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Bustion Calculations Complete File

This document contains calculations and explanations regarding combustion of various fuels including coal, gas, petrol, and blast furnace gas. It discusses determining the minimum air requirement and theoretical air requirement for complete combustion of different fuels based on their composition. It also provides an example of calculating the volumetric analysis of dry exhaust gases when excess air is supplied and not all carbon is fully combusted.

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Muhammad Irfan Malik
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343 views18 pages

Bustion Calculations Complete File

This document contains calculations and explanations regarding combustion of various fuels including coal, gas, petrol, and blast furnace gas. It discusses determining the minimum air requirement and theoretical air requirement for complete combustion of different fuels based on their composition. It also provides an example of calculating the volumetric analysis of dry exhaust gases when excess air is supplied and not all carbon is fully combusted.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Irfan Malik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Combustion Calculations

Sana Ahmad Minhas


[email protected]
Minimum Air Requirement
Question: A sample of the coal has the following percentage
composition by weight
C = 77.7%
H2 = 6.8%
N2 = 1.2%
S = 2.2%
O2 = 8.8% and incombustibles 3.3%.
Determine the minimum quantity of air requirement for complete
combustion of 1kg of coal, and the constituent products of combustion
in kg per kg of coal.
1. CO2 is produced from C with the help of oxygen.
Simplest equation
𝐶 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2
moles 1 1 1
M.M 12 32 44
Moles=mass/ MM
Mass= moles*MM
Basis= 1 kg of coal
So,
12 kg of C 32 kg of O2
1 kg 32/12 kg

0.777 kg 2.072 kg
From hydrogen and oxygen water vapors are formed.
Simple Reaction
2𝐻2 + 𝑂2 → 2𝐻2 𝑂
Moles 2 1 2
MM 2 32 18
Mass= moles*MM
So,
4 kg of Hydrogen 32 kg of Oxygen
1 kg 8 kg
0.068 kg 0.544 kg of oxygen
• S forms Sulphur dioxide with oxygen
???
• What will happen to N2 ?
• Incombustibles?
• What will happen to already present oxygen?
• Total = 2.55
100% air 23% oxygen
If 2.55 oxygen is od oxygen is needed what about air?
Ans: 11.1 kg of air per kg of coal
Theoretical/ Minimum Air requirement
• Calculate the amount of air required for the theoretically complete
combustion of 100 kg of coal of the following composition:
C= 82%, H2= 6%, O2= 4%, ash= 8%, moisture= 2%
Ans: 1141 kg of air

• What is the theoretical air requirements for the following fuels?


1) coal: C= 74%, H2= 5%, N= 1.5%, O2= 10%, S=1%, moisture= 5%, ash= 3.5%
2) gas= CH4=25%, H2= 45%, CO2=3%, CO= 10%, O2=1%, C2H4=1%, N2=15%.
Ans: 1) 9.91kg/kg of coal 2) 113.6 kg/100m3 of gas
Excess Air Calculation
• The analysis of coal used in a boiler trial is as follows:
82% C, 6% H2, 4% O2, 2% moisture and 8% ash.
Determine the theoretical minimum air required for complete combustion of 1 kg
of coal. If the actual air supplied is 18 kg per kg of coal the hydrogen is completely
burned and 80% of carbon is burns to CO2 the remainder to CO, determine the
volumetric analysis of the dry products of combustion.
Solution
Basis: 1 kg of coal
Calculate the minimum air required for the combustion first.
Oxygen required for Carbon to carbon dioxide=
Oxygen required for hydrogen to form water=
Total minimum air required= 11.412 kg/ kg of coal
• Only 80% of the available carbon is burned to carbon dioxide . So the
actual carbon dioxide produced is:
12 kg of C 44 kg of CO2
82% of carbon is there whose 80% is burned to form carbon dioxide so
= 0.8* 0.82* (44/12) = 2,403 kg of CO2
So oxygen actually required is
=0.8*0.82*(32/12)= 1.749 kg of O2
Similarly 20% of the carbon will burn CO
= 0.2*0.82*(28/12)= 0.383 kg of CO
So oxygen actually required to form CO is
= 0.2*0.82*(16/12)= 0.219 kg of O2
We have to consider oxygen required by hydrogen to form water which is:
=0.06* (32/4) = 0.48 kg of O2
= 0.06*(36/4)= 0.54 kg of H2O
• Air actually supplied is 18 kg. It contains O2
23 kg pf O2 100 kg of air
Oxygen in 18 kg of air
=18*(23/100) = 4.14 kg of O2
Therefore, free O2 in the flue gas
= (from supplied air)+(from fuel)-(for CO2)-( for CO)-( for H2O)
= 4.14+0.04-1.749-0.219-0.48 = 1.732 kg per kg of coal is free
oxygen
Nitrogen in the flue gas= 18*0.77= 13.87 kg per kg of coal
Analysis
Constituent Gas Kg of constituent/ MM Proportional weight % Volume
kg of coal
CO2 2.403 44 0.0546 8.84%
CO 0.383 28 0.0137 2.22%
O2 1.732 32 0.0541 8.74%
N2 13.87 28 0.4953 80.2%
Total 0.6177 100

Proportional weight: proportion of that constituent with respect to


other constituents.
Liquid Fuel Combustion
The petrol used for petrol engine contain: 84% carbon and 16% hydrogen.
The air supplied is 80% of that theoretically required for complete
combustion. Assuming that all hydrogen is burnt, and that carbon burns
partly to CO and partly to CO2 without any free carbon, find the volumetric
analysis of dry exhaust gas.
Solution:
1kg of petrol contain: 0.84 kg of C; 0.16 kg of H
Air required for combustion of 1 kg of fuel
Oxygen required for combustion of carbon = 0.84*(32/12)= 2.24 kg
Oxygen required for combustion if Hydrogen = 0.16*(16/2)= 1.28 kg
Total = 3.52 kg
= 3.52* (100/23) = 15.3 kg
Actual air supplied= 15.3*( 80/100) = 12.24 kg/kg of fuel
When C burns to CO2 air required per kg of C is
= (32/12)*(100/23)= 11.59 kg
When C burns to CO the sir required per kg of C is
= (16/12)*(100/23) = 5.79
Reduction in quantity of air required for combustion, when C burns to
CO instead of CO2
= 11.59-5.79= 5.8 kg
But actual reduction in air supplied per kg of fuel is
= 15.3- 12.24 = 3.06 kg
Now, in our case weight of C which will burn to CO out of 0.84 will be

5.8 kg 1
3.6kg =1/5.8*3.6
= 0.527 kg to CO
To CO2 = 0.84- 0.527= 0.313 kg
So, the masses of the dry products formed
CO2= 0.313*(44/12)= 1.147 kg
CO= 0.527*(28/12)= 1.23 kg
N2 = 12.24*(77/100)= 9.40 kg
Volumetric Analysis of flue gas
Gas Mass of gas per kg Mol weight Proportional Percentage by
of fuel Volume volume
CO2 1.147 44 0.026 5.96
CO 1.23 28 0.044 10.09
N2 9.40 28 0.366 83.95
total 0.436 100
Gaseous fuel Combustion reaction
Carbon monoxide burn to carbon dioxide
2𝐶𝑂 + 𝑂2 → 2𝐶𝑂2
Methane Complete Combustion
𝐶𝐻4 + 2𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂
Ethylene complete Combustion
𝐶2 𝐻4 + 3𝑂2 → 2𝐶𝑂2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂
Carbon dioxide is already a combustion product and will not combust
further.
Gaseous Fuel Combustion
Calculate amount of air required for the theoretically complete combustion of 100 Nm3 of
Blast Furnace gas of the following composition.
CO2= 17, CO= 22.1, H2= 4.9, N2= 55.8, O2= 0.2
Solution
O2 required for combustion of CO
2𝐶𝑂 + 𝑂2 → 2𝐶𝑂2
Moles 2 1 2
= (½)*22.1= 11.05 m3
O2 required for combustion of H2
2𝐻2 + 𝑂2 → 2𝐻2 𝑂
Moles 2 1 2
= (1/2)* 4.9= 2.45 m3
O2 available = 0.2 m3
Net O2 required for the complete combustion
=11.05+2.45-0.2= 13.3 m3
Air required = 13.3*(100/21)= 63.4 m3
Good Bye
Dear Students,
I Started my teaching career with your class. All of you
are brilliant in your own ways. I will always remember
everyone of you as you are my first class and gave me a
feeling my profession. I wanted to talk a lot with you
people and wanted to teach your class again and again
but we have to keep moving, this is life. I will surely
miss you all.
Never underestimate yourself at any point of life. You all
are special in your own ways. Find your specialty and
never give up. Life will test you at different points, be
strong and seek help from ALLAH and HE is very
merciful. Believe me HE will help you and only HE can.
So trust ALLAH and trust in your abilities. Nothing is
impossible and everyone of you can do anything
whatever he/she wants. Stay Blessed and remember me
in your good books!

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