MIRPUR UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MUST), MIRPUR

DEPARMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
CE-481

Lecture [1] : Introduction

Engr. Muhammad Hassan

(Assistant Professor)

Date: April 30, 2020

 About the Course

COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This subject is designed to cover all aspects of irrigation engineering.
This covers aspects of hydraulic design of irrigation structures i.e.
barrages, canals, falls, etc. Also gives a complete overview about
operation and maintenance of irrigation structures and irrigated
agriculture.
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
To enhance the capabilities of students related to irrigation engineering
and canal network.

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 Course Learning Objectives (CLO’s)

Taxonomy
S. No CLO Domain PLO
Level
EXPLAIN procedures for design,
1 operation & maintenance of irrigation Cognitive 2 1
structures
CARRYOUT Crop-water Requirement
2 Cognitive 3 2
calculations using irrigated agriculture
ANALYZE gravity based canal irrigation
3 Cognitive 4 3
system.

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 Textbooks and Materials

Textbook (s)
1. Dr. Iqbal Ali, Irrigation Engineering and Design of Hydraulic
Structures
2. Santosh Kumar Garg, Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic
Structures, Khanna Publishers
References Material
1. R.N. Reddy, Irrigation Engineering, 2010
2. David, A. Chin, Water Resources Engineering, Prentice Hall; 2nd
Edition (April 13,
2006).

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 Course Plan (Before Mid)
1 Introduction to irrigation, Phases, Types
2 Irrigation System of Pakistan
3 Water Sector Challenges
4 Barrage Components
5 Barrage site selection & Layout
6 Barrage design considerations 1
7 Barrage design considerations 2
8 Canal Types and design parameters
9 Rigid Channels
10 Rigid Channel Design
11 Unlined Channel design using Kennedy’s theory
12 Kennedy’s theory design practice
13 Lacey’s Regime Theory
14 Channel Design by Tractive Force Method
15 Canal Lining
16 Canal Falls

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 Course Plan (After Mid)
17 Silt Control
18 Cross Drainage Works 1
19 Cross Drainage Works 2
20 Canal Regulation Works
21 Irrigation Outlets
22 Outlet Characteristics
23 Crop water
24 Soil Water-Plant relationships
25 Crop water Calculations
26 Distribution Methods
27 High Efficiency Irrigation Systems
28 Fixing Channel Capacity 1
29 Fixing Channel Capacity 2
30 Water Logging & Salinity
31 Tube-Wells
32 Environmental Impacts of Irrigation
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 Definition

Irrigation is the art of applying water to the land by artificial means to

fulfil the water requirements of crops in areas where rainfall is
insufficient.

What? Artificial application of water

Where to apply? To the root zone of the crop
When to apply? At right time
How much to apply? In required quantity
What for? For optimum crop yield

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 Functions of Irrigation

1.Supplies moisture to the soil essential for, germination of seeds and

chemical and bacterial processes during plant growth.
2.Cools the soil and the surroundings thus making the environment
more favorable for plant growth.
3.Washes out or dilutes salts present in the soil.
4.Softens the clods and thus helps in tillage operations.
5.Enables application of fertilizers.
6.Reduces the adverse effects of frost on crops.
7.Ensures crop success against short duration drought.

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 Necessities

1. Throughout the crop period adequate quantities of water is

required near the root zone of the plants for their growth
2. Insufficient Rainfall
3. Uneven Distribution of Rainfall
4. Improvement of Perennial Crops
5. Development of Agriculture in Desert Area

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 Advantages of Irrigation

1. Stabilized Yield of Crops

2. Protection from Famine
3. Prosperity of Farmers
4. Source of revenue
5. Hydroelectric Power Generation.
6. Water Supply
7. Development of Fishery
8. Communication and Navigation

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 Disadvantages of Irrigation

1. Rising of Water Table

2. Formation of Marshy Land
3. Dampness in Weather
4. Loss of Valuable Lands

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 Phases of Irrigation

Four phases:
1. Storage and diversion.
2. Conveyance of irrigation water.
3. Distribution and application of irrigation water.
4. Drainage of excess water.

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 Land Zones w.r.t Rainfall
1. Arid Zones:
For such zone annual rainfall is less than 15" and an irrigation system
is necessary.
2. Semi-Arid Zones:
In these areas, precipitation (annual rainfall) ranges from 15"-30" and
an irrigation system is desirable.
3. Humid Zone:
For these zones the annual rainfall is more than 30". Therefore an
irrigation system is beneficial.

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 Types of Irrigation

Types of
Irrigation

Surface Subsurface
Irrigation Irrigation

Flow Lift
Natural Artificial
Irrigation Irrigation

Perennial Flood
Irrigation Irrigation

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 Types
Flow Irrigation
The water is available on higher level and it is supplied to lower level
through the action of gravity.
Lift Irrigation
The water is lifted up through manually or some mechanical means
(Tube wells, wells etc.)
Perennial Irrigation
Constant and continuous water supply is assured to the crops
throughout the crop period (e.g. Direct Irrigation and Storage Irrigation)
Flood/ Inundation Irrigation
The soil is submerged and thoroughly flooded with water.
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 Types
Subsurface Irrigation
The underground water nourishes the plant roots through capillarity
Natural sub-irrigation
The underground irrigation is achieved by natural processes without
any additional extra efforts
Artificial sub-irrigation
The water is supplied to plant roots through a system of artificially laid
drains, below the soil by the action of capillarity.

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THANKS