stories and 3000 square feet above the first

IV-11
floor). This classification allows the use of Type III Fire
Resistive Buildings. Type III buildings may have a wood
structural framework with not less than one-hour fire
resistive construction throughout.

7.4.2 Wood framing design shall conform to TI 5-809-2 and

ANSI/AF&PA National Design Standards For The National Design
Specifications For Wood Construction. In addition within
the Southwestern Division, design should follow the guidance
in the CESWD Criteria Letter “Structural Design Guidance and
Design Considerations for Wood Framed Construction of
Barracks/Dormitories.”

7.4.3 The AE or in-house design structural engineer is

responsible for performing a building design analysis and
preparing structural plans and specifications clearly
showing wood framing material grade(s), sizes and location
of all structural members, and details of connections
required to produce a continuous load path from the load
application point into the building foundation.

7.4.4 A framing nailing schedule giving minimum nailing

requirements should be in the building plans and
specifications. A recommended minimum nailing schedule is in
the CESWD Criteria Letter referenced in paragraph 7.4.2. The
structural designer should design and detail connections
needed for the building framing when the required connection
capacity exceeds those provided by the schedule for minimum
nailing of framing in the plans and specifications.

8. FOUNDATION DESIGN:

8.1 General. Applicable notes from Plates 4 and 5 should

be included in the structural drawings, preferably on the
foundation plan. Heavy, vibration-producing equipment, such
as chillers, fire pumps, engine/generator sets and high-
pressure air compressors, should have separate isolated
foundations. Some equipment should be provided with
vibration isolators, see TM 5-805-4 “Noise And Vibration
Control” for further guidance.

8.2 Type of Foundation. The recommended foundation type,

allowable bearing pressure, foundation depth,
expansive/settlement parameters, etc. will be included in
the final Foundation Design Analysis. The Foundation Design

IV-12
Analysis should also indicate whether slab-on-grade first
floors may be used or whether first floors must be
structurally supported over a void due to expansive soil
conditions. The foundation type and design must satisfy the
limiting deflections required too ensure proper performance
of the building superstructure. Differential
settlements/heave should be limited to L/600-L/1000,
L/360-L/600 and L/200-L/360 for rigid, semi-rigid and
flexible framing/wall systems, respectively; where L is the
distance between points in question. A special criterion is
to be followed in expansive soils areas.

8.3 Design loads. Allowable foundation bearing pressures

should be given in the Foundation Design analysis and will
be normally be given as "net" values; intended for use with
service loads consisting of dead loads plus that portion of
live loads that act continuously. Use of common live load
reduction factors is one way to approximate the continuous
live load. The "continuous live load" concept does not
apply to certain foundations with high transient loads, such
as crane loads, where the full live load should be
considered in the foundation load. Since bearing allowable
is net values, do not include the weight of footings, piers
or overburden in the design loads. Where wind or seismic
loads cause foundation uplift, these loads should be
combined with any pier heave forces due to expansive soils
to determine the total tension load for design of pier shaft
reinforcement. Lateral forces may be present due to wind or
seismic loads or due to rigid frame thrust. Such loads may
require use of foundation ties. Ties for deep foundations
may be necessary in seismic zones. Where Force Protection
requires design for blast pressures for design of frames,
walls, or roofs these loads shall conform to TI 5-853-3.

9. PIER-AND-BEAM FOUNDATIONS:

9.1 Grade Beam Design:

9.1.1 Reinforced concrete grade beams should be designed in

accordance with ACI 318 building code. The grade beam
minimum tension reinforcement ratio "p" should be 1.38/fy
with fy in MPa (200/fy with fy in psi) unless the computed
reinforcement area required for flexure is increased by
one-third. Provide a minimum of No.10 ties at 600mm o.c.
throughout the length of the beam.

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9.1.2 Use details similar to those shown for pier and beam
foundations on the plates in Appendix A.

9.1.3 A 150mm (6-inch) carton formed void will usually be

required under all grade beams in expansive soil areas. The
need for voids below grade beams will be covered in the
Foundation Design Analysis.

9.1.4 Masonry walls and partitions in buildings in

expansive soil areas, with slab-on-grade floors should be on
grade beams (even 102mm (4 inch) walls) in order to reduce
wall cracking problems experienced in the past.
Load-bearing walls and shear walls will be supported on
grade beams or strip footings in non-expansive foundations.
Non-load bearing masonry walls and partitions in
non-expansive soil areas may be supported on slabs on grade
that are thickened to support the wall dead weight.

9.1.5 In buildings with slab-on-grade floors, such as

warehouses, where the finished floor is more than 300mm
above outside grade, special attention must be given to
design of exterior grade beams to withstand lateral soil
pressure from the fill under the floor slab.

9.1.6 The corner reinforcing details shown on Plate S12

should be used to prevent cracking at corners.

9.2 Drilled Pier Design:

9.2.1 Piers should be designed as short, tied columns with

minimum vertical reinforcement per ACI requirements. Note
that since pier shaft diameters are often larger for
Geotechnical or construct-ability reasons than required for
structural loads, the provisions of ACI 318 that allow a use
of a reduced concrete area to determine minimum
reinforcement may apply. For piers in expansive soil see
paragraph 9.2.6 below.

9.2.2 Minimum pier diameters are 450mm (18 inches) for

piers up to 12 meter (40 feet) in depth and 600mm (24
inches) for piers deeper than 12 meter (40 feet).

9.2.3 Bell diameters should be specified in increments of

150mm (6 inches) and should not be greater than 3 times the

IV-14
pier diameter to enable the use of typical machine belling
equipment.

9.2.4 Size bells for dead load plus the portion of live
load that acts continuously.

9.2.5 Pier loads should be computed only to grade (weight

of pier, bell and earth above base of footing will be taken
into account in determining "net" allowable bearing pressure
given in Foundation Design Analysis).

9.2.6 Piers that extend through expansive soils may be

subjected to tension loads caused by soil friction on the
shaft as the soil expands. The Foundation Design Analysis
will give either recommended ultimate pier design tension or
minimum shaft tension reinforcement and minimum bell size to
anchor the pier when expansive soils cause pier tension.
Pier tension reinforcing should be sized for net load
obtained by subtracting the pier load due to the building
dead weight from the tension due to soil heave, using a
steel stress of 420 MPa (60 ksi), depending on the steel
specified.

9.2.7 See details and notes on Plate S11.

9.3 Design of Grade Beams and Drilled Piers Carrying

Lateral Loads. The lateral force resisting system includes
the structural system that transfers loads to the earth
foundation. A system that ties the foundation elements
together is highly desirable. Slab-on-grade floors are
isolated from the superstructure foundation and this system
requires careful evaluation of grade beams which are subject
to lateral thrusts due to applied vertical loads, those
which support diagonal wall bracing or short shear walls,
and those which support exterior walls. Designers must be
cognizant of the fact that seismic lateral forces computed
by the Equivalent Static Force Method are lower than the
peak dynamic force. Appropriate soil safety factors must be
applied to limit lateral deflections of foundation elements
and to compute structural stresses in piers and grade beams.
The structural designer should see the Foundation Design
Analysis and/or consult with the geotechnical engineer for
recommended lateral soil design parameters.

10. RIBBED-MAT SLAB FOUNDATIONS.

IV-15
10.1 General Requirements. Ribbed mats should be designed
in accordance with the referenced Design Requirements for
Ribbed Mat Foundations by CESWD, as modified by TI 809-28.
It should be noted that the CESWD criteria was developed
using the 1983 edition of ACI 318 and has not been updated.
Many of the provisions of these references are provided in
the following paragraphs.

10.1.1 The ribbed mat foundation is a monolithic reinforced

concrete slab-on-ground with stiffening ribs. This
stiffened mat slab is particularly suited for structures on
shallow foundations in expansive soils, where changing
moisture content causes portions of the foundation soils to
heave or shrink. Ribbed-mat foundations are simple and
economical solutions to many foundation problems and have
performed well for many military and civil works buildings.
The restraint from the ribs below the slab has caused
cracking in the slab that does not affect structural
adequacy but is esthetically unacceptable for some
buildings. Many of the prescribed criteria provisions have
been developed to control slab cracking. Use of ribbed-mats
for floors in administrative areas or other highly visible
floors that are not covered by vinyl tiles or carpets are
not recommended in expansive soils and use of a structurally
supported floor, as described in paragraph 11.2, may be
appropriate. It is preferable to use slab-on-grade slabs for
floors, described in paragraph 11.1, in non-expansive soils
instead of ribbed-mats due to the potential for cracking of
ribbed-mat slabs and for economy of construction.

10.1.2 Soil parameters for use in the structural design

methods for ribbed mat foundations will be as furnished in a
"Foundation Design Analysis." Criteria for development of
the design soil parameters are in Chapter XIII,
Geotechnical.

10.1.3 Ribbed-mat slabs are designed as prestressed or

conventionally reinforced as selected by the design
engineer. The construction contractor shall not be given the
option of changing the ribbed-mat slab from one type to
another. The reason for this prohibition is that design
parameters (e.g., moments of inertia) may be dependent on
the type of ribbed-mat slab being designed and may affect
calculated shears and moments.

IV-16
10.2 Design Requirements.

10.2.1 The design procedure involves two parts: (a)

Meeting minimum prescribed requirements and (b) performing
design analysis. See reference criteria in par 10.1 above.

10.2.2 Minimum Requirements - The minimum requirements

apply to ribbed mat foundations on expansive and
non-expansive soils. Many of these requirements are
illustrated on Plate S16 of Appendix A to this chapter.

10.2.3 Joint spacing: Ribbed-Mat-Slabs shall be placed in

6.0 meters to 7.5 meters wide lanes. Lanes for slabs
subjected to vehicular loads shall have transverse sawed
joints spaced at 500 to 750 times the slab thickness in
millimeters. Other slabs shall have sawed joint spacing at a
maximum of 6.0 meters. Joint sawing needs to be accomplished
immediately after concrete finishing. A typical plan layout
for joints is shown on Plate S15. Use the construction joint
detail shown on Plate S19.

10.2.4 Minimum Slab Reinforcement: Minimum slab

reinforcement (established to control construction shrinkage
cracking) shall be 0.5% times the gross slab sectional area
each way with a maximum reinforcement bar spacing of 230
millimeters each way. The maximum size of bar in slabs shall
be #16, with a clear spacing distance of the slab thickness
divided by four below top surface of slab, but not less than
40 millimeters nor greater than 65 millimeters. Slab
reinforcement shall be continuous through construction and
sawed joints.

10.2.5 Ribbed-Mat slab surfaces should be moist cured for 7

days using wet mats. Guide specifications should be changed
to require wet mat curing when preparing contract
specifications for ribbed-mats.

10.2.6 Specify Minimum 28-Day Compressive Strength of 21

MPa (3.0 ksi) concrete strength except for vehicle loaded
slabs where 28 MPa (4.0 ksi) strength shall be
specified.(Note: 28Mpa concrete cylinder strength is
approximately equal to 3.4 MPa (500 psi) flexural strength.)
Specify water/cement ratio maximum of 0.42. Require an
aggregate gradation that uses 25mm to 40mm (1 to 1.5 inches)

IV-17
maximum size coarse aggregate. Include these requirements in
the contract specifications for ribbed-mats.

10.2.7 Ribs should be continuous across the slab, usually

spaced no more than 6.0 meters on centers on expansive soils
and 7.5 meters on centers on non-expansive soils. Rib
depths should extend below the frost line but normally are
limited to 1.0 meter in order to minimize problems with
maintaining the trench walls during construction. Minimum
rib width should be 300mm. Optional horizontal construction
joints located near the bottom of the slab are not desirable
but are sometimes used to facilitate construction. Use ribs
on either side of large openings in the slab. In buildings
with rigid frames such as pre-engineered metal buildings,
transverse foundation ribs can be designed to take the rigid
frame thrust. Minimum rib reinforcing percentage "p" for
expansive soils should be 0.33 percent of the rib cross
sectional area top and 0.33 percent bottom. The total
reinforcing percentage may be reduced to 0.5 percent of the
cross sectional area of ribs when founded on non-expansive
soil areas. Provide a higher percentage than the prescribed
minimum reinforcement whenever the analysis shows more is
required to carry the loads.

10.2.8 Significant wall loads, column loads, etc., should

be distributed to the soil by the ribs. An effective width
of slab on each side of the rib, equal to the slab
thickness, may be added to the rib width for the effective
bearing area. The bearing pressure under the ribs shall not
exceed the allowable soil bearing pressure. Ribs may be
widened locally or thickened integral spot footings may be
used to distribute column loads to the soil. See Plate S15.

10.2.9 Generally vapor barrier, capillary water barrier,

and non-expansive fill should be used under ribbed-mat
slabs. Exceptions may occur in arid climates when the site
has highly pervious foundation material and a low water
table. The designer should follow the recommendations in
the Foundation Design Analysis.

10.2.10 Expansion joints should be used to break up an

irregularly shaped building (L- or U-shaped for example)
into two or more rectangular shapes when structural analysis
results in unusually large ribs.

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10.2.11 Where floors are subjected to vehicular loading,
the floor slab must be designed in accordance with reference
TM 809-12. The Geotectnical Engineers should provide
subgrade modulus, K, for slab design when there are wheel
loads. Normally, 130mm will be the minimum floor slab
thickness except for small utilitarian type buildings 230
square meters or less where 100mm will be sufficient.

10.3 Additional requirements for ribbed-mat slabs on

expansive foundations are:

10.3.1 In expansive soil areas, existing surface materials

may be removed and replaced with compacted non-expansive
fill to decrease the foundation’s swell potential. The
depth of non-expansive fill required is site dependent and
is normally based on the expansive intensity that is usually
higher near the surface. The depth or removal and
replacement shall be as required by the Foundation Design
Analyses.

10.3.2 At corners of the building diagonal ribs, as shown

on Plate S15, should be used to keep the corners supported
in case of loss of support under the perimeter ribs.

10.3.3 Center lift and edge lift analysis predict moments

due to soil displacements near the edge of the slab.
However, soil displacements have also been observed at
various interior locations. To account for possible
interior soil displacement, interior ribs and reinforcement
must be continuous.

10.4 Analytical Requirements. All ribbed-mats must be

designed to distribute concentrated loads to the soil as
spot footings, strip footings, or by beam on elastic
foundation methods. Ribbed mats on expansive soils must
also be designed for center lift and edge lift conditions.
Design for these conditions should be as described in
references in paragraph 10.1 above.

10.4.1 In expansive soils, for center lift the soil

pressure under perimeter ribs is frequently zero and high
for edge lift. Therefore, perimeter ribs must be designed to
span between transverse ribs while subjected to loads and
soil pressures as calculated for the center lift and edge
lift conditions.

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10.4.2 Diagonal ribs should be of the same size and
reinforcement as the larger adjacent transverse rib.

10.4.3 Design for expansive soil conditions represents an

extreme condition, therefore, it is permissible to multiply
the usual ACI factored live plus dead load (1.4D + 1.7L)
required strength by 0.75 when using strength design or use
a one-third increase in allowable stresses for the service
load design method.

10.5 Prestressed Designs - The above requirements also

apply to prestressed ribbed mat foundations except as
follows:

10.5.1 Slab reinforcement and rib top reinforcement may be

deleted and replaced with post-tensioning strands. Mild
steel (0.33 percent) shall still be provided in the bottom
of ribs. Minimum prestress shall be 700 kPa (100 psi),
including effects of subgrade friction as calculated by the
PTI method, reference 2.2.18.

10.5.2 Section properties for calculation of bending

stresses shall consider an effective flange for each rib as
limited by ACI 318 for T-beams. Concrete tensile stress
shall be limited to 3 multiplied by square root of fc’ and
shear stress limited to 1.1 multiplied by square root of
fc’.

10.6 Design Requirements for Family Housing.

10.6.1 All design requirements of paragraph 10.2 through

10.5 apply to ribbed mat foundations for family housing,
except as follows, and as shown on Plate S16.

10.6.2 Minimum rib width is 250mm, minimum depth is 500mm.

Rib reinforcement shall be a minimum of 0.25 percent top
and 0.25 percent bottom.

10.6.3 Minimum slab thickness is 100mm, with a minimum of

0.2 percent reinforcement. Capillary water barrier may be
reduced to 100mm.

10.6.4 Analytical design may be by the CESWD method or by

the PTI method. If post-tensioning is used, the criteria in

IV-20
paragraph 10.5 shall apply, except that minimum rib bottom
steel may be 0.25 percent.

10.7 Moisture control. Controlling foundation moisture is

critical for buildings on expansive soils, using ribbed
mats. The structural designer should coordinate with the
site designer and landscape design on the importance of
measures to control water near the perimeter of the
building.

10.7.1 All surface water flowing into the building site

should be diverted around the structure so that it will not
infiltrate the building subgrade.

10.7.2 Rainfall should be prevented from entering the

ground near the perimeter of the structure, by providing
paving where adequate drainage slopes are not possible and
diverting gutter downspouts away from the foundation.

10.7.3 Wash-down floors should slope to drains to prevent

water from entering the subgrade through joints in the
floors.

10.7.4 When surface or underground water cannot be diverted

away from the building, consider using interceptor or
perimeter drains. Foundation drainage systems should be
carefully designed to prevent them from introducing water to
the foundation.

10.7.5 Landscape plantings and irrigation systems should be

planned so that watering of beds or lawns does not introduce
water to the building foundation and drying of the
foundation due to withdrawal of water by roots from large
plants near the building perimeter does not occur.

11. FIRST FLOOR DESIGN: Minimum design live and dead loads
shall conform to criteria specified in the reference in IBC,
UFC 3-310-01 and ASCE 7. The design live load will be the
larger of the minimum specified in the referenced criteria
or the actual loads produced by the occupancy of the
building.

11.1 Slab-On-Grade Floors. This is an economical floor

system and should be used where the potential foundation
movements are minor and there are not functional or esthetic

IV-21
reasons why movement will cause concerns. The Foundation
Design Analysis may prohibit use of slab-on-grade floors
when there are expansive soils unless some differential
movement of the floor can be tolerated. Slab-on-grade
floors may be used for buildings with light or heavy live
loads and those subject to vehicular traffic (garages,
shops, hangars, etc.). Administrative areas likely should
not use slab-on-grade, because of esthetics, when small
foundation movement is predicted.

11.1.1 Slabs-on-grade with light design loads (up to 1780

Pa (400 psf) or 22 kN (5 kip) fork-lift) should be designed
in accordance with TI 809-02. Slabs subjected to heavy
static or vehicular loads should be designed per reference
TM 5-809-12.

11.1.2 A "K" value for use in designing slabs subject to

vehicular traffic should be furnished by the Geotechnical
Engineer. The "K" value is usually equal to or greater than
54300 kPa/m (200 psi/inch) due to the use of gravel and
compacted, non-expansive fill under the floor slab.

11.1.3 Slabs shall be a minimum of 100mm thick with 0.1%

reinforcing (for 7.5 meters joint spacing), except in
moderately expansive soils use minimums of 125mm thickness
and 0.2% reinforcing. Reinforcement shall be reinforcing
bars or plain or deformed welded wire fabric. In tactical
equipment shops interior slabs on grade will typically match
the exterior hardstand pavement thickness with the addition
of a minimum of 0.1 percent reinforcing steel. Aircraft
hangar slabs will be designed using aircraft pavement
criteria; the interior slab thickness will normally match
the exterior pavement thickness with the addition of a
minimum of 0.1 percent reinforcing steel.

11.1.4 Joints for slabs-on-grade should be shown on the

contract drawings. Maximum joint spacing may range from 7.5
meters (0.1% reinforcement) to 15 meters (0.3%
reinforcement), depending on slab reinforcing available for
shrinkage cracking control. Slab reinforcement is
discontinuous at joints. Use joint details shown on plates
S21 and S22 of Appendix A.

11.1.5 Provide a vapor barrier under all slabs-on-grade

floors except for open warehouses, stoops, transformer pads,

IV-22
pavement, porches, etc. Vapor barriers may not be needed in
arid regions with a deep water table.

11.1.6 Provide 150mm of capillary water barrier (gravel)

under all building floor slabs-on-grade where slabs are
above outside finished grade (basement slabs will not have
gravel under them). Typically this requirement should be
addressed in the Foundation Design Analysis.

11.1.7 Provide a 1.46 kg (30#) felt joint between floor

slabs-on-grade and foundation beams and piers and other
vertical surfaces which should be isolated from the slab.

11.1.8 Slabs-on-grade shall not bear on grade beams except

where articulated pads are used.

11.1.9 Slabs-on-grade should be 21 Mpa (3000 psi) concrete.

Slabs-on-grade subjected to vehicular loading should be
designed using a minimum flexural strength in accordance
with paragraph 10.2.6 and reference TM 5-809-12, (at Fort
Polk the maximum flexural strength attainable from local
concrete batch plants is 4.1 Mpa (600 psi).

11.1.10 Where interior columns occur, floor joints should

be placed on column centerlines.

11.1.11 Slabs-on-grade with interior floor drains, such as

mechanical rooms, will have a joint sealant placed on top of
perimeter felt joint.

11.1.12 In washrack areas, joints should be eliminated by

use of additional reinforcement to control shrinkage
cracking. The joints between slab-on-grade and the
foundation should have a joint sealant placed on top of the
joint.

11.1.13 Topping over concrete slabs should be avoided,

where possible. Where it must be used, topping should be a
minimum of 50mm thick and reinforced with reinforcing bars
or wire mesh in flat sheets.

11.1.14 In small areas surrounded by grade beams, such as

entries, janitor's closets and corridors, where compaction
of fill is hard to control, use a structural slab over a
carton formed void.

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11.1.15 In areas with ceramic or quarry tile or terrazzo
floor finish, the floor should be structurally supported to
minimize cracking of the floor finish. This is especially
true where the walls or partitions surrounding the area are
supported on grade beams. With a slab-on-grade floor, a
1.46 kg (#30) felt joint is normally provided between the
slab and grade beams. Differential movement between the
slab and the grade beam will result in cracking of the wall
base and thereby create an unsightly and unsanitary joint at
the base of the walls. As an alternate, small interior
areas of tile or terrazzo finish surrounded by non-load
bearing partitions may be placed on a turned-down-edge, or
ribbed, slab isolated from the surrounding slab-on-grade
floors by a 1.46 kg (#30) felt perimeter joint at the
outside face of the partitions.

11.2 Structurally Supported Floors. Structurally supported

first floors will be required in the following cases:

11.2.1 In expansive soils areas, the Foundation Design

Analysis will usually recommend that the first floor be
supported. Poured-in-place structural slabs and grade beams
cast on carton forms or double tees supported by grade beams
to form a minimum 150mm (6 inch) void are recommended
systems. This 150mm (6 inch) void space does not have to be
vented or provided with access and floor insulation. Bar
joist or steel beam framing is not recommended since
condensation in the unvented void space tends to cause
corrosion.

11.2.2 In buildings where extensive, underfloor utility

piping is required (such as hospitals, dental clinics,
etc.), the using service will usually require that a vented,
accessible crawl space be provided with a minimum of 460mm
(18 inches) clearance below the lowest framing member. See
crawl space criteria in the Architectural Chapter III.
Since the crawl spaces are vented, underfloor insulation is
required. Unless controlled by functional requirements, the
selected framing system should be based on economy.

12. UPPER FLOOR DESIGN: Minimum design live and dead loads
shall conform to criteria in the International Building
Code, UFC 3-310-01 and ASCE 7. The design live load will be
the larger of the minimum and the actual loads produced by
the occupancy of the building.

IV-24
12.1 System selection should be based on economy unless
functional or other considerations govern. Experience has
shown that a system consisting of a structural concrete slab
on stay-in-place corrugated metal forms supported by open
web steel bar joists is often the most economical.

12.2 Upper floors are used as diaphragms, in most

instances, to transmit lateral forces to shear walls or
building frames. Design of diaphragms is covered in
paragraph 18, below.

13. STOOPS, RAMPS AND PORCHES. Use details on enclosed

Plates S32, S33, and S34. Large stoops, porches and main
building entrance porches for dormitories, libraries,
chapels, mess halls, etc., should be supported on
foundations similar to the building foundation. Small
stoops may be soil-supported, turned-down-edge type,
slip-doweled to the building foundation.

14. BASEMENTS. Basement floors will be slab-on-grade

separated from basement walls by 1.46 kg (30#) felt, except
in expansive soil areas where a structural slab over a 150mm
(6-inch) carton formed void may be required. Basement walls
should have membrane waterproofing on the outside and under
the slab with a continuous perimeter drain around basement.
See details on enclosed Plates S35, S36, and S37. Basement
walls must be designed for lateral hydrostatic pressure as
well as lateral soil pressure. In such cases, the perimeter
drains are usually assumed to be 50 percent effective; i.e.,
the water table in soil against the wall is assumed to be
located at one-half the difference between the site design
water table elevation and the elevation of the wall drain.

15. WALLS AND PARTITIONS:

15.1 Lateral Loads. Exterior walls must be designed to

withstand wind and/or seismic lateral loads while spanning
vertically from floor to floor (or roof) and/or horizontally
between columns, pilasters or intersecting walls. The wall
components design wind load will be determined from the
worst possible combination of exterior and interior
pressures (either inward or outward) and other provisions of
criteria referenced in the International Building Code, UFC
3-310-01 and ASCE 7. Seismic loads for structural and
architectural components will conform to criteria referenced

IV-25
in paragraph TI 809-04. Interior partitions must be
designed to withstand a minimum lateral pressure of 240 Pa
when using steel or wood studs and 480 Pa for masonry walls
or a lateral seismic load and spanned vertically or
horizontally. If spanned vertically, partitions must be
supported at the top by the roof or floor framing. Typical
details for lateral support of metal stud partitions
extending to bar joists is shown on plate S47 and for
masonry walls on S42.

15.2 Masonry Walls: Plans for new construction in which the

basic 100mm module is used for building lay-out are
typically detailed with hard metric masonry. Concrete
masonry units and clay brick manufactured to metric
standards are not readily available. Soft metric CMU and
brick, equivalent to standard I-P units, may be used by P.L.
104-289. Since this is common in CESWD this paragraph
describes the soft metric design.

15.2.1 CMU and brick-CMU walls and partitions will be

designed in accordance with the International Building Code,
or when required for seismic design TI 809-04, or have
reinforcement as required for force protection by UFC 4-010-
01 or UFC 4-010-02 as applicable. Control joint spacing
shall be as recommended in UFC 1-200-01.

15.2.2 Specify, and design for, type "S" mortar (Fm’=

9300kPa (1350 psi)).

15.2.3 Minimum Reinforcement. All masonry exterior,

bearing and shear walls will be reinforced as specified in
references given in paragraph 15.2.1. Unreinforced masonry
structural walls will not be used. Where vertical
reinforcement is required for CMU walls 255mm (10 inches),
or less, in thickness use one reinforcing bar per grouted
cell and place the bar in the center of cell. Use of two
bars per grouted cell is not recommended in CMU less than
305mm (12 inches) thick due to the difficulty in obtaining
proper reinforcement placement. Minimum seismic
reinforcement details for use on facilities with a Seismic
Design Category of C or higher is on plates S44, S45, and
S46.

15.2.4 The use of 102mm (4-inch) CMU single wythe interior

partitions and walls is not recommended. When vertical
reinforcing is required the cells in 102mm (4-inch) CMU are

IV-26
too small to properly grout in a vertical reinforcing bar.
Do not use 102mm (4-inch) CMU in seismic areas.

15.2.5 Double wythe brick-CMU exterior walls should be

cavity walls with a 50mm minimum cavity to prevent moisture
penetration. Due to moisture penetration CMU should not be
used as an exterior wythe in cavity walls or as a veneer.
Composite walls will not be used.

15.2.6 For cavity walls, if reinforcement is required and

the outer wythe is brick (or 102mm (4-inch) CMU which cannot
be reinforced), the inner wythe should be assumed to take
the
entire lateral load and should be reinforced accordingly.

15.2.7 Where roof or floor diaphragms are attached to bond

beams which serve as the diaphragm chord, the bond beam
reinforcement must be continuous across CMU control joints.
If the wall is exposed to view, provide a "dummy joint" in
the bond beam to match the control joint location.

15.2.8 Wall control joint locations and spacing and other

crack control measures will be in accordance with references
listed in paragraph 15.2.1, as applicable. Show control
joint locations on architectural plans and elevations.

15.2.9 Vertical and horizontal reinforcement requirements

for masonry walls must be clearly indicated on the
structural or architectural drawings.

15.2.10 Masonry walls must be kept clear, 20mm minimum, of

steel columns and soffit of steel beams. Also, attachments
of masonry walls to building frames must be designed to
allow independent movement in the plane of the wall and
prevent shear wall action. Plates S41 and S42 show typical
details.

15.3 Steel Stud Walls and Partitions: Light gage steel

studs may be used for interior and exterior, load and non-
load bearing, wall construction for most buildings. See
paragraphs 5.3.8 and 19.1 of this chapter for structural
designer responsibility and design and detailing
requirements.

IV-27
15.4 Precast Concrete Walls. Precast, site-cast (tilt up)
or factory cast concrete, may be used for curtain walls or
load-bearing shear walls.

15.4.1 PCI Design Handbook, "Precast and Prestressed

Concrete," and PCA Engineering Bulletin, "Tilt-up Load
Bearing Walls," may be used as design guides.

15.4.2 Special attention should be given to the need for

slip-connections and/or additional reinforcement at
connections to prevent or minimize cracking due to thermal
expansion or contraction.

15.4.3 When curtain wall panels are connected to a building

frame at two floor levels, design/detail the connections so
the panel bears at only one level and receives only lateral
support at the other level, to prevent load bearing/shear
wall action.

15.4.4 For design in seismic zones, reference TI 809-4 and

FEMA 302.

15.4.5 Precast panels will be designed for in-place loads

similar to other building elements with the required steel
reinforcing. The AE shall ether fully detail connections
between the panels and the building framing or provide the
in-place design loads on the plans for the contractor to use
in selecting the connection. When the contractor is
permitted to design and select the connection,
responsibility for the connection shall remain with the
engineer of record designer. Any additional reinforcing for
shipping, transportation or erection is the responsibility
of the panel supplier.

15.5 Wood Stud Walls and Partitions. Interior and exterior

walls framed with wood studs may be used for barracks and
dormitories. See paragraph 7.4 of this chapter for design
criteria and CESWD guidance.

16. BUILDING FRAMES:

16.1 General. Systems with load bearing walls and shear

walls are often more economical than complete building
frames and should be considered in the selection process.
The structural system shall be designed for both the

IV-28
vertical and lateral loads required by the references in UFC
3-310-01, UFC 1-200-01, TI 809-4 and TI 809-5.

16.2 Concrete Frames:

16.2.1 Cast-in-place or precast concrete frames may be used

as vertical-load-carrying or lateral-load carrying moment
resisting frames with restrictions on their design for use
in resisting seismic forces. Table 1617.6 of the
International Building Code identifies the type of moment
resisting concrete framing required for each Seismic Design
Category. Use of precast seismic-force-resisting frames is
permitted, provided the frame emulates the behavior of
monolithic reinforced concrete construction or relies on
demonstrated experimental evidence that seismic loading
comparable to monolithic reinforced concrete is achieved.
Complete documentation shall be submitted and approved by
the supervising district when precast seismic-force-
resisting framing is proposed for use. Requirements to
prevent progressive collapse for force protection shall be
provided as required by UFC 4-010-01.

16.2.2 Structural lightweight concrete may be used for

floor systems but not in columns or beams.

16.2.3 Frame design will be in accordance with IBC, TI 809-

4 and/or ACI 318, as applicable.

16.2.4 Provide expansion joints through concrete framed

buildings at 75 meter on center, maximum.

16.2.5 Coordinate design with the applicable general notes

on enclosed Plate S1.

16.3 Steel Frames:

16.3.1 Steel frame design will be in accordance with

applicable AISC references listed in paragraph 2.2, TI 809-
04, and SJI Standard Specifications, as applicable. Seismic
Design Category D, E, or F shall be designed/detailed to
conform with AISC Part I or III. Frame drift must be limited
as necessary to prevent damage to supported wall systems and
brittle cladding materials.

16.3.2 Generally the framing plan should utilize braced

frames, when practical, to carry lateral loads due to the

IV-29
economy of this system. A minimum of four anchor bolts into
the foundation is required through the base plate for every
column. When rigid frames are utilized to resist lateral
loads, recommend that they consist of a combination of
columns, which are rigidly connected to the beams, and
columns with simple beam connections because of the high
cost of using rigid connections at every joint. Assume the
columns of braced frames to be pin-connected at the
foundation for design. The structural designer shall
determine the appropriate fixity at the foundation for
design of rigid frames. The gravity only columns of both
braced and rigid frames may be designed for an effective
length equal to their actual length, ie. K = 1. Design of
the columns with rigid connections to beams shall include
second order effects. Second order effects consist of
member effects and structure effects. When frames have a
combination of rigidly and simply connected columns, the
column effective length factor, K, for rigidly connected
columns determined by the alignment chart nomograph in the
commentary to the AISC Specifications does not account for
the structure effects due to the simply connected columns.
The reference in paragraph 2.2.27 presents several
acceptable ways to account for the second order structure
effects that may be used for this type of frame.
Requirements to prevent progressive collapse for force
protection shall be provided as required by UFC 4-010-01.

16.3.3 STRUCTURAL STEEL CONNECTIONS: Connection design

shall be in accordance with applicable AISC Specifications,
TI 809-04 and ER 1110-345-53. Column base plates must
utilize a minimum of four foundation anchor bolts. Other
structural steel connections may be classified under one of
two categories, critical connections, or simple connections.
Critical connections are those subjected to moment(s)
and/or axial loads in combination with shear loads. Simple
connections are connections subjected to shear only and are
classified as shear connections. Neither construction
contractors nor steel fabricators will be permitted to
design critical steel connections. As required by ETL 1110-
3-447, all critical structural steel connections shall be
designed and completely detailed and shown on the contract
drawings. Simple connections shall also be detailed on the
contract drawings unless the A-E scope of work specifically
exempts detailing of these connections. In cases when
allowed by the A-E scope of work, steel fabricators will be
permitted to select and detail simple connection details

IV-30
(shear connections) from the AISC Manual of Steel
Construction. When the steel fabricator is permitted to
select and detail simple connections, responsibility for the
connection's structural adequacy shall remain with the
design engineer of record and the Contract Plans and
Specifications shall require submission of these connections
to the A-E for approval. When seismic controls the design of
the main frame, fully restrained moment connections shall
comply with requirements of AISC Seismic Part I or III, TI
809-04. The engineer-of-record is responsible for assuring
that structural steel connections are constructible.

16.3.4 For one-story steel frame buildings bar joists or

joist girders may be used in moment-resisting frames by
extending the lower chord and attaching it to columns. The
bottom chord connection will not be made until all of the
roof dead load is in place. Calculations must be included
in the design analysis to demonstrate adequacy of such
construction and drawings shall show the forces for the
design of the special joists.

16.3.5 Provide expansion joints through steel framed

buildings at 90 meters on center maximum.

16.3.6 Trusses should be designed with web member

arrangement such that members are symmetrically loaded in
the plane of the truss.

16.3.7 See applicable superstructure notes on enclosed

Plate S4.

16.4 Wood Framing: See paragraph 7.4 of for criteria and

guidance.

17 ROOFS:

17.1 General: See Chapter III, Architectural, for

requirements on roof slopes or any other criteria not
covered below.

17.2 Steel Roof Decks With Build-Up Or Single Ply Roofing.

The most commonly used (and usually most economical)
low-slope roof system consists of build-up roofing or single
ply roofing over rigid insulation over steel roof decking
supported by steel bar joists. Where the roof framing

IV-31
supports a suspended ceiling, the bar joists are usually
spaced at 1.2 meter o.c. in order to simplify the ceiling
suspension system. Where sound attenuation is a design
requirement or where a rigid diaphragm is needed, structural
lightweight concrete may be placed over the steel deck. A
minimum slope of 1 vertical to 48 horizontal should be
provided for drainage. It is typically more economical to
build this slope into the framing rather than using tapered
insulation. Built-up roofing should not be used on slopes
greater than 1 vertical on 4 horizontal. In designing steel
roof decks, consideration should be given to the following:

17.2.1 For shear diaphragm design, see paragraph 18.1,

below.

17.2.2 Minimum deck thickness is 0.85mm (22 ga) for shear

diaphragm design.

17.2.3 See Superstructure Note 7, enclosed Plate S4.

17.2.4 Deck selection should include a consideration for

construction and maintenance loads per the Steel Deck
Institute specification.

17.3 Concrete Roof Decks:

17.3.1 Cast-in-place or precast concrete roof decks are

acceptable; however, they are usually more costly than steel
deck systems and are normally used only where required for
fire proofing, sound attenuation or other special
considerations.

17.3.2 Diaphragm design considerations are covered in

paragraph 18 below.

17.4 Pitched Roofs.

17.4.1 Asphalt shingles, which are commonly used for roof

slopes greater than 1 vertical on 4 horizontal, require a
nailable deck for support. Since most military
construction, except barracks and dormitiories, must be
"protected, non-combustible" or "unprotected
non-combustible", plywood decking or other types of wood
decking are not usually used. Gypsum planks and so-called
"nailable concrete" planks have been used in the past.

IV-32
17.4.2 An alternative to asphalt shingles is structural
standing seam metal roofing. See paragraph 17.5 below.

17.5 Structural Standing Seam Metal Roof System (SSSMRS).

SSMRS are composed of metal roof panels supported and/or
attached by clips fastened directly to the building
structure. The metal panels span between the structural
supports to carry snow, dead, live, concentrated loads, and
wind loads without additional support from other substrates
that may be part of the roofing system. SSSMRS shall be
specified through use of guide specification UFGS-07416a in
specifications and details on the plans.

17.5.1 Past experience has shown that improperly designed,

specified or installed metal roof systems have failed due
to: panel buckling, panel sidelap seams (ribs) opening,
anchor clips fracturing and fastener pull out, all due to
wind uplift. For AE designed buildings, the roof framing
system must be designed and detailed to show necessary
structural framing members, prulins, or subpurlins to
accommodate concealed anchor clip spacing. Roof Panel Clip
attachments to metal decks are not permitted. The contract
drawings will include loading diagrams/tables showing the
design wind uplift pressures for all zones as determined by
ASCE 7, including external and internal pressures. The
contract drawings will also include minimum design live
loads and or snow loading diagrams/tables where appropriate.
Note: When the SSSMR system is a component of a metal
building system, the loading criteria in UFGS 13120A
Standard Metal Building Systems will apply.

17.5.2 During Selection of the building framing system it

is necessary to consider the support requirements for the
standing seam metal roof. See TI 809-29, Structural
Considerations for Metal Roofing. The building frame members
that support the SSSMR should be perpendicular to the roof
slope. If the main structural roof framing system is
parallel to the roof slope, then a solution that is
compatible with most SSSMRS manufacturers is to provide Z-
purlins perpendicular to and supported by and connected to
the main framing system.

17.5.3 Steel Joist Institute criteria requires that top

chords of joists be laterally supported. Some roofing
systems, such as structural standing seam, do not have decks

IV-33
or attachments adequate to provide this support and do not
have the structural properties necessary to act as a
diaphragm; therefore, a supplementary bracing system is
required.

18 SHEAR DIAPHRAGM DESIGN:

18.1 Steel Deck Diaphragms:

18.1.1 Steel deck diaphragms for both wind-controlled and

seismic-controlled designs should be designed in accordance
with SDI Diaphragm Design Manual. The designer should
compute the maximum diaphragm shear in N/m (PLF) and select
a satisfactory deck thickness (0.85mm (22 ga.), min.), type
and pattern of connections from the tables in the Diaphragm
Design Manual. Working stress allowable capacities from the
Diaphragm Design Manual may be increased by 2.0 for use in
strength design. In regions where seismic analysis controls
design diaphragm shear, welded connections are required.
Note that SDI does not recommend welded side lap connections
with 0.85mm (22 gage) deck. This should be done for both
610mm (24 inch) wide panels and 915mm (36-inch) wide panels.
The computed maximum shear and selected deck thicknesses
and connections should be placed on the drawings (see
Superstructure Note 7, Plate S4). It should be noted that
the tables in the current Diaphragm Deign Manual, include
0.85mm, 1.0mm and 1.3mm (22, 20 and 18 ga.) thicknesses,
only. Values for 1.6mm (16 ga.) and thicker decks will have
to be computed from the formulas contained in the Diaphragm
Design Manual. It will also be necessary to compute values
for 1.3mm (18 ga.) deck for the commonly used roof deck span
(joist spacing) of 1.2 meters.

18.1.2 Steel deck diaphragms usually fall in the flexible

or semi-flexible category and, as such, will not distribute
torsional forces (i.e., diaphragm shear reactions at shear
walls or frames will be computed on a tributary area basis,
only).

18.1.3 The lateral deflection of steel deck diaphragms

which furnish lateral support for masonry walls should be
checked against the allowable wall deflection. The actual
maximum wall deflection is equal to the "story drift" that
is the sum of the maximum diaphragm deflection and the
average of the deflections of the frames or shear walls on
either side of the diaphragm span.

IV-34
18.1.4 Structural connections of the steel deck diaphragms
to the building frame, sidelap connections, perimeter
chords, connector plates at ridges, shear struts/collectors
buildings to carry loads to shear walls and braced frames
and other details for proper behavior of the diaphragm shall
be fully designed by the AE and detailed on the contract
plans.

18.2 Precast Concrete Diaphragms:

18.2.1 Design for both wind and seismic should be in

accordance with reference 2.1.8.

18.2.2 Calculations must be included in the design analysis

to demonstrate the adequacy of the side connections between
neighboring precast elements to transmit shear and
connection of the precast concrete diaphragms to the lateral
force resisting building framing or shear walls.

18.3 Wood Diaphragms and Shear Walls: See guidance in

paragraph 7.4 for applicable design standards and CESWD
guidance.

18.4 Shear Struts:

18.4.1 One common error in design of shear diaphragms is

the failure to provide struts where needed to allow uniform
shear transfer from the diaphragm. Such cases arise where a
shear wall or frame does not extend for the full depth of a
diaphragm and at re-entrant corners of "L" and "T" shaped
buildings. (In some cases, the floor or roof joist at that
location may be sufficient to act as a strut.)

18.4.2 Struts must be designed for the horizontal

compressive or tensile loads from the accumulated diaphragm
shear as well as vertical loads from the diaphragms.

18.4.3 Connections between struts and shear walls or frames

should be designed and detailed.

19. SPECIAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:

19.1 Use of Light Cold Formed Steel Framing. Subject to

design requirements referenced in the following paragraph,

IV-35
cold formed steel framing may be used as studs for interior
and exterior walls as non-load bearing partitions and
curtain walls carrying lateral loads or load-bearing systems
that carry both lateral and vertical loads. Light gage steel
framing may be used as joists or fabricated into trusses for
support of vertical roof and floor loads.

19.1.1 TI 809-07 and AISI Specifications of The Design of

Cold Formed Steel Structural Members will be used as design
guidance and UFGS 05400a, "Cold Formed Steel Framing" and
UFGS 04220a, "Non-bearing Masonry Veneer/Steel Stud Walls as
the basis for contract specifications.

19.1.2 In accordance with reference TI 5-809-07 and UFGS

05400a, the building structural designer has design
responsibility for cold-formed steel systems and this
responsibility will not be transferred to the Construction
Contractor. The design analysis shall contain design
calculations needed to size and for connections for cold
formed framing. Contract Drawings shall completely detail
the cold formed framing. The structural designer is
responsible for design and all details needed to implement
the design for load carrying cold-formed framing system.
Contract Plans and/or Specifications shall require all cold
formed framing members and details that are not on the
Contract Plans and are selected by the Construction
Contractor to be submitted for review and approval by the
structural designer.

19.2 Expansive Soil Areas. Severe expansive soil

conditions exist in the San Antonio area and portions of
Fort Sill, Altus AFB, Sheppard AFB, and Fort Hood and in
other known areas listed in TM 5-818-7. Design of buildings
founded on expansive soil should be based on the criteria
listed below. Where it is possible to found the building on
a stable stratum such as gravel, rock or a sufficient
thickness of compacted engineering fill, the criteria may be
neglected.

19.2.1 Foundation. The Foundation Design Analysis (FDA)

will indicate the type, or types, of foundation that can be
used and will also indicate other special requirements such
as carton-formed voids under grade beams and structurally
supported first floors over a 150mm (6 inch) (minimum) void.
The Foundation Design Analysis will also indicate any

IV-36
potential tensile forces caused by expansive soil, which may
require additional vertical reinforcement in drilled piers.
If the FDA indicates that the foundation material is
expansive and these items are not covered in the FDA, the
structural engineer should request guidance from the
geotechinical engineer.

19.2.2 Framing. Due to the likelihood of differential

movement, a primary consideration in framing selection is
flexibility. Steel framing is preferred. Load bearing
masonry or precast walls are acceptable, however, masonry
walls should be made movement-tolerant by the use of closely
spaced control joints. Cast-in-place concrete frames should
be used only if a rigid foundation, such as a thick mat, is
provided.

19.2.3 Exterior Walls. The flexibility requirement,

mentioned above for frames, also applies to walls. Precast
concrete panels or insulated metal panels will provide
adequate flexibility. Brittle finishes such as stucco or
brick veneer should not be used unless panelized by control
joints. Long, unbroken runs of masonry should be avoided
where possible. Where not possible, control joints should
be provided at 5.5 meters o.c., maximum. These structural
provisions need to be coordinated with Architectural details
on plans.

19.2.4 Interior Partitions. Use metal stud, gypsum board,

dry-wall construction where possible. Where brittle
finishes must be used, liberal use of control joints is
required. Coordinate with Architectural details on plans.

19.2.5 Basements. Basements, especially partial basements,

should be avoided if at all possible. Where basements must
be provided, the basement floors will be structurally
supported over a 150mm (minimum) void; provide perimeter
wall drains discharging to a sump; exterior faces of
basement walls will be waterproofed. Lateral earth pressure
(k) values and special excavation/backfill requirements will
be cited in the Foundation Design Analysis. If this
information is not available in the FDA, the structural
engineer should request guidance from the geotechnical
engineer.

IV-37
19.2.6 Bench Marks. When benchmarks are required on
building foundations (to monitor movement) use the detail on
Plate S53.

19.2.7 Grading and Drainage. Care must be taken to ensure

against ponding of water adjacent to the building
foundation. These items should be coordinated with the civil
site layout and landscape engineer. Some considerations are:

19.2.7.1 Grade sites to drain surface water well away from

the building. This is particularly true for side-hill
sites.

19.2.7.2 Do not use planters or shrubs which require

frequent watering adjacent to buildings.

19.2.7.3 Areas subject to accidental spillage of water

(air-conditioning cooling towers, etc.) should receive
special attention to ensure discharge of spillage into storm
drains or drainage away from the building.

19.2.8 Utilities. Special consideration should be given to

connections, suspension and placement of under floor utility
lines to prevent damage due to soil heave. Testing should
be done immediately before final acceptance of the building
to detect leaks due to disturbance during construction.
Roof drains should be carried down the outside of exterior
walls where possible. Sewer, water and drain lines in crawl
spaces shall be supported clear of the crawl space floor
utilizing trenches if necessary. The Foundation Design
Analysis will indicate whether special provisions must be
made for under floor utilities. In such cases, the
mechanical design engineer should be contacted for guidance.

19.3 Special Concrete Requirements. To alleviate

deterioration of concrete due to sulfate action at White
Sands Missile Range, the following requirements should be
required by the contract specifications. The AE should
contact the supervising district Technical Coordinator for a
copy of special concrete specifications. For all concrete
used in foundation construction: (a) coarse and fine
aggregates will be washed, (b) calcium chloride or
admixtures containing chloride salts will not be used, (c)
all concrete will have air entrainment. In addition for all
concrete less than 600 mm above finished grade, except for
floor slabs within buildings and for concrete used for

IV-38
electrical systems (ducts, manholes, pull boxes, vaults,
etc.) will: (a) use Type V cement, (b) have an air content
by volume of 5.5 percent plus or minus 1.5 percent, (c)
contain an approved type F pozzolan, (d) contain not less
than 400kg of cement per cubic meter of concrete (675 lb.
(seven sacks) of cement per cubic yard of concrete), (e) not
exceed a slump of 75 mm (f) be moist cured for 10 days, and
(g) receive a water proofing surface treatment consisting of
two coats of linseed oil.

19.4 Seismic Provisions. The basic seismic design criteria

is contained in UFC 1-200-01, TI 809-04 and FEMA 302 and
will be followed subject to the exceptions and
clarifications listed below:

19.4.1 The Spectrical Accelerations Ss and S1 for each base

in the Southwestern Division are listed in paragraph 22.
Also provided in paragraph 23 and 23.1 is guidance for bases
in low seismically areas where seismic analysis does not
need to be performed because lateral wind loading will
control design.

19.4.2 The design examples contained , in reference given

in TI 809-04 appendix H, should be used as guides for
presenting the seismic design analysis. See Chapter IX;
Design Analysis Chapter 4 for additional guidance on seismic
analysis.

19.4.3 Minimum seismic reinforcement must be provided for

CMU walls in facilities with a Seismic Design Category of C
and higher. This requirement increases the cost of CMU walls
making other wall systems more competitive. This should be
kept in mind in making wall system selection.

19.5 Fallout Shelter Spaces. Addition of fallout shelter

spaces may be requested by the using agency as part of a
project design. Unless provisions of shelter spaces are
included in the programmed amount for a facility, the cost
limitation on any special construction measures is 1 percent
of the programmed amount. PF 40 provides protection from
fallout radiation for basic life safety for a 14 day period
while radiation is life threatening. PF 100 is appropriate
only for essential facilities which must continue to
function during a radiation emergency. Analysis and design
of shelter spaces will be in accordance with the current

IV-39
standards published by the Defense Civil Preparedness
Agency.

19.6 Aircraft Hangar Wind Loads. Southwestern Division

policy is to design aircraft hangar and maintenance
buildings to resist wind loads resulting from the basic wind
speed set forth in reference UFC 3-310-01 with aircraft
access doors both open and closed. Deviation from this
policy will require a waiver from MACOM or MAJCOM.

19.7 Monorail Design. Hoist runway beams and their

supporting hangers shall be designed and detailed by the
design engineer. Beam design shall be conservative due to
the possibility of overloads caused by misuse of the hoist.
The criteria given herein is for design of monorails
supporting hoists with rated capacity of 8.9 kN (2000
pounds), or smaller.

19.7.1 Except as specified herein, the monorail beam design

shall be in accordance with AISC deign specifications taking
into account the laterally unsupported length of the beam
compression flange. The monorail beam vertical service live
load shall be 1.5 times the rated capacity of the hoist, to
account for impact and overload, and a lateral load of 0.2
times the hoist rated capacity perpendicular to the beam.
The beam shall be designed for the service live load plus
dead load of beam and hoist. The vertical beam deflection
to length ratio shall be limited to 1/800 with a service
live load equal to the rated hoist capacity. An “S shape”
beam with channel on top should be used for all but very
short spans.

19.7.2 The service live load for hangers supporting the

monorail beam shall be 2.0 times the rated capacity of the
hoist and a lateral load of 0.2 times the rated hoist
capacity perpendicular to the beam. The hangers shall be
designed for the service live load plus dead load of the
beam and hoist. Monorail beams should be braced for
longitudinal forces equal to 0.1 times the rated hoist
capacity. Instead of using longitudinal beam bracing, the
longitudinal force may be carried by designing the hangers
for this longitudinal force in addition to the loads
described above.

19.7.3 One load case for design of the building framing

supporting the monorail shall be vertical service design

IV-40
load of 1.5 times the rated capacity of the hoist combined
with all other live loads and dead loads supported by the
framing. When the monorail is supported by roof framing, a
service live loads of 0.5 times the total roof design live
load is appropriate for combining with the hoist service
load of 1.5 times the hoist rated capacity. When building
framing supporting the monorail is open web steel joists,
the design engineer shall designate KCS joists or provide a
load diagram for custom design by the joist manufacturer.
The design shall also assure proper joist loading due to the
concentrated loads at the monorail hangers by requiring the
hangers to be at the panel points, or adding special joist
web or cord reinforcing when the hangers are not at the
panel points.

19.8 Traveling Crane Runway Girders. Runway girders may be

designed as simple or continuous members with certain
limitations. Continuous girders should not be used where
significant unequal foundation settlement is likely to
occur. Where foundations are other than shale or hard rock,
check anticipated differential settlement so that the
difference is limited to 0.003 L between adjacent supports.
Limit live load deflection to span length at mid-span to
1/800. The flanges of crane girders shall be proportioned
to resist AISC code lateral forces. For continuous girders
limit ratio of length of adjacent spans to 2:1. Connect
ends of simply supported girders in such a manner as to
allow the ends to rotate under vertical loading. Use
adjustable bolted connections for fastening the rail to the
girder (welded connections are not permitted).

19.9 Firewalls. Fire codes require that 4-hour rated

firewalls be self supporting (free standing) and cannot be
attached to the building framing on either side for top
support unless the framing has a 1-1/2 hour fire rating. If
it is not feasible to cantilever a single firewall from the
foundation, a double wall may be used with each wall
attached to, and supported by, the adjacent building
framing. The foundations for such walls must, of course, be
designed for the imposed loads. The minimum lateral design
load for fire- walls should be 480 Pa unless a portion of
the wall is exposed to exterior wind loads. Fire rated
walls with less than a 4-hour fire rating (sometimes called
"fire partitions") need not be free standing and may be
supported by the building framing. Control joints in

IV-41
firewalls should be keyed and caulked with rock wool held in
place by mortar (applies to both faces).

19.10 Antiterrorism/Force Protection. Security engineering

is an important aspect of facility design. Minimum framing
measures to prevent progressive structural collapse shall be
provided as required by UFC 4-010-01. Structural measures
due to force protection requirements may require the design
of the framing system, wall type and thickness, and
structural roof system to form a protective system when the
standoff distance is less than the minimum required for use
of conventional construction. DD Form 1391 establishes the
level of protective design needed and the security
engineering associated costs for the project. Guidance on
antiterrorism measures shall follow UFC 4-010-01, UFC 4-010-
02, and UFC 4-010-10. Coordination between the facility
Architectural designer and structural design engineer is
needed early during the lay-out of the building when blast
resistant construction is required.
19.11 Use of Wood Framing. See guidance in paragraph 7.4.1
for applicability of wood framing in military construction.

20. MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES:

20.1 Manholes, Pullboxes, Surface Inlets, etc. These

structures should comply with details shown in Chapter II,
Civil and Chapter VI, Electrical. Concrete strength will be
21 mPa (3000 psi) unless otherwise shown. Precast concrete
structures are acceptable and should be used where more
economical. H10 design wheel loads will be used except that
structures in pavement will be designed for the pavement
design wheel loads.

20.2 Headwalls. Dimensions of headwalls should be similar

to those shown on plates in Chapter II, Civil. Concrete
strength will be 21 mPa (3000psi) unless otherwise shown.
Keyed construction joints should not be used.

20.3 Transformer Pads and Condenser Pads. See Plate S59

for typical structural details. Concrete should be 21 mPa
(3000 psi).

20.4 Retaining Walls and Other Earth Retaining Structures.

Guidance for the design of retaining structures is
furnished in EM 1110-2-2501, Retaining and Flood Walls.

IV-42
Lateral earth loads on structures should be based on p = whk
where p = lateral pressure, w = wet unit weight of earth
585kg/m2 (120 pcf) minimum, may be higher in some areas, h =
depth of soil and k = coefficient of lateral earth pressure
which will be furnished in the Foundation Design Analysis or
by geotechnical engineer. Surcharge loads should be
included where applicable. In case of high ground water
table, investigation should also be made for lateral buoyant
earth pressure plus 100 percent hydrostatic pressure at
one-third overstress. Where drains or weep holes are
provided (see Plate S60), the water table may be assumed to
be lowered 50 percent of the difference in the water table
and drain elevations. Hydrostatic uplift should also be
included. It is considered acceptable practice to design
retaining walls for the following criteria:

20.4.1 The resultant of the vertical and horizontal loads

falls within the middle third of the base.

20.4.2 The bearing pressure must not exceed the allowable

bearing pressure.

20.4.3 The safety factor against overturning must be at

least 1.5.

20.4.4 The sliding safety factor must be at least 1.5.

Where a sloping backfill surface occurs, the Geotechnical
Engineer should be contacted for adjustment of the design
"K" lateral earth pressure factor. It is preferred that the
working stress method of design be used with actual
(unfactored) loads.

20.5 Metal Buildings Systems. Off-the-shelf or custom

designed pre-engineered metal buildings are economical and
suited to some projects such as shops, small storage or
equipment buildings, etc. Use of these buildings should be
considered where permitted (or specified) by the using
service. Economy is fully realized when all components of
the pre-engineered building are utilized, i.e., steel
framing, purlins, girts, metal roof, and wall panels. When
substitutions are made for any of these basic components,
the savings will be reduced. Pre-engineered metal buildings
are not recommended when the building geometry and/or
architecture is not compatible with the use of continuous

IV-43
frames consisting of fabricated tapered columns and rafters.
The following considerations apply:

20.5.1 Foundations and floors should be detailed on the

construction drawings.

20.5.2 The building supplier should be allowed minor

variations in building dimensions to accommodate
off-the-shelf designs.

20.5.3 All loads required for design of the building frames

should be specified including wind, seismic and crane loads.

20.5.4 Place applicable pre-engineered building notes from

enclosed Plate S5 on the construction drawings. The
Engineer of Record shall approve the structural design
analysis prepared by the pre-engineered building
manufacturer.

20.6 Storage Tank Foundations. Foundations for storage

tanks shall conform to recommendations in the Foundation
Design Analysis, tank manufacturers recommendations, API
640, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, and minimum
requirements shown on Plates S56, S57, and S58.

20.6.1 The width of reinforced concrete ring foundations

for vertical tanks on ground shall be designed to support
the load from the tank wall and roof plus weight of tank
fluid directly above the ring without exceeding the
allowable foundation bearing pressure. The ring
circumferential reinforcement shall be designed for hoop
tension caused by "at rest" lateral earth pressure acting on
the inside of the ring, taking into account the surcharge
from weight of fluid in the tank. When applicable, the ring
shall be designed for stresses resulting from seismic forces
combined with the other stresses. See API Standard 650,
Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, for seismic forces on
tanks.

20.6.2 Foundations for elevated tanks shall be designed for

most unfavorable combination from weight of tank, weight of
tank contents, and effects from lateral forces due to wind
and earthquake.

20.7 Reinforced Box Culverts. Box culvert design shall

conform to the requirements in AASHTO Standard

IV-44
Specifications for Highway Bridges. Appropriate State
Highway Department standard designs that conform to AASHTO
specifications may be used.

21. ENGINEER-OF-RECORD. The Engineer-of-Record (EOR) for

all aspects of structural designs, including connections,
for in-house jobs shall be the Chief of the engineering
office performing the design. The EOR for all aspects of
structural designs, including connections, for Architect-
Engineer or Engineer-Architect designs, shall be the
principal-in-charge of the design firm. ETL 1110-3-447 sets
a policy that the design of structural steel (except for
metal building systems), reinforced concrete, precast
concrete framing and cladding and their connections (except
precast lifting design), and masonry the project designer
shall maintain complete design responsibility for members
and connections, and not transfer this responsibility to the
Construction Contractor. In a like manner TI 5-809-07 and
provisions of UFGS 05400a require the project designer to
have ultimate design responsibility for design of light gage
cold-formed framing.

IV-45
22.
Basic Wind Speeds, Seismic Spectral Accelerations,
Ground Snow Loads

(Note 1) (Note 2) (Note 3)

BASIC SEISMIC GROUND
WIND ACCELERATIONS SNOW
SPEED Ss S1 LOAD
LOCATION Km/hr (MPH) g g N/m2 (PSF)

Altus AFB, OK 145 (90) 0.18 0.06 480 (10)

Amarillo, TX (Pantex) 145 (90) 0.16 0.04 720 (15)
Brooks AFB, TX 145 (90) 0.13 0.04 240 (5)
Dyess AFB, TX 145 (90) 0.08 0.03 240 (5)
Fort Chaffee AR, OK 145 (90) 0.20 0.10 480 (10)

Fort Bliss, TX 145 (90) 0.35 0.10 480 (10)

Fort Hood, TX 145 (90) 0.09 0.05 240 (5)
Fort Polk, LA 165 (100) 0.15 0.07 240 (5)
Fort Sam Houston, TX 145 (90) 0.12 0.04 240 (5)
Fort Sill, OK 145 (90) 0.35 0.09 480 (10)

Goodfellow AFB, TX 145 (95) 0.08 0.03 240 (5)

Kelly AFB, TX 145 (90) 0.13 0.04 240 (5)
Lackland AFB, TX 145 (90) 0.13 0.04 240 (5)
Laughlin AFB, TX 145 (90) 0.08 0.03 0 (0)
Little Rock AFB, AR 145 (90) 0.53 0.19 480 (10)

Lone Star AAP, TX 145 (90) 0.18 0.08 240 (5)

Longhorn AAP, TX 145 (90) 0.18 0.07 240 (5)
Louisiana AAP, LA 145 (90) 0.19 0.09 240 (5)
McAlester AAP, OK 145 (90) 0.20 0.09 480 (10)
Pine Bluff Arsenal, 145 (90) 0.42 0.17 480 (10)
AR

Randolph AFB, TX 145 (90) 0.12 0.04 240 (5)

Red River AAP, TX 145 (90) 0.19 0.09 240 (5)
Reese AFB, TX 145 (90) 0.09 0.03 960 (20)
Sacramento Peak, NM 195 (120) 0.35 0.10 2400 (50)
*
Sheppard AFB, TX 145 (90) 0.17 0.06 240 (5)

IV-46
Tinker AFB, OK 145 (90) 0.30 0.09 480 (10)
Vance AFB, OK 145 (90) 0.20 0.07 480 (10)
White Sands, NM 145 (90) 0.40 0.10 240 (5)
(main post only)

See notes on following page.

IV-47
Notes for Wind Speed, Seismic Accelerations, and Snow Load
table.

(1) Site specific wind speeds are form UFC 3-310-01. Basic
wind speed are 50-year recurrence interval, 3-second gust
speed. Design wind pressure should be determined using
ASCE 7. (*) indicates special wind region.

(2) Seismic accelerations are based on mapped contours from

the National Seismic Hazard Study by the U.S. Geological
Survey for the Federal Emergency management Agency. Ss is
Spectral Acceleration at 0.2 seconds. S1 is Spectral
Acceleration at 1.0 seconds. Seismic design shall
conform with applicable provisions of the International
Building Code, UFC 1-200-01 and TI 809-04.

(3) Ground snow loads are from UFC 3-310-01. Snow loads on
roofs will be in accordance with UFC 3-310-01. The
minimum roof Live load of 960 N/m2 (20 psf) will be
satisfactory except when roof slopes can cause drifts and
ground snow loads are 720 N/m2 (15 psf) or more.

IV-48
23. Seismic Design Analysis Design Aid. The Seismic
Spectral Accelerations within the Southwestern Division
military boundaries are generally low to moderate.
Therefore, design for wind loads instead of seismic design
analysis requirements will control the required strength of
the primary lateral force resisting structural system and
other components for many facilities. The Seismic Design
Category table that follows in paragraph 23.1 provides the
seismic Design Category for each of the three building
Seismic Use Groups for each military installation located
within CESWD. The Design Categories where determined using
the base Seismic Spectral Accelerations listed in paragraph
22 above, and Site Classifications for the base that are
listed in the table below. The Site Classifications where
based on the general soil properties at each military
installation. The Seismic Design Category values where
obtained by computing the design spectral response
acceleration values, SDS and SD1, at each base for each
Seismic Use Group and these where used to select the Seismic
Design Category from the TI 809-04 tables 4-2a and 4-2b. The
tabulation may be used to indicate that seismic loading will
not control the design of the main lateral force resisting
system. Within CESWD no additional seismic analysis is
required for the design of the main lateral force resisting
system for the facility when the Design Category tabulated
below is A or B. However, all parts of the structure between
separation joints shall be interconnected to form a
continuous load path and concrete or masonry walls shall be
anchored to roof and floors and other members that provide
lateral support for the wall or which are supported by the
wall. When the Seismic Design Category tabulated is C or
higher, a seismic analysis of the lateral force resisting
system should be performed. The requirements for basic
seismic force resisting structural systems and components
required in applicable portions of UFC 1-200-01, the
International Building Code and TI 809-05 shall be complied
with for facilities with Design Categories of C or higher,
even for those where seismic loading does not control the
design of the lateral force resisting system.

IV-49
23.1
Seismic Design Category
Design Aid

Site Seismic Use Group

Location Class (Note 2)
(Note 1) I II III

Altus AFB, OK C A A A

Amarillo, TX (Pantex) D B B C
Brooks AFB, TX Note A A A
3
Dyess AFB, TX Note A A A
3
Fort Chaffee AR, OK C B B C

Fort Bliss, TX D C C D

Fort Hood, TX D B B C
Fort Polk, LA D B B C
Fort Sam Houston, TX Note A A A
3
Fort Sill, OK D C C D

Goodfellow AFB, TX Note A A A

3
Kelley AFB, TX Note A A A
3
Lackland AFB, TX Note A A A
3
Laughlin AFB, TX Note A A A
3
Little Rock AFB, AR C C C D

Lone Star AAP, AR D B B D

Longhorn AAP, TX D B B C

Louisiana AAP, LA D C C D
McAlester AAP, OK D C C D
Pine Bluff Arsenal, AR E D D D

Randolph AFB, TX Note A A A

IV-50
 3
Red River AAP, TX D C C D
Reese AFB, TX Note A A A
3
Sacramento Peak, NM Note - - -
4
Sheppard AFB, TX C B B C

Tinker AFB, OK D C C D
Vance AFB, OK D B B C
White Sands, NM D C C D
(main post only)

See notes on following page.

IV-51
Notes for Seismic Design Category - Design Aid table.

No additional seismic analysis is required for the design of

the main lateral force resisting system of the facility when
its tabulated Design Category is A or B. When its Seismic
Design Category is C or higher, a seismic analysis should be
performed.

The Design Categories where determined using the base

Seismic Spectral Accelerations listed in paragraph 22, and
Site Classifications for the base that are listed in the
table. The Site Classifications where based on the general
soil properties at each military installation. The Seismic
Design Category values where obtained by computing the
design spectral response acceleration values, SDS and SD1, at
each base for each Seismic Use Group and these where used to
select the Seismic Design Category from the TI 809-04 tables
4-2a and 4-2b

(1) See TI 809-04 Table 3-1 for definition of Site

Classification.

(2) See TI 809-04 Table 4-1 for selection of the facility

Seismic Use Group based on occupancy or function.

(3) Structures located in regions having short period

spectral response values, Ss, less or equal to 0.15g and
values of the 1 second period spectral response
acceleration, S1, less than or equal to 0.04g are
permitted to be directly categorized as Seismic Design
Category A.

(4) Site Classifications on Sacramento Peak are variable

and facilities constructed are typically unoccupied.
Designer should select appropriate seismic
determinations for design.

IV-52
 APPENDIX A

Plates

Index

Plate General Information

S1 General Notes
S1A General Notes Continued
S2 Foundation Notes (Slab-on-Grade)
S3 Foundation Notes (Ribbed-Mat Slab)
S4 Steel Framing Notes
S5 Pre-Engineered Building Notes
S6 Not used

Reinforcement Lap, Embedment and Cover

S7 Not used
S8 Table A - Reinforcement Tension Laps, and
Embedment
S8A Notes for Table A
S9 Not used
S10 Table B - Concrete Cover

Pier and Beam Foundation Details

S11 Typical Pier and Column Details

S12 Typical Corner & Intersection Reinforcing
S13 Typical Grade Beam Reinforcing Diagram
S14 Typical Grade Beam Void Details

Ribbed-Mat Foundation Details

S15 Partial Plan - Frame Construction

S16 Ribbed Mat Foundation Sections
S17 Optional Details of Exterior Beams
S18 Ribbed Mat Foundations - Rib Reinforcement
S19 Ribbed Mat Construction Joint

Slab-on-Grade Floors

S20 Typical Exterior & Interior Grade Beam

S21 Construction Joint Details
S22 Weakened Plane Joint Details

IV-A-1
S23 Engine Generator & Equipment Pads
S24 Typical Floor Trench Details

IV-A-2
 Supported Floor Construction

S25 1st Floor w/Crawl Space

S26 1st Floor w/Carton Forms
S27 1st Floor Monolithic w/Grade Beams

Supported Floor Construction Cont.

S28 Supported Floor (Bar Joists on Grade Beams)

S29 Supported Floor (Bar Joists on Steel Beams)
S30 Typical Loadbearing Wall 2nd Floor Details
S31 Typical Precast Floor System

Stoops, Ramps, Etc.

S32 Typical Articulated Stoop

S33 Typical Supported Stoop
S34 Typical Ramp Details

Basement Details

S35 Basement Wall - Drainage System

S36 Basement Waterproofing Details
S37 Basement Waterproofing

CMU Walls & Partitions

S38 Joist Anchorage & Base Plate Details

S39 Bridging Anchorage & Rake Connection
S40 Steel Joist & CMU Partition Intersection
S41 Exterior CMU Wall - Connection to Steel Beam
S42 Typical Details of Interior CMU Partitions
S43 Special Control Joint Details
S44 Reinforced CMU Seismic Details Around Openings
S45 Typical Reinforced CMU Seismic Details
S46 Reinforced CMU Seismic Notes

Metal Stud Wall & Partitions

S47 Metal Stud Partition Lateral Support

IV-A-3
 Miscellaneous Building Details

S48 Steel Joist Bottom Chord Loading Detail

S49 Suspended Ceiling Details
S50 Roof Vent Framing - Steel Construction
S51 Roof Vent - Concrete Construction
S52 Existing Slab Removal & Replacement
S53 Bench Mark Detail

Perimeter Insulation Details

S54 Perimeter Insulation-Ribbed Mat Slab

S55 Perimeter Insulation-Slab-on-Grade

Tanks

S56 Fuel Storage Tank - Ring Foundation

S57 Above-ground Steel Storage Tank Foundation
S58 Underground Fuel Storage Tank Foundation

Equipment Foundations

S59 Condenser or Electrical Foundation Details

Retaining Walls

S60 Retaining Wall Drainage

IV-A-4
 APPENDIX B

CHAPTER IV

DESIGN CHECKLIST - STRUCTURAL

STRUCTURAL. The checklist lists many important items

required for quality structural plans that comply with Corps
of Engineers Criteria. It is not a comprehensive checklist
of items to assure that structural plans are complete.

1. Pier and grade beam schedules should coincide with

foundation/floor plans, details and other associated data.

2. Foundation, grade beam and slab dowels and their spacing

should be identified on plan or by detail.

3. Identify all materials below slabs-on-grade and ribbed

mats including non-expansive fill capillary water barrier
and vapor barrier.

4. Show locations and provide details for all construction

joints, weakened plane joints, isolation joints, contraction
joints in slabs-on-grade and ribbed mats.

5. Structural steel framing members shapes, sizes, etc.

should be detailed in accordance with the AISC Manual of
Steel Construction. For large buildings, provide a column
schedule as well as any other tables and schedules that
would simplify the drawings.

IV-B-1
6. Critical steel connections should be detailed. If simple
steel connections are not detailed, verify that the Engineer
of Record will approve the structural adequacy of connection
details selected by the steel fabricator and give sufficient
beam reaction information on the drawings for design of the
connection.

7. Provide details for joist seats requirements for sloped

end bearings, details of joist wall penetrations and
identify bearing elevations. Check that the required
strength of top chord extensions and extended ends is
specified. Show loads and dimension any special joist
configurations for design of special joists by the joist
manufacturer on drawings.

8. Foundation, floor and roof plans should have a north

arrow and have column grid lines that coincide with the
architectural drawings.

9. Provide general notes in accordance with the AEIM.

10. Show control and expansion joint locations for CMU walls
and provide details for them. Identify minimum bearing
dimensions for beams on masonry.

11. Identify horizontal and vertical CMU wall reinforcing on

the details or by table. Verify that the in-wall
stiffeners, adjacent to wall openings and piers between
openings, are structurally adequate for horizontal and
vertical loads.

12. Provide lintel details and a lintel schedule for large

buildings.

13. Identify metal deck fasteners and their spacing for

floor and roof diaphragms.

14. Provide connection details between floor and roof

diaphragms and shear/load bearing walls and/or steel
framing.

15. Verify that the spacing, depth, thickness and section

modulus for light gage steel studs and joists for walls,
roof and floors are shown. Verify that the connection of
the wall track to the floor and details of the track at the

IV-B-2
top of the wall are adequate to carry wall horizontal loads
and/or isolate the stud wall from the frame deflection in
accordance with the design assumptions. Verify that the
studs adjacent to openings are adequate to carry horizontal
wall loads. Provide details showing stiffeners and bracing
and/or schedules showing number and size for connectors
between light gage steel framing members and between this
framing and the building structural frame are shown.

16. When standing seam metal roofs are used, show the design
wind uplift pressures for the roof on the plans, and detail
sub-purlins and their connection to the building frame as
required for support of the standing seam roof.

IV-B-3