

 Indefinite Integration







Fatema Tuz - Zohora


Senior Lecturer (Mathematics), Daffodil International University














 Fatema Tuz-Zohora (FTZ)
Indefinite Integration: The process of finding an anti-derivative or integral of a function is
called integration. It is the inverse process of differentiation. If f  x  be a function of x related

with another function F  x  in such a way that

d
 F  x    f  x 
dx 
then

 f  x  dx  F  x   c
which is called an indefinite integral of f  x  with respect to x .

where f  x  , F  x  and c are called integrand, integral and constant of integration respectively.

And
b

 f  x  dx  F b   F  a 
a

which is called the definite integral of f  x  from a to b , and ‘ a ’ is called the lower limit and

‘ b ’ the upper limit of the definite integral.

Fundamental Properties:
1.   f  x   f  x   ... ... ... to nterms dx   f  x dx   f  x  dx  ... ... to nterms .
1 2 1 2

2.  cf  x dx  c f  x dx
where c is a constant.

Integration Formulas:

1)  x dx 
n x n1
c where  n   1
1.  sin xdx   cos x  c
n 1 2.  cos xdx  sin x  c
2)  dx  x  c
 sec xdx  tan x  c
2
3.
dx
3)  x
 2 x c 4.  sec x tan xdx  sec x  c
dx
 co sec xdx   cot x  c
2
4)   ln x  c 5.
x
5)  e x dx  e x  c
6.  co sec x cot xdx  co sec x  c
ax
7.  tan xdx  ln sec x  c
6)  a dx 
x
c where a  0
ln a 8.  cot xdx  ln sin x  c
 du 
9.  uvdx  u  vdx    dx . vdx dx
2
 Indefinite Integration

Illustrative Examples:

Problem-01:  sin 2 xdx Exercise-01:  cos2 xdx .

1 sin 2 x 
Sol n : Let I   sin 2 xdx Ans: x   c.
2 2 

1
2
 2sin 2 xdx

1
1  cos 2 x  dx
2


1 sin 2 x 
 x c
2 2 

where c is an integrating constant.

Problem-02:  tan 2 xdx Exercise-02:  cot 2 xdx

Sol n : Let I   tan 2 xdx Ans:  cot x  x  c.

   sec2 x  1dx

  tan x  x   c. Exercise:
1 5 4 3
 (5x  )dx x  2 c
3
1. Ans:
where c is an integrating constant. x 4 x
9x
1 e
Problem-03:  1  sin 2xdx 2. (2 x
 e 9 x )dx Ans: x 
9
c

Sol n : Let I   1  sin 2 xdx x  2x  1

2
3.  dx Ans: 2 x[
x 2 2x
  1]  c
x 5 3

  cos2 x  sin 2 x  2sin x cos xdx 4.  ( x  2)( x  3) 2 dx

x
Ans: (3x 3  32 x 2  126 x  216)  c
  cos x  sin x 
2
dx 12

   cos x  sin x dx

 sin x  cos x  c
where c is an integrating constant.

3
 Fatema Tuz-Zohora (FTZ)

Problem-04:  1  sin xdx .

Solution:
Given That,

 1  sin xdx

Problem-05:  1  cos xdx Exercise-05:  1  cos 2xdx .

Sol n : Let I   1  cos xdx Ans:  2 cos x  c .

x
  2cos 2 dx
2
x
 2  cos dx
2
x
sin
 2 2 c
1
2
x
 2 2 sin c
2
where c is an integrating constant.

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 Indefinite Integration
dx dx
Problem-06:  1  sin x Exercise-06:  1  cos x .

Ans: tan    c .
dx x
Sol n : Let I  
1  sin x 2

1  sin x 
 dx
1  sin x 1  sin x 
1  sin x
 dx
1  sin 2 x
1  sin x
 dx
cos 2 x
1 sin x
 2
dx   dx
cos x cos 2 x

  sec2 xdx   sec xtanxdx

 tan x  sec x  c
where c is an integrating constant.

Problem-07:  cos4 xdx Exercise-07: 1. sin 4 xdx .

1 1 3
Sol n : Let I   cos4 xdx Ans: sin 4 x  sin 2 x  x  c .
32 4 8
1
 2cos 2 x  dx
2

4 
1
 
2

4
 1  cos 2 x dx


1
4  1  2cos 2 x  cos 2 2 x dx

1  
1  2cos 2 x   2cos 2 x dx
1
 
2

4  2 
1  1 
  1  2cos 2 x  1  cos 4 x  dx
4  2 
1 x sin 4 x 
  x  sin 2 x   c
4 2 8 

1  3x sin 4 x  3x sin 2 x sin 4 x

   sin 2 x  c    c
4 2 8  8 4 32
where c is an integrating constant.
5
 Fatema Tuz-Zohora (FTZ)

Type-1 Method of substitution

Sometimes, the integration of given integral  f  x  dx is relatively difficult. In this case, we can
replace x by   z  and dx by  '  z  dz for integrating easily. This process is known as method of
substitution.

Illustrative Examples:
1
sin 1 x em tan x
Problem-01:  dx Exercise-01:  1  x2 dx
1  x2
1
sin 1 xdx em tan x
sol : Let I  
n
Ans: c.
1  x2 m

dx
put z  sin 1 x  dz 
1  x2

Now I   zdz

z2
 c
2

 sin x 
1 2

 c
2
where c is an integrating constant.

1  x  ex  x  1 x  ln x 
2

Problem-02:  2 x dx Exercise-02:  dx
cos  xe  x

1  x  e x 1
sol : Let I    x  ln x   c .
n 3
dx Ans:
cos  xe
2 x
 3

put xe x  z  1  x  e x dx  dz

dz
Now I  
cos 2 z
  sec2 zdz

 tan z  c
 tan  xe x   c

where c is an integrating constant.

6
 Indefinite Integration
dx sin x
Problem-03: e x
1
Exercise-03:  1  cos x  2
dx

dx 1
sol n : Let I   Ans:  c.
e 1
x
1  cos x 
e x dx
 dx Problem-04: e x
 e x
1  e x
dx
put 1  e x  z   e x dx  dz
Solution: e  e x
x

dx ex  z
Now I  
dz  Let,
1  e x dx  dz
z ex  x
e
  ln z  c x
e dx dz
 x 2   tan 1 z  c
  ln 1  e x   c (e )  1 z 1
2

 tan 1 (e x )  c
where c is an integrating constant.

Problem-05:  x 1  xdx  x 3 1  x  dx
2 5
Exercise-05:
8
sol n : Let I   x 1  xdx Ans: 
3
16
  c .
1  x 2 3

put 1  x  z  dx  dz
1
Now I    z  1 z 2 dz
1
   z  1 z 2 dz

 3 1

   z 2  z 2  dz
 
2 52 2 32
 z  z c
5 3
2 2
1  x  2  1  x  2  c
5 3

5 3
where c is an integrating constant.

7
 Fatema Tuz-Zohora (FTZ)

Type-2

Integrals of the type can be evaluated exactly in this way.

dx dx
Problem-01:  Exercise-01:  1 x  x
4x  4x  5
2 2

dx 2  2x 1 
sol n : Let I   Ans: tan 1  c.
4x  4x  5
2
3  3 
dx

4x  4x  5
2

1 dx
4

5
x2  x 
4
1 dx
4

1 1 5 1
x 2  2. x   
2 4 4 4
1 dx
 
4  1
2

 x   1
 2
1
Put x  z  dx  dz
2
1 dz
4  1 z2
Now I

1
 tan 1 z  c
4
1  1
 tan 1  x    c
4  2
where c is an integrating constant.

8
 Indefinite Integration

Type-3 Integration by Parts

The formula for the integration of a product of two functions is referred to as integration by parts. i.e,

 du 
  uv dx  u  vdx    dx  vdx  dx .
While applying the above rule for integration by parts to the product of two functions, care should be taken
to choose properly the first function, i.e., the function not to be integrated.

Problem-01:  xe x dx Exercise-01:  x 2 cos xdx

sol n : Let I   xe x dx Ans: x2 sin x  2x cos x  2sin x  c

 dx 
 x  e x dx     e x dx dx
 dx 

 xe x   1.e x dx

 xe x  e x  c
where c is an integration constant.

ln  ln x 
Problem-02:  x dx
ln  ln x 
sol n : Let I   dx Exercise-02:
x
1
Put ln x  z  dx  dz
x


Now I  ln zdz

d 
 ln z  dz     ln z   dz dz
 dz 
1
 z ln z   .zdz
z
 z ln z   dz

 z ln z  z  c
 ln x ln  ln x   ln x  c
where c is an integration constant.

9
 Fatema Tuz-Zohora (FTZ)

Definite Integral
Definite Integration:
The process of finding an anti-derivative or integral of a function is called
integration. It is the inverse process of differentiation. If f  x  be a function of x related with

another function F  x  in such a way that

d
 F  x    f  x 
dx 
where f  x  is called integrand, F  x  is called integral.
b

 f  x  dx  F b   F  a 
a

which is called the definite integral of f  x  from a to b , and ‘ a ’ is called the lower limit and

‘ b ’ the upper limit of the definite integral.

Geometrical meaning:

 f x  dx represents the area enclosed between the curve y  f x  , the x -axis and the
b

ordinate at x  a and x  b i.e. the area PNMQ in the figure below.

Y

y  f x  P
Q

xa x b

X
O M N

10
 Indefinite Integration

Example:
log 2
ex
Question-01: Evaluate the integral 
0
1  ex
dx

Solution:
f ( x)
log 2
ex
 
log 2
dx  log(1  e x )  [ dx  ln f ( x) ]
0
1 e x 0 f ( x)
 {log(1  elog 2 )  log(1  e0 )}
 {log(1  2)  log(1  1)}
 (log3  log 2)
 (log3  log 2)
3
 log
2
Question-02: Evaluate the integral
Solution:

Question-03: Evaluate the integral

Solution:

11
 Fatema Tuz-Zohora (FTZ)

2
Question-03: Evaluate the integral  sin x sin 2 xdx
0

Solution:
 
2 2
1
0 sin x sin 2 xdx  2  2sin x sin 2 xdx
0

2
1

2  2sin 2 x sin x dx
0

2
1

2  {cos(2 x  x)  cos(2 x  x)} dx
0

2
1

2  ( cos x  cos 3x ) dx
0
 
2 2
1 1

2 0 cos x dx  2  cos 3x dx
0

1  1  sin 3 x  2
 sin x 0 2  
2 2  3  0
1  1 
 sin x 0 2  sin 3x 0 2
2 6
1  1 3
 (sin  sin 0)  (sin  sin 0)
2 2 6 2
1 1
 (1  0)  (1  0)
2 6
1 1 3 1 4 2
     (Ans)
2 6 6 6 3

Exercise:
 /2
1
1.  1  cos xdx
0
 /2
dx
2. 
0 1  sin 2 x

3. 0
2 (2 sin 2  5 cos 5 )d

4.
5.

12