Psychiatric Nursing 13.

According to Erikson, the school-age child

(ages 6 to 12) is in the industry-versus-inferiority
stage of psychosocial development.
Topics
14. When caring for a depressed patient, the
 Developmental Stages nurse’s first priority is safety because of the
 Degenerative Diseases increased risk of suicide.
 Psychiatric Drugs 15. Echolalia is parrotlike repetition of another
 Phobias person’s words or phrases.
16. According to psychoanalytic theory, the ego
is the part of the psyche that controls internal
Bullets demands and interacts with the outside world at
1. According to Kübler-Ross, the five stages of the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
death and dying are denial, anger, bargaining, levels.
depression, and acceptance. 17. According to psychoanalytic theory, the
2. Flight of ideas is an alteration in thought superego is the part of the psyche that’s
processes that’s characterized by skipping from composed of morals, values, and ethics. It
one topic to another, unrelated topic. continually evaluates thoughts and actions,
3. La belle indifférence is the lack of concern rewarding the good and punishing the bad.
for a profound disability, such as blindness or (Think of the superego as the “supercop” of the
paralysis that may occur in a patient who has a unconscious.)
conversion disorder. 18. According to psychoanalytic theory, the id is
4. Moderate anxiety decreases a person’s the part of the psyche that contains instinctual
ability to perceive and concentrate. The person is drives. (Remember i for instinctual and d for
selectively inattentive (focuses on immediate drive.)
concerns), and the perceptual field narrows. 19. Denial is the defense mechanism used by a
5. A patient who has a phobic disorder uses patient who denies the reality of an event.
self-protective avoidance as an ego defense 20. In a psychiatric setting, seclusion is used to
mechanism. reduce overwhelming environmental stimulation,
6. In a patient who has anorexia nervosa, the protect the patient from self-injury or injury to
highest treatment priority is correction of others, and prevent damage to hospital property.
nutritional and electrolyte imbalances. It’s used for patients who don’t respond to less
7. A patient who is taking lithium must undergo restrictive interventions. Seclusion controls
regular (usually once a month) monitoring of the external behavior until the patient can assume
blood lithium level because the margin between self-control and helps the patient to regain self-
therapeutic and toxic levels is narrow. A normal control.
laboratory value is 0.5 to 1.5 mEq/L. 21. Tyramine-rich food, such as aged cheese,
8. Early signs and symptoms of alcohol chicken liver, avocados, bananas, meat
withdrawal include anxiety, anorexia, tremors, tenderizer, salami, bologna, Chianti wine, and
and insomnia. They may begin up to 8 hours beer may cause severe hypertension in a patient
after the last alcohol intake. who takes a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.
9. Al-Anon is a support group for families of 22. A patient who takes a monoamine oxidase
alcoholics. inhibitor should be weighed biweekly and
10. The nurse shouldn’t administer monitored for suicidal tendencies.
chlorpromazine (Thorazine) to a patient who has 23. If the patient who takes a monoamine
ingested alcohol because it may cause oxidase inhibitor has palpitations, headaches, or
oversedation and respiratory depression. severe orthostatic hypotension, the nurse should
11. Lithium toxicity can occur when sodium and withhold the drug and notify the physician.
fluid intake are insufficient, causing lithium 24. Common causes of child abuse are poor
retention. impulse control by the parents and the lack of
12. An alcoholic who achieves sobriety is called knowledge of growth and development.
a recovering alcoholic because no cure for 25. The diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease is
alcoholism exists. based on clinical findings of two or more
cognitive deficits, progressive worsening of
 memory, and the results of a neuropsychological through procreation, work, community service,
test. and creative endeavors.
26. Memory disturbance is a classic sign of 42. Alcoholics Anonymous recommends a 12-
Alzheimer’s disease. step program to achieve sobriety.
27. Thought blocking is loss of the train of 43. Signs and symptoms of anorexia nervosa
thought because of a defect in mental include amenorrhea, excessive weight loss,
processing. lanugo (fine body hair), abdominal distention, and
28. A compulsion is an irresistible urge to electrolyte disturbances.
perform an irrational act, such as walking in a 44. A serum lithium level that exceeds 2.0
clockwise circle before leaving a room or mEq/L is considered toxic.
washing the hands repeatedly. 45. Public Law 94-247 (Child Abuse and Neglect
29. A patient who has a chosen method and a Act of 1973) requires reporting of suspected
plan to commit suicide in the next 48 to 72 hours cases of child abuse to child protection services.
is at high risk for suicide. 46. The nurse should suspect sexual abuse in a
30. The therapeutic serum level for lithium is 0.5 young child who has blood in the feces or urine,
to 1.5 mEq/L. penile or vaginal discharge, genital trauma that
31. Phobic disorders are treated with isn’t readily explained, or a sexually transmitted
desensitization therapy, which gradually exposes disease.
a patient to an anxiety-producing stimulus. 47. An alcoholic uses alcohol to cope with the
32. Dysfunctional grieving is absent or prolonged stresses of life.
grief. 48. The human personality operates on three
33. During phase I of the nurse-patient levels: conscious, preconscious, and
relationship (beginning, or orientation, phase), unconscious.
the nurse obtains an initial history and the nurse 49. Asking a patient an open-ended question is
and the patient agree to a contract. one of the best ways to elicit or clarify
34. During phase II of the nurse-patient information.
relationship (middle, or working, phase), the 50. The diagnosis of autism is often made when
patient discusses his problems, behavioral a child is between ages 2 and 3.
changes occur, and self-defeating behavior is 51. Defense mechanisms protect the personality
resolved or reduced. by reducing stress and anxiety.
35. During phase III of the nurse-patient 52. Suppression is voluntary exclusion of stress-
relationship (termination, or resolution, phase), producing thoughts from the consciousness.
the nurse terminates the therapeutic relationship 53. In psychodrama, life situations are
and gives the patient positive feedback on his approximated in a structured environment,
accomplishments. allowing the participant to recreate and enact
36. According to Freud, a person between ages scenes to gain insight and to practice new skills.
12 and 20 is in the genital stage, during which he 54. Psychodrama is a therapeutic technique
learns independence, has an increased interest that’s used with groups to help participants gain
in members of the opposite sex, and establishes new perception and self-awareness by acting out
an identity. their own or assigned problems.
37. According to Erikson, the identity-versus-role 55. A patient who is taking disulfiram (Antabuse)
confusion stage occurs between ages 12 and 20. must avoid ingesting products that contain
38. Tolerance is the need for increasing alcohol, such as cough syrup, fruitcake, and
amounts of a substance to achieve an effect that sauces and soups made with cooking wine.
formerly was achieved with lesser amounts. 56. A patient who is admitted to a psychiatric
39. Suicide is the third leading cause of death hospital involuntarily loses the right to sign out
among white teenagers. against medical advice.
40. Most teenagers who kill themselves made a 57. “People who live in glass houses shouldn’t
previous suicide attempt and left telltale signs of throw stones” and “A rolling stone gathers no
their plans. moss” are examples of proverbs used during a
41. In Erikson’s stage of generativity versus psychiatric interview to determine a patient’s
despair, generativity (investment of the self in the ability to think abstractly. (Schizophrenic patients
interest of the larger community) is expressed think in concrete terms and might interpret the
 glass house proverb as “If you throw a stone in a 75. The decision to use restraints should be
glass house, the house will break.”) based on the patient’s safety needs.
58. Signs of lithium toxicity include diarrhea, 76. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) relieves the
tremors, nausea, muscle weakness, ataxia, and extrapyramidal adverse effects of psychotropic
confusion. drugs.
59. A labile affect is characterized by rapid shifts 77. In a patient who is stabilized on lithium
of emotions and mood. (Eskalith) therapy, blood lithium levels should be
60. Amnesia is loss of memory from an organic checked 8 to 12 hours after the first dose, then
or inorganic cause. two or three times weekly during the first month.
61. A person who has borderline personality Levels should be checked weekly to monthly
disorder is demanding and judgmental in during maintenance therapy.
interpersonal relationships and will attempt to 78. The primary purpose of psychotropic drugs
split staff by pointing to discrepancies in the is to decrease the patient’s symptoms, which
treatment plan. improves function and increases compliance with
62. Disulfiram (Antabuse) shouldn’t be taken therapy.
concurrently with metronidazole (Flagyl) because 79. Manipulation is a maladaptive method of
they may interact and cause a psychotic reaction. meeting one’s needs because it disregards the
63. In rare cases, electroconvulsive therapy needs and feelings of others.
causes arrhythmias and death. 80. If a patient has symptoms of lithium toxicity,
64. A patient who is scheduled for the nurse should withhold one dose and call the
electroconvulsive therapy should receive nothing physician.
by mouth after midnight to prevent aspiration 81. A patient who is taking lithium (Eskalith) for
while under anesthesia. bipolar affective disorder must maintain a
65. Electroconvulsive therapy is normally used balanced diet with adequate salt intake.
for patients who have severe depression that 82. A patient who constantly seeks approval or
doesn’t respond to drug therapy. assistance from staff members and other patients
66. For electroconvulsive therapy to be effective, is demonstrating dependent behavior.
the patient usually receives 6 to 12 treatments at 83. Alcoholics Anonymous advocates total
a rate of 2 to 3 per week. abstinence from alcohol.
67. During the manic phase of bipolar affective 84. Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is the drug of
disorder, nursing care is directed at slowing the choice for treating attention deficit hyperactivity
patient down because the patient may die as a disorder in children.
result of self-induced exhaustion or injury. 85. Setting limits is the most effective way to
68. For a patient with Alzheimer’s disease, the control manipulative behavior.
nursing care plan should focus on safety 86. Violent outbursts are common in a patient
measures. who has borderline personality disorder.
69. After sexual assault, the patient’s needs are 87. When working with a depressed patient, the
the primary concern, followed by medicolegal nurse should explore meaningful losses.
considerations. 88. An illusion is a misinterpretation of an actual
70. Patients who are in a maintenance program environmental stimulus.
for narcotic abstinence syndrome receive 10 to 89. Anxiety is nonspecific; fear is specific.
40 mg of methadone (Dolophine) in a single daily 90. Extrapyramidal adverse effects are common
dose and are monitored to ensure that the drug is in patients who take antipsychotic drugs.
ingested. 91. The nurse should encourage an angry
71. Stress management is a short-range goal of patient to follow a physical exercise program as
psychotherapy. one of the ways to ventilate feelings.
72. The mood most often experienced by a 92. Depression is clinically significant if it’s
patient with organic brain syndrome is irritability. characterized by exaggerated feelings of
73. Creative intuition is controlled by the right sadness, melancholy, dejection, worthlessness,
side of the brain. and hopelessness that are inappropriate or out of
74. Methohexital (Brevital) is the general proportion to reality.
anesthetic that’s administered to patients who 93. Free-floating anxiety is anxiousness with
are scheduled for electroconvulsive therapy. generalized apprehension and pessimism for
unknown reasons.
94. In a patient who is experiencing intense 108. Projection is the unconscious assigning of a
anxiety, the fight-or-flight reaction (alarm reflex) thought, feeling, or action to someone or
may take over. something else.
95. Confabulation is the use of imaginary 109. Sublimation is the channeling of
experiences or made-up information to fill unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable
missing gaps of memory. behavior.
96. When starting a therapeutic relationship with 110. Repression is an unconscious defense
a patient, the nurse should explain that the mechanism whereby unacceptable or painful
purpose of the therapy is to produce a positive thoughts, impulses, memories, or feelings are
change. pushed from the consciousness or forgotten.
97. A basic assumption of psychoanalytic theory 111. Hypochondriasis is morbid anxiety about
is that all behavior has meaning. one’s health associated with various symptoms
98. Catharsis is the expression of deep feelings that aren’t caused by organic disease.
and emotions. 112. Denial is a refusal to acknowledge feelings,
99. According to the pleasure principle, the thoughts, desires, impulses, or external facts that
psyche seeks pleasure and avoids unpleasant are consciously intolerable.
experiences, regardless of the consequences. 113. Reaction formation is the avoidance of
100. A patient who has a conversion disorder anxiety through behavior and attitudes that are
resolves a psychological conflict through the loss the opposite of repressed impulses and drives.
of a specific physical function (for example, 114. Displacement is the transfer of unacceptable
paralysis, blindness, or inability to swallow). This feelings to a more acceptable object.
loss of function is involuntary, but diagnostic tests 115. Regression is a retreat to an earlier
show no organic cause. developmental stage.
101. Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) is the drug of 116. According to Erikson, an older adult (age 65
choice for treating alcohol withdrawal symptoms. or older) is in the developmental stage of integrity
102. For a patient who is at risk for alcohol versus despair.
withdrawal, the nurse should assess the pulse 117. Family therapy focuses on the family as a
rate and blood pressure every 2 hours for the first whole rather than the individual. Its major
12 hours, every 4 hours for the next 24 hours, objective is to reestablish rational communication
and every 6 hours thereafter (unless the patient’s between family members.
condition becomes unstable). 118. When caring for a patient who is hostile or
103. Alcohol detoxification is most successful angry, the nurse should attempt to remain calm,
when carried out in a structured environment by listen impartially, use short sentences, and speak
a supportive, nonjudgmental staff. in a firm, quiet voice.
104. The nurse should follow these guidelines 119. Ritualism and negativism are typical toddler
when caring for a patient who is experiencing behaviors. They occur during the developmental
alcohol withdrawal: Maintain a calm environment, stage identified by Erikson as autonomy versus
keep intrusions to a minimum, speak slowly and shame and doubt.
calmly, adjust lighting to prevent shadows and 120. Circumstantiality is a disturbance in
glare, call the patient by name, and have a friend associated thought and speech patterns in which
or family member stay with the patient, if a patient gives unnecessary, minute details and
possible. digresses into inappropriate thoughts that delay
105. The therapeutic regimen for an alcoholic communication of central ideas and goal
patient includes folic acid, thiamine, and achievement.
multivitamin supplements as well as adequate 121. Idea of reference is an incorrect belief that
food and fluids. the statements or actions of others are related to
106. A patient who is addicted to opiates (drugs oneself.
derived from poppy seeds, such as heroin and 122. Group therapy provides an opportunity for
morphine) typically experiences withdrawal each group member to examine interactions,
symptoms within 12 hours after the last dose. learn and practice successful interpersonal
The most severe symptoms occur within 48 communication skills, and explore emotional
hours and decrease over the next 2 weeks. conflicts.
107. Reactive depression is a response to a 123. Korsakoff’s syndrome is believed to be a
specific life event. chronic form of Wernicke’s encephalopathy. It’s
 marked by hallucinations, confabulation, escalates to a syndrome that’s characterized by
amnesia, and disturbances of orientation. agitation, disorientation, vivid hallucinations, and
124. A patient with antisocial personality disorder tremors of the hands, feet, legs, and tongue.
often engages in confrontations with authority 139. In a hospitalized alcoholic, alcohol
figures, such as police, parents, and school withdrawal delirium most commonly occurs 3 to 4
officials. days after admission.
125. A patient with paranoid personality disorder 140. Confrontation is a communication technique
exhibits suspicion, hypervigilance, and hostility in which the nurse points out discrepancies
toward others. between the patient’s words and his nonverbal
126. Depression is the most common psychiatric behaviors.
disorder. 141. For a patient with substance-induced
127. Adverse reactions to tricyclic antidepressant delirium, the time of drug ingestion can help to
drugs include tachycardia, orthostatic determine whether the drug can be evacuated
hypotension, hypomania, lowered seizure from the body.
threshold, tremors, weight gain, problems with 142. Treatment for alcohol withdrawal may
erections or orgasms, and anxiety. include administration of I.V. glucose for
128. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality hypoglycemia, I.V. fluid containing thiamine and
Inventory consists of 550 statements for the other B vitamins, and antianxiety, antidiarrheal,
subject to interpret. It assesses personality and anticonvulsant, and antiemetic drugs.
detects disorders, such as depression and 143. The alcoholic patient receives thiamine to
schizophrenia, in adolescents and adults. help prevent peripheral neuropathy and
129. Organic brain syndrome is the most common Korsakoff’s syndrome.
form of mental illness in elderly patients. 144. Alcohol withdrawal may precipitate seizure
130. A person who has an IQ of less than 20 is activity because alcohol lowers the seizure
profoundly retarded and is considered a total- threshold in some people.
care patient. 145. Paraphrasing is an active listening technique
131. Reframing is a therapeutic technique that’s in which the nurse restates what the patient has
used to help depressed patients to view a just said.
situation in alternative ways. 146. A patient with Korsakoff’s syndrome may use
132. Fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), and confabulation (made up information) to cover
paroxetine (Paxil) are serotonin reuptake memory lapses or periods of amnesia.
inhibitors used to treat depression. 147. People with obsessive-compulsive disorder
133. The early stage of Alzheimer’s disease lasts realize that their behavior is unreasonable, but
2 to 4 years. Patients have inappropriate affect, are powerless to control it.
transient paranoia, disorientation to time, 148. When witnessing psychiatric patients who
memory loss, careless dressing, and impaired are engaged in a threatening confrontation, the
judgment. nurse should first separate the two individuals.
134. The middle stage of Alzheimer’s disease 149. Patients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia
lasts 4 to 7 years and is marked by profound must be observed during meals and for some
personality changes, loss of independence, time afterward to ensure that they don’t purge
disorientation, confusion, inability to recognize what they have eaten.
family members, and nocturnal restlessness. 150. Transsexuals believe that they were born the
135. The last stage of Alzheimer’s disease occurs wrong gender and may seek hormonal or
during the final year of life and is characterized surgical treatment to change their gender.
by a blank facial expression, seizures, loss of 151. Fugue is a dissociative state in which a
appetite, emaciation, irritability, and total person leaves his familiar surroundings, assumes
dependence. a new identity, and has amnesia about his
136. Threatening a patient with an injection for previous identity. (It’s also described as “flight
failing to take an oral drug is an example of from himself.”)
assault. 152. In a psychiatric setting, the patient should be
137. Reexamination of life goals is a major able to predict the nurse’s behavior and expect
developmental task during middle adulthood. consistent positive attitudes and approaches.
138. Acute alcohol withdrawal causes anorexia, 153. When establishing a schedule for a one-to-
insomnia, headache, and restlessness and one interaction with a patient, the nurse should
 state how long the conversation will last and then 171. The nurse can use silence and active
adhere to the time limit. listening to promote interactions with a
154. Thought broadcasting is a type of delusion in depressed patient.
which the person believes that his thoughts are 172. A psychiatric patient with a substance abuse
being broadcast for the world to hear. problem and a major psychiatric disorder has a
155. Lithium should be taken with food. A patient dual diagnosis.
who is taking lithium shouldn’t restrict his sodium 173. When a patient is readmitted to a mental
intake. health unit, the nurse should assess compliance
156. A patient who is taking lithium should stop with medication orders.
taking the drug and call his physician if he 174. Alcohol potentiates the effects of tricyclic
experiences vomiting, drowsiness, or muscle antidepressants.
weakness. 175. Flight of ideas is movement from one topic to
157. The patient who is taking a monoamine another without any discernible connection.
oxidase inhibitor for depression can include 176. Conduct disorder is manifested by extreme
cottage cheese, cream cheese, yogurt, and sour behavior, such as hurting people and animals.
cream in his diet. 177. During the “tension-building” phase of an
158. Sensory overload is a state in which sensory abusive relationship, the abused individual feels
stimulation exceeds the individual’s capacity to helpless.
tolerate or process it. 178. In the emergency treatment of an alcohol-
159. Symptoms of sensory overload include a intoxicated patient, determining the blood-alcohol
feeling of distress and hyperarousal with level is paramount in determining the amount of
impaired thinking and concentration. medication that the patient needs.
160. In sensory deprivation, overall sensory input 179. Side effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine
is decreased. (Prozac) include diarrhea, decreased libido,
161. A sign of sensory deprivation is a decrease weight loss, and dry mouth.
in stimulation from the environment or from within 180. Before electroconvulsive therapy, the patient
oneself, such as daydreaming, inactivity, is given the skeletal muscle relaxant
sleeping excessively, and reminiscing. succinylcholine (Anectine) by I.V. administration.
162. The three stages of general adaptation 181. When a psychotic patient is admitted to an
syndrome are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. inpatient facility, the primary concern is safety,
163. A maladaptive response to stress is drinking followed by the establishment of trust.
alcohol or smoking excessively. 182. An effective way to decrease the risk of
164. Hyperalertness and the startle reflex are suicide is to make a suicide contract with the
characteristics of posttraumatic stress disorder. patient for a specified period of time.
165. A treatment for a phobia is desensitization, a 183. A depressed patient should be given
process in which the patient is slowly exposed to sufficient portions of his favorite foods, but
the feared stimuli. shouldn’t be overwhelmed with too much food.
166. Symptoms of major depressive disorder 184. The nurse should assess the depressed
include depressed mood, inability to experience patient for suicidal ideation.
pleasure, sleep disturbance, appetite changes, 185. Delusional thought patterns commonly occur
decreased libido, and feelings of worthlessness. during the manic phase of bipolar disorder.
167. Clinical signs of lithium toxicity are nausea, 186. Apathy is typically observed in patients who
vomiting, and lethargy. have schizophrenia.
168. Asking too many “why” questions yields 187. Manipulative behavior is characteristic of a
scant information and may overwhelm a patient who has passive– aggressive personality
psychiatric patient and lead to stress and disorder.
withdrawal. 188. When a patient who has schizophrenia
169. Remote memory may be impaired in the late begins to hallucinate, the nurse should redirect
stages of dementia. the patient to activities that are focused on the
170. According to the DSM-IV, bipolar II disorder here and now.
is characterized by at least one manic episode 189. When a patient who is receiving an
that’s accompanied by hypomania. antipsychotic drug exhibits muscle rigidity and
tremors, the nurse should administer an
 antiparkinsonian drug (for example, Cogentin or 209. A patient who has obsessive-compulsive
Artane) as ordered. disorder usually recognizes the senselessness of
190. A patient who is receiving lithium (Eskalith) his behavior but is powerless to stop it (ego-
therapy should report diarrhea, vomiting, dystonia).
drowsiness, muscular weakness, or lack of 210. In helping a patient who has been abused,
coordination to the physician immediately. physical safety is the nurse’s first priority.
191. The therapeutic serum level of lithium 211. Pemoline (Cylert) is used to treat attention
(Eskalith) for maintenance is 0.6 to 1.2 mEq/L. deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
192. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is an 212. Clozapine (Clozaril) is contraindicated in
anxiety-related disorder. pregnant women and in patients who have
193. Al-Anon is a self-help group for families of severe granulocytopenia or severe central
alcoholics. nervous system depression.
194. Desensitization is a treatment for phobia, or 213. Repression, an unconscious process, is the
irrational fear. inability to recall painful or unpleasant thoughts
195. After electroconvulsive therapy, the patient is or feelings.
placed in the lateral position, with the head 214. Projection is shifting of unwanted
turned to one side. characteristics or shortcomings to others
196. A delusion is a fixed false belief. (scapegoat).
197. Giving away personal possessions is a sign 215. Hypnosis is used to treat psychogenic
of suicidal ideation. Other signs include writing a amnesia.
suicide note or talking about suicide. 216. Disulfiram (Antabuse) is administered orally
198. Agoraphobia is fear of open spaces. as an aversion therapy to treat alcoholism.
199. A person who has paranoid personality 217. Ingestion of alcohol by a patient who is
disorder projects hostilities onto others. taking disulfiram (Antabuse) can cause severe
200. To assess a patient’s judgment, the nurse reactions, including nausea and vomiting, and
should ask the patient what he would do if he may endanger the patient’s life.
found a stamped, addressed envelope. An 218. Improved concentration is a sign that lithium
appropriate response is that he would mail the is taking effect.
envelope. 219. Behavior modification, including time-outs,
201. After electroconvulsive therapy, the patient token economy, or a reward system, is a
should be monitored for post-shock amnesia. treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity
202. A mother who continues to perform disorder.
cardiopulmonary resuscitation after a physician 220. For a patient who has anorexia nervosa, the
pronounces a child dead is showing denial. nurse should provide support at mealtime and
203. Transvestism is a desire to wear clothes record the amount the patient eats.
usually worn by members of the opposite sex. 221. A significant toxic risk associated with
204. Tardive dyskinesia causes excessive clozapine (Clozaril) administration is blood
blinking and unusual movement of the tongue, dyscrasia.
and involuntary sucking and chewing. 222. Adverse effects of haloperidol (Haldol)
205. Trihexyphenidyl (Artane) and benztropine administration include drowsiness; insomnia;
(Cogentin) are administered to counteract weakness; headache; and extrapyramidal
extrapyramidal adverse effects. symptoms, such as akathisia, tardive dyskinesia,
206. To prevent hypertensive crisis, a patient who and dystonia.
is taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor should 223. Hypervigilance and déjà vu are signs of
avoid consuming aged cheese, caffeine, beer, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
yeast, chocolate, liver, processed foods, and 224. A child who shows dissociation has probably
monosodium glutamate. been abused.
207. Extrapyramidal symptoms include 225. Confabulation is the use of fantasy to fill in
parkinsonism, dystonia, akathisia (“ants in the gaps of memory.
pants”), and tardive dyskinesia.
208. One theory that supports the use of
electroconvulsive therapy suggests that it
“resets” the brain circuits to allow normal
function.