Continuous Assessment Cover Sheet

Faculty of Engineering

Module Details
Module Code CE 3221 Module Title Construction technology & methods
Program: UGC Name:
Stream: Civil
Assessment details

Title Assignment 1 Group assignment YES

If yes, Group No. 28
Lecturer/ Instructor Mr.Felix Weerakkody Date of Performance 16/08/2020
Due date 19/08/2020 Date submitted 19/08/2020
Student statement and signature
By this declaration, I/we confirm my/our understanding and acceptance that the work reported in this report is my/our own work. I/we also understand
the consequences of engaging in plagiarism or copying others work without proper citation. Any material used in this work (whether from published
sources, the internet or elsewhere) have been fully acknowledged and referenced and are without fabrication or falsification of data.
[Copying or plagiarism will result in a “0” mark for the continuous assessment and “F” for the module after an investigation on academic misconduct;

All academic misconduct is considered seriously and defined as dishonest and in direct opposition to the values of a learning community.
Misconduct may result in penalties from failure to exclusion from the campus.
Further help and guidance on how to avoid academic misconduct can be obtained from your academic advisor/tutor]

By this declaration, I confirm my understanding and acceptance that-

• I have adhered to relevant ethical guidelines and procedures in the completion of
the assignment.
• I have not allowed another student to have access to or copy from this work.
This work has not been submitted previously.
[The Institute may request an electronic copy of this work for submission to the Plagiarism detection facility (TURNITIN). You must make sure that
an electronic copy of your work is available in these circumstances]

Group Number: Signature

Student ID EN18383362 Full Name Weerakoon W.M.K.G.T.G Weerakoon

Student ID EN18387872 Full Name Malith K.A.D.P malith
Student ID Full Name

Student ID Full Name

Student ID Full Name

Specific comments about the work (including overall comments and guidelines for improvement)

Tutor: Signature: Date:

Marks: [ All marks are subject to external moderation and approval of board of examinations]

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2
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 5
2. Mix design parameters and other parameters......................................................................................... 6
3. Mix design calculation for concrete .......................................................................................................... 7
4. Total quantity of cement ........................................................................................................................... 8
5. Total quantity of fine and coarse aggregate………………………………………………………………………………………8
6. Total quantity of water required………………………………………………………………………………………………………8
7. Time consumed by truck mixer cycle………………………………………………………………………………………………..9
8. Total time for place concrete……………………………………………………………………………………………………………9
9. Number of trucks required……………………………………………………………………………………………………………10
10. Cost of a m3 of concrete at the batching plant……………………………………………………………………………………..10
11. Cost of a m3 of transporting and placing concrete………………………………………………………………………….11
12. Method statement………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..12
13. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….15
14. References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….16

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List of tables

Table 1:Concrete mix design parameters................................................................................................................ 6

Table 2: Total cost for materials ............................................................................................................................ 11
Table 3: Possible health & safety hazards and precautions .................................................................................. 14

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 1. Introduction

The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their relative quantities with
the aim of producing the required concrete, strength, durability and workability as economically as
possible is termed as the concrete mix design.

The compressive strength of hardened concrete, which is commonly known to be an measure of its other
properties, relies on several aspects, e.g. quality and quantity of cement, water and aggregates; batching
and mixing; location and compaction. The cost of concrete is based on the cost of materials, plant and
labor. Variations in the cost of materials arise from the fact that cement is several times more expensive
than the aggregate, which is why the aim is to produce as lean a mixture as possible.

The total cost of concrete relates to the expense of the materials needed for the production of the
minimum mean strength called the characteristic strength defined by the designer of the construction. It
varies on the quality control measures, but there is little question that quality control contributes to the
tangible costs.

As well as concrete placement is an important process in the construction that determine the success of
the structure and its life. Technical and environmental conditions are taken into strict consideration while
placing the concrete

This document illustrate calculations for grade 25 to 35 concrete mix design for a raft foundation. As
sub categories, precise calculation were done to obtain the quantities of cement, coarse and fine
aggregates and water needed for the construction. Further, cost of these materials are calculated. Apart
from that time consumption for truck mixer cycle and placing the concrete were calculated. Furthermore,
a concise method statement for executing the entire operation are being illustrated through the document.

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 2. Mix design parameters and other parameters
Following table shows the mix design parameters used for mix design of concrete G25 to G35 in order
to construct a concrete raft foundation.

No Description Unit Amount

01 Cement content kg 370
02 W/C ratio NA 0.45
03 % of voids for concrete NA 4
04 Ratio of fine/coarse aggregates NA 0.4
05 Concrete volume in raft foundation m3 260
06 Travel distance km 3
07 Travel speed Km/h 11.5
08 Batching plant hire rate Rs/m3 200
09 Truck mixer hire rate Rs/km 100
10 Concrete pump hire rate Rs/m3 400
11 Specific gravity (SG) of cement NA 3.15
12 Specific gravity (SG) of aggregates NA 2.65
13 Cost of cement Rs/kg 20
14 Fine aggregates Rs/cube 8,500
15 Coarse aggregates Rs/cube 10,000
16 Water Rs/m3 25
17 Void ration for coarse and fine aggregates NA 0.4
18 Specific gravity for coarse and fine aggregates NA 2.65
19 Loading time for truck mixer minutes 10
20 Placing time for pump minutes 20
21 Truck mixer capacity m3 6
22 Travel speed Km/h 11.5
23 Travel distance km 3
Table 1: Concrete mix design parameters

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 3. Mix design calculation for concrete (G25 to G35)

𝑚
Absolute cement volume (𝑉) = 𝑆𝐺 𝑥 1000
370
=1000 𝑥 3.15

= 0.117 m3

370 𝑥0.4
Water per cubic meter at 0.4 W/C ratio = = 0.148 m3
1000

5
Assume 5% of air voids for 1m3 = 1 𝑥 = 0.05 m3
100

Net volume of coarse and fine aggregates = 1 – (0.117 + 0.148 + 0.05) m3 = 0.685 m3

35
35% fine aggregates in mass = 100 𝑥 0.685 m3 = 0.239 m3

= 0.239 x 2.65 x 1000 kgm-3

= 633.35 kg

65
65% coarse aggregates in mass = 100 𝑥 0.685 m3 = 0.445 m3

= 0.445 x 2.65 x 1000 kgm-3

= 1179.25 kg
Total weight = 370 + 633.35 + 1179.25 kg
= 2182.6 kg

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 4. Total quantity of cement

Volume = Absolute cement content x Volume of raft foundation

= 0.117 x 260 m3
= 30.42 m3
Weight of cement required = SG of cement x Volume x 1000
= 3.15 x 1000 x 30.42
= 95,823 kg

5. Total quantity of coarse and fine aggregates

Volume = Coarse and fine aggregate content x Volume of raft foundation

= 0.685 x 260 m3
= 178.1 m3
Weight of coarse and fine aggregates required = SG of cement and coarse aggregates x volume x 1000
= 2.65 x 1000 x 178.1 m3
= 471,965 kg

6. Total quantity of water required

Volume = Water content x Volume of raft foundation

= 0.148 x 260 m3
= 38.48 m3

Water content required = 38.48 x 1000

= 38,480 L

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 7. Time consumed by truck mixer cycle

Loading time for truck mixer at batching plant = 10 minutes

Placing time at the pump = 20 minutes
Travel distance = 3 km
Travel speed = 11.5 km/h

𝑠
Time consumed to travel from batching plant to site (𝑡) =
𝑢

3𝑘𝑚
= 11.5𝑘𝑚/ℎ = 0.261 hours

= 0.261 x 60 min
= 15.66 minutes

 Assume that truck mixer return at same route.

 Assume 10 minutes of changing time

Total time consumed for a cycle = [10 + 20 +10 + (2 x 15.66)]

= 71.32 minutes (1 hour 19 minutes)

8. Total time required to place the concrete

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Number of times concrete must be placed = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑟
260𝑚3
= 6𝑚3

= 43.33 ≈ 44 times

Time required for placing concrete = Number of times x time for single placement

= 44 x 20 minutes

= 880 minutes (14.67 hours)

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 9. Number of trucks required

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒

Number of trucks =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒

880 𝑚𝑖𝑛
=
71.32 𝑚𝑖𝑛

= 12.34 ≈ 13 trucks

 It is recommended to keep one additional truck for an emergency case

10. Cost of a m3 of concrete at the batching plant

The price of coarse and fine aggregate are given in cubes (100 ft3) as this is the basis on which it is sold
in Sri Lanka

1 cube = 100ft3
1 cube = 100 x 0.0283m3
1 cube = 2.83m3.
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠
Price for 1m3 of fine aggregates =
m3 per cube

8,500
= = Rs.3, 003.53
2.83

𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠

Price for 1m3 of coarse aggregates =
m3 per cube

10,000
= = Rs.3, 533.57
2.83
Void ratio of fine aggregates = void ratio of coarse aggregates = 0.4
Void ratio = 𝑉𝑣⁄𝑉𝑠 = 0.4
Vv/Vs +1 =0.4 +1
(Vv+Vs)/Vs = 1.4
V/Vs = 1.4
Total fine aggregate volume = 1.4 x 0.249m
Total coarse aggregate volume = 1.4 x

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 =
Description Qty Unit Rate (Rs.) Amount(Rs.)
Cement 370 Kg 20 per kg 7,400.00
Fine aggregate 0.239 m3 3003.53 717.84
Coarse aggregate 0.445 m3 3533.57 1,572.44
Water 0.148 m3 25.00 3.70
Table 2: Total cost for materials

Batching plant hiring cost = hire rate x volume of concrete

= 200 per m3 x 1 m3
= Rs.200.00
1m3 of concrete production cost = hiring cost + (material cost + volume of concrete)
= Rs. 200 + (7,400+717.84+1,572.44+3.70)
= Rs. 9,893.98
11. Cost of a m3 of transportation and placing concrete

Total number of truck cycles = 44

Distance to travel = 3km
Total distance want to travel = 44 x 3km x 2
= 264km
Truck mixer hire cost = 264km x 100 Rs/km
= Rs.26, 400.00
Concrete volume = 260 m3
Cost for the pump = Volume of concrete x hire rate of pump’
= 260 m3 x 400 Rs/m3
= Rs.104, 000.00

Total cost of transporting and placing the concrete = Rs. 104,000.00+ Rs. 26, 400.00
= Rs.130, 400.00

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 12. Method statement
12.1. Purpose
The main objective of this project is to do a mix design for the concrete work of a raft foundation and to
place concrete in accordance to the drawing, with a total concrete volume of 260m3. It is supposed to
the required amount of concrete within 44 times. The installation of concrete is done by one vehicle and
will take place over a span of 20 minutes for one cycle
12.2. Scope
This method covers for concrete mix design of Grade 25 to 35, required to construct a raft foundation
12.3. References
 Construction drawings
 Project specifications
 Inspection request forms
 Approved mix design
12.4. Responsibilities
 Site manager
 Site engineer
 QAQC engineer
 Lab technician
 Technical officers
12.5. Materials
Cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water
12.6. Handling and storage of materials
 Handling: Transport of concrete using mixer truck for 44 times.
 Storage: Fine aggregates and coarse aggregates shall be placed near to the batching plant. Cement
Shall be placed in a store in dry condition and should be protected from weather.
12.7. Machinery and equipment
 Concrete mixer truck
 Slump equipment
 Concrete pump
 Batch boxes
 Wheel barrow
 Weighting scales
Etc.

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12.8. Work methodology
 All tests, such as sieve analysis, aggregate crushing value, flakeness and other as per
specification, shall be carried out on the coarse and fine aggregate before being placed in the
concrete mixer.
 All tools and materials shall be cleaned from debris and other materials which have an impact on
the quality of the concrete produced.
 Volume of all materials shall be measured.
 Concrete will be batching at the batching plant according to the mix design approved by Material
Engineer and accordance with the recommendation.
 Site should clean and well planned before the concrete truck’s arrival
 Final inspection of the concrete work should be clear
 Concrete pump car should ready before the concrete truck’s arrival.
 Officer should be appointed to receive the concrete trucks and to observe the slump test
 First, slump of the each and every concrete truck should check at the site and make sure it is
accordance to the requirement.
 For every 50m3, 6 test cubes should be prepared in one truck.
 When placing concrete make sure not to pour concrete over 1m height
 The concrete should be placed in uniform layers, not in large heaps or sloping layers.
 The thickness of the layer should be compatible with the method of vibration so that entrapped
air can be removed from the bottom of each layer.
 The rate of placing and of compaction should be equal. It’s not be too slowly or too quickly.
 Each layer should be fully compacted before placing the next one.

12.9. Health and safety objectives

 Prevent accidents and ill health to our staff, client, (sub)-contractors, third parties and members
of the public.
 Achieve all works are carried out in accordance with all relevant legislation and Codes of
Practice.
 Provide a place of work that is safe and without risk to health, safety and welfare to all those
involved in the project and third parties.

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12.10. Health and safety risk
Health and Safety Risk Suggested Controlled methods
Noise and Vibration in Batching Plant Work in accordance with the recommendations of
BS 5228- 1, Control of Noise at Work Regulations
2005 and the Noise Service.

The contractor will consult with adjoining neighbors

and agree, if possible, certain times of day when
noisy work is minimized.
Dust in Batching Plant All dust levels are to be kept to a minimum and
where possible controlled at source by the use of
dust suppression systems. Site operatives are to
wear suitable PPE/RPE where the levels of dust
cannot be controlled ensuring exposure is well
within legal limits.
Exposure to wet concrete can result in skin irritation Wear alkali-resistant gloves, coveralls with long
or even first-, second- or third-degree chemical burns. sleeves and full-length pants, waterproof boots and
Compounds such as hexavalent chromium may also eye protection.
be harmful
Wash contaminated skin areas with cold, running
water as soon as possible.

Rinse eyes splashed with wet concrete with water

for at least 15 minutes and then go to the hospital
for further treatment.
Poorly maintained or improperly handled vehicles Make sure back-up alarms on all vehicles are
can lead to crushing injuries at the plant site or other functioning.
injuries for truck drivers.

Table 3: Possible health & safety hazards and precautions

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 13. Conclusion

This report indicates a concrete mix design for grade 25 to 35 in order to construct a concrete raft
foundation. Precise calculation has been done by the given parameters. Also some of the assumption are
made for the calculation as 5% of air voids in 1m3, 35% fine aggregates in mass, 65% coarse aggregates
mass. Further, it is assumed that truck mixer drive back on the same route and 10minits of changing time
was allocated. Though 13 trucks are required for the construction, it was recommended to keep one more
additional truck for an emergency situation.

Further in this report concise method statement for concrete mix design was illustrated. The document
has been created logically, clearly and well presented.

Throughout this assignment we were able to get a brief knowledge about preparing a mix design and as
well as the procedure of the placing concrete.

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 14. References

administrator, O. S. a. H., 1970. United State department of labor. [Online]

Available at: https://www.osha.gov/Publications/concrete_manufacturing.html
[Accessed 16 08 2020].

Industries, A., 2017. HOW DOES A CONCRETE BATCH PLANT WORK. [Online]
Available at: https://www.atlasindustries.in/blog/how-does-a-concrete-batch-plant-work/
[Accessed 17 08 2020].

Mishra, G., 2018. The Constructor. [Online]

Available at: https://theconstructor.org/concrete/proper-methods-concrete-placement/7526/
[Accessed 18 08 2020].

Nptel, J., 2017. Concrete mix design concept. [Online]

Available at: http://www.idc-
online.com/technical_references/pdfs/civil_engineering/Concrete_Mix_Design_Concept.pdf
[Accessed 18 08 2020].

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