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Find The Error of The Equation Below: TP3: Error and Approximation TP3: Error and Approximation

This document discusses error approximation in Taylor series for various functions including: - Exponential function ex for varying values of x - Sine and cosine functions for fractions of pi - Exponential function with addition of other functions like sine - Code is provided in MATLAB to calculate the error between Taylor approximations and true function values for varying degrees of the Taylor polynomial. Errors are plotted on logarithmic scales.

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Borith pang
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
51 views

Find The Error of The Equation Below: TP3: Error and Approximation TP3: Error and Approximation

This document discusses error approximation in Taylor series for various functions including: - Exponential function ex for varying values of x - Sine and cosine functions for fractions of pi - Exponential function with addition of other functions like sine - Code is provided in MATLAB to calculate the error between Taylor approximations and true function values for varying degrees of the Taylor polynomial. Errors are plotted on logarithmic scales.

Uploaded by

Borith pang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TP3 ::Error

TP3 Error and


andApproximation
Approximation

Find the error of the equation below


1. ex , x = 0.1
π π π π
2. sinx , x = ( , , , )
8 6 5 2
π π π π
3. cosx , x = ( , , , )
8 6 5 2

4. e 0.1x
,x=(1,2,3,4)
5. ex+0.1 , x = ( 0.1 , 0.02 , 0.01 )
6. ex + sinx , x = ( 0.1 , 0.2 , 0.3 )
1
7. ex + , x = ( 0.1 , 0.2 , 0.3 )
cos2x

Solution

1.Find the error of ex, x=0.1 by using matlab

𝐚𝐚𝟐𝟐 𝐚𝐚𝟑𝟑 𝐚𝐚𝐧𝐧


Taylor’s series of 𝐞𝐞𝐱𝐱 = 1 + a + 𝟐𝟐! + + … + 𝐧𝐧! + 𝐑𝐑 𝐧𝐧
𝟑𝟑!

Code
n=5
a=0.1
vec=(1:n)
terms=a.^vec./cumprod(vec)
expval=1+cumsum(terms)
trueval=exp(a)
err=abs(trueval-expval)

err =

0.0052 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000


2. Find the error of ex,x=(0.1,0.05,0.002,0.01) and plot the
graphic by using matlab.

𝐚𝐚𝟐𝟐 𝐚𝐚𝟑𝟑 𝐚𝐚𝐧𝐧


Taylor’s series of 𝐞𝐞𝐱𝐱 = 1 + a + 𝟐𝟐! + + … + 𝐧𝐧! + 𝐑𝐑 𝐧𝐧
𝟑𝟑!

Code
n=5
t=[0.1,0.05,0.02,0.01]
vec=(1:n)
err=[]
for i=1:length(t)
a=t(i)
terms=a.^vec./cumprod(vec)
expval=1+cumsum(terms)
trueval=exp(a)
err=[err;abs(trueval-expval)]
end
figure
plot(t,err)
legend('n=1','n=2','n=3','n=4','n=5')

err =

0.0052 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000


0.0013 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3. Find the error of ex, x=(0.1,0.05,0.002,0.01) and plot the
graphic (style loglog) by using matlab.

𝐚𝐚𝟐𝟐 𝐚𝐚𝟑𝟑 𝐚𝐚𝐧𝐧


Taylor’s series of 𝐞𝐞𝐱𝐱 = 1 + a + 𝟐𝟐! + + … + 𝐧𝐧! + 𝐑𝐑 𝐧𝐧
𝟑𝟑!

Code
n=5
t=[0.1,0.05,0.02,0.01]
vec=(1:n)
err=[]
for i=1:length(t)
a=t(i)
terms=a.^vec./cumprod(vec)
expval=1+cumsum(terms)
trueval=exp(a)
err=[err;abs(trueval-expval)]
end
figure
loglog(t,err)
legend('n=1','n=2','n=3','n=4','n=5')
err =

0.0052 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000


0.0013 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

π π π π
4. Find the error of sinx, , ( x = , , , ) and plot the graphic
8 6 5 2
(style loglog) by using matlab.

𝐚𝐚𝟑𝟑 𝐚𝐚𝟓𝟓 𝐚𝐚𝟕𝟕


Taylor’s series of sinx = a - + - 𝟕𝟕! + …
𝟑𝟑! 𝟓𝟓!

Code
n=5
t=[pi/8,pi/6,pi/5,pi/2]
vec=(1:n)
err=[]
for i=1:length(t)
a=t(i)
terms=(-1).^(vec+1).*a.^(2.*vec-1)./cumprod(2.*vec-1)
expval=a+cumsum(terms)
trueval=sin(a)
err=[err;abs(trueval-expval)]
end
figure
loglog(t,err)
legend('n=1','n=2','n=3','n=4','n=5')

err =

0.0100 0.0102 0.0095 0.0096 0.0096


0.0236 0.0243 0.0216 0.0217 0.0217
0.0405 0.0422 0.0356 0.0360 0.0360
0.5708 0.7211 0.0836 0.3083 0.2467
π π π π
5. Find the error of cosx, , ( x = , , , ) and plot the graphic
8 6 5 2
(style loglog) by using matlab.
𝐚𝐚𝟐𝟐 𝐚𝐚𝟒𝟒 𝐚𝐚𝟔𝟔
Taylor’s series of cosx = 1 - + 𝟒𝟒! - +…
𝟐𝟐! 𝟔𝟔!

Code
aAll=[pi/8,pi/6,pi/5,pi/2]
vec=(1:n)
err=[]
for i=1:length(aAll)
a=aAll(i)
terms=(-1).^vec.*a.^(2*vec)./cumprod(2*vec)
expval=1+cumsum(terms)
trueval=cos(a)
err=[err;abs(trueval-expval)]
end
figure
loglog(aAll,err)
legend('n=1','n=2','n=3','n=4','n=5')

err =

0.0010 0.0020 0.0019 0.0019 0.0019


0.0031 0.0063 0.0059 0.0059 0.0059
0.0064 0.0131 0.0118 0.0119 0.0119
0.2337 0.5273 0.2144 0.3109 0.2871
6. Find the error of e0.1x, x=(1,2,3,4) and plot the graphic (style
loglog) by using matlab.

(𝟎𝟎.𝟏𝟏)𝟐𝟐𝐚𝐚𝟐𝟐 (𝟎𝟎.𝟏𝟏)𝟑𝟑𝐚𝐚𝟑𝟑 (𝟎𝟎.𝟏𝟏)𝐧𝐧 𝐚𝐚𝐧𝐧


Taylor’s series of 𝐞𝐞𝟎𝟎.𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 1 + 0.1a + + +…+ + 𝐑𝐑 𝐧𝐧
𝟐𝟐! 𝟑𝟑! 𝐧𝐧!

Code
n=5
t=[1,2,3,4]
vec=(1:n)
err=[]
for i=1:length(t)
a=t(i)
terms=((0.1*a).^vec)./cumprod(vec)
expval=1+cumsum(terms)
trueval=exp(0.1*a)
err=[err;abs(trueval-expval)]
end
figure
loglog(t,err)
legend('n=1','n=2','n=3','n=4','n=5')

err =
0.0052 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
0.0214 0.0014 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
0.0499 0.0049 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000
0.0918 0.0118 0.0012 0.0001 0.0000

7. Find the error of e0.1+x, x=(0.1,0.2,0.01) and plot the graphic


(style loglog) by using matlab.

(𝟎𝟎.𝟏𝟏)𝟐𝟐𝐚𝐚𝟐𝟐 (𝟎𝟎.𝟏𝟏)𝟑𝟑𝐚𝐚𝟑𝟑 (𝟎𝟎.𝟏𝟏)𝐧𝐧 𝐚𝐚𝐧𝐧


Taylor’s series of 𝐞𝐞𝟎𝟎.𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 1 + 0.1a + + +…+ + 𝐑𝐑 𝐧𝐧
𝟐𝟐! 𝟑𝟑! 𝐧𝐧!

Code
n=5
t=[0.1,0.2,0.01]
vec=(1:n)
err=[]
for i=1:length(t)
a=t(i)
terms=(a).^(vec)./cumprod(vec)
expval=(1+cumsum(terms))*exp(0.1)
trueval=exp(a+0.1)
err=[err;abs(trueval-expval)]
end
figure
loglog(t,err)
legend('n=1','n=2','n=3','n=4','n=5')

err =

0.0057 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000


0.0237 0.0016 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000
0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
8. Find the error of ex+sinx, x=(0.1,0.2,0.3) and plot the graphic
(style loglog) by using matlab.

𝐚𝐚𝟐𝟐 𝐚𝐚𝟑𝟑 𝐚𝐚𝐧𝐧 𝐚𝐚𝟑𝟑 𝐚𝐚𝟓𝟓 𝐚𝐚𝟕𝟕


Taylor’s series of 𝐞𝐞𝐱𝐱 + sinx = ( 1 + a + 𝟐𝟐! + + … + 𝐧𝐧! + 𝐑𝐑 𝐧𝐧 ) + ( a - 𝟑𝟑! + - +…)
𝟑𝟑! 𝟓𝟓! 𝟕𝟕!

Code
n=5
t=[0.1,0.2,0.3]
vec=(1:n)
err=[]
for i=1:length(t)
a=t(i)
terms=a.^(vec)./cumprod(vec)
terms1=(-1).^(vec+1).*a.^(2.*vec-1)./cumprod(2.*vec-1)
expval=1+cumsum(terms)
sinval=cumsum(terms1)
totalval=expval+sinval
trueval=exp(a)+sin(a)
err=[err;abs(trueval-totalval)]
end
figure
loglog(t,err)
legend('n=1','n=2','n=3','n=4','n=5')
err =

0.0050 0.0003 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002


0.0201 0.0027 0.0014 0.0013 0.0013
0.0454 0.0094 0.0047 0.0044 0.0044
9.Find the error of ex+(1/cos(2x)) (-1), x=(0.1,0.2,0.3) and plot the
graphic (style loglog) by using matlab.

𝟏𝟏 𝐚𝐚𝟐𝟐 𝐚𝐚𝐧𝐧 𝟏𝟏
Taylor’s series of 𝐞𝐞𝐱𝐱 + = ( 1 + a + 𝟐𝟐! + … + 𝐧𝐧! + 𝐑𝐑 𝐧𝐧 ) + 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝐚𝐚𝟒𝟒 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝐚𝐚𝟔𝟔
𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐) ( 𝟏𝟏 − + − +… )
𝟐𝟐! 𝟒𝟒! 𝟔𝟔!

Code
n=5
t=[0.1,0.2,0.3]
vec=(1:n)
err=[]
for i=1:length(t)
a=t(i)
terms=a.^(vec)./cumprod(vec)
terms1=(-1).^(vec).*(2*a).^(2*vec)./cumprod(2*vec)
expval=1+cumsum(terms)
cosval=1./1+cumsum(terms1)
totalval=expval+cosval
trueval=exp(a)+1./cos(2*a)
err=[err;abs(trueval-totalval)]
end
figure
loglog(t,err)
legend('n=1','n=2','n=3','n=4','n=5')

err =

0.0455 0.0403 0.0401 0.0401 0.0401


0.1871 0.1639 0.1627 0.1626 0.1626
0.4415 0.3803 0.3768 0.3764 0.3764

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