AN INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE

Artificial Intelligence has always been a term which intrigues people all over the world.
Various organisations have coined their own versions of defining Artificial Intelligence. Some
of them are mentioned below:
NITI Aayog: National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence
AI refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive tasks like thinking, perceiving,
learning, problem solving and decision making. Initially conceived as a technology that
could
mimic human intelligence, AI has evolved in ways that far exceed its original conception.
With
incredible advances made in data collection, processing and computation power, intelligent
systems can now be deployed to take over a variety of tasks, enable connectivity and enhance
productivity.
World Economic Forum
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the software engine that drives the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
Its impact can already be seen in homes, businesses and political processes. In its embodied
form of robots, it will soon be driving cars, stocking warehouses and caring for the young
and
elderly. It holds the promise of solving some of the most pressing issues facing society, but
also
presents challenges such as inscrutable “black box” algorithms, unethical use of data and
potential job displacement. As rapid advances in machine learning (ML) increase the scope
and scale of AI’s deployment across all aspects of daily life, and as the technology itself can
learn and change on its own, multi-stakeholder collaboration is required to optimize
accountability, transparency, privacy and impartiality to create trust.
European Artificial Intelligence (AI) leadership, the path for an integrated vision
AI is not a well-defined technology and no universally agreed definition exists. It is rather a
cover term for techniques associated with data analysis and pattern recognition. AI is not a
new technology, having existed since the 1950s. While some markets, sectors and individual
businesses are more advanced than others, AI is still at a relatively early stage of
development,
so that the range of potential applications, and the quality of most existing applications, have
ample margins left for further development and improvement.
Encyclopaedia Britannica
Artificial intelligence (AI), the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to
perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings. The term is frequently applied to
the project of developing systems endowed with the intellectual processes characteristic of
humans, such as the ability to reason, discover meaning, generalize, or learn from past
experience.
In other words, AI may be defined as:
AI is a form of intelligence; a type of technology and a field of study. AI theory and
development of computer systems (both machines and software) are able to perform
tasks.
that normally require human intelligence. Artificial Intelligence covers a broad range of
domains and applications and is expected to impact every field in the future. Overall, its
core idea is building machines and algorithms which are capable of performing
computational tasks that would otherwise require human like brain functions.

Description About AI:

AI is a form of intelligence; a type of technology and a field of study.
AI theory and development of computer systems (both machines and software) are able to
perform tasks that normally require human intelligence.
Artificial Intelligence covers a broad range of domains and applications and is expected to
impact every field in the future.
Overall, its core idea is building machines and algorithms which are capable of performing
computational tasks that would otherwise require human like brain functions.

DOMAINS OF AI:
There are mainly 3 types of AI – natural language processing, computer vision, and data for
AI. These are quite different from each other but they together constitute the concept of
artificial intelligence.
Let’s understand: To understand AI we draw an analogy from the three strands in a braid.
One is the Data strand; the second is the Natural Language Processing strand and the third
strand is the Computer Vision. They all together constitute the concept called Artificial
Intelligence.

Quiz Questions:
1. Which one of the following is an application of AI?
a. Remote controlled Drone
b. Self-Driving Car
c. Self-Service Kiosk
d. Self-Watering Plant System

2. This language is easy to learn and is one of the most popular language for AI today:
a. C++
b. Python
c. Ruby
d. Java
3. Which of the following is not a stage in the AI Project Cycle:
a. Problem Scoping
b. Data Acquisition
c. Data Exploration
d. Prototyping

4. This field is enabling computers to identify and process images like humans do:
a. Face Recognition
b. Model-view-controller
c. Computer Vision
d. Eye-in-Hand System

5. What does NLP stand for in AI?

a. Neutral Learning Projection
b. Neuro-Linguistic Programming
c. Natural Language Processing
d. Neural Logic Presentation
6. This is a program that allows the computer to simulate conversation with a human
being:
a. Speech Application Program Interface
b. Chatbot
c. Voice Recognition
d. Speech Recognition

7. This is a system of Programs and Data-Structures that mimics the operation of the
human brain:
a. Intelligent Network
b. Decision Support System
c. Neural Network
d. Genetic Programming

8. Where is Decision tree used?

a. Classification Problem
b. Regression Problem
c. Clustering Problem
d. Dimensionality Reduction

9. What does model. Add (dense (32, input shape= (784))) do?
a. It adds an input layer
b. It adds a hidden layer
c. It adds an output layer
d. It adds a dense layer
10. How excited are you about this AI curriculum?
a. Very Excited!
b. A bit excited
c. Same as always
d. Not excited at all
AI Quiz (Paper Pen/Online Quiz)

AI ETHICS:
Thee AI Ethics comprises of ethics such as (bias, access, privacy)
Students will participate in a debate to gain awareness of the ethical
concerns regarding Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Learning Objectives:
1. Gain awareness of ethical concerns about AI
2. Critically think about the cost and benefits of AI technology
Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe some ethical concerns of AI with respect to inclusion, bias and
privacy
2. Be able to evaluate the cost and benefits of AI technology.

Reflect and Discuss:

● With the increase in AI applications leading to replacing human workforce, do you
consider it ethical to incorporate the use of AI for various jobs?
● How do you think income would be shared if AI is used in place of Human Workforce?
● AI will probably bring with it many Health benefits. How will these Health benefits be
made accessible and available to all the people in society?
● AI is a powerful tool in various fields, however depending on how it is used, it can either be
a boon or a bane. Discuss.
● How can learning opportunities for AI be extended to all?
● How will human beings ensure that they stay ahead of Artificial Intelligence?

“The important thing to remember is the consequences of your

actions while applying AI”
Unit 2:
AI Project Cycle
Lesson Title: AI Project Cycle
Summary: Students will learn about the AI Project Cycle and get familiar with it.
Learning Objectives: Students will know how they can get started on an AI project.
Learning Outcomes: Describe the stages in the AI project cycle.

 While finalising the aim of this system, you scope the problem which you wish to solve
with the help of your project. This is Problem Scoping.
 As you start collecting the photographs, you actually acquire data in a visual form.
This data now becomes the base of your security system. The data needs to be
accurate and reliable as it ensures the efficiency of your system. This is known as
Data Acquisition.
 At this stage, you try to interpret some useful information out of the data you have
acquired. For this, you explore the data and try to put it uniformly for a better
understanding. This is known as Data Exploration.
 To implement your idea, you now look at different AI-enabled algorithms which work
on Computer Vision (since you are working on visual data). You go through several
models and select the ones which match your requirements. After choosing the model,
you implement it. This is known as the Modelling stage.
 As you move towards deploying your model in the real-world, you test it in as many
ways as possible. The stage of testing the models is known as Evaluation. In this
stage, we evaluate each and every model tried and choose the model which gives the
most efficient and reliable results.
DATA ACQUISITION:
As we move ahead in the AI Project Cycle, we come across the second element which is:
Data Acquisition. As the term clearly mentions, this stage is about acquiring data for the
project. Let us first understand what is data. Data can be a piece of information or facts and
statistics collected together for reference or analysis. Whenever we want an AI project to be
able to predict an output, we need to train it first using data.

For example, if you want to make an Artificially Intelligent system which can predict
the salary of any employee based on his previous salaries, you would feed the data
of his previous salaries into the machine. This is the data with which the machine can
be trained. Now, once it is ready, it will predict his next salary efficiently. The
previous salary data here is known as Training Data while the next salary prediction
data set is known as the Testing Data.

For better efficiency of an AI project, the Training data needs to be relevant and
authentic. In the previous example, if the training data was not of the previous
salaries but of his expenses, the machine would not have predicted his next salary
correctly since the whole training went wrong. Similarly, if the previous salary data
was not authentic, that is, it was not correct, then too the prediction could have
gone wrong. Hence….

“For any AI project to be efficient, the training data should be authentic and
relevant to the problem statement scoped.”

DATA EXPLORATION:
In the previous modules, you have set the goal of your project and have also found ways to
acquire data. While acquiring data, you must have noticed that the data is a complex entity
–it is full of numbers and if anyone wants to make some sense out of it, they have to work
some patterns out of it. For example, if you go to the library and pick up a random book, you
first try to go through its content quickly by turning pages and by reading the description
before borrowing it for yourself, because it helps you in understanding if the book is
appropriate to your needs and interests or not.

Thus, to analyse the data, you need to visualise it in some user-friendly format so that you
can:
● Quickly get a sense of the trends, relationships and patterns contained within the data.
● Define strategy for which model to use at a later stage.
● Communicate the same to others effectively. To visualise data, we can use various types
of visual representations.
Quiz Time!
1. Which one of the following is the second stage of AI project cycle?
a. Data Exploration
b. Data Acquisition
c. Modelling
d. Problem Scoping

2. Which of the following comes under Problem Scoping?

a. System Mapping
b. 4Ws Canvas
c. Data Features
d. Web scraping

3. Which of the following is not valid for Data Acquisition?

a. Web scraping
b. Surveys
c. Sensors
d. Announcements

4. If an arrow goes from X to Y with a – (minus) sign, it means that

a. If X increases, Y decreases
b. The direction of relation is opposite
c. If X increases, Y increases
d. It is a bi-directional relationship

5. Which of the following is not a part of the 4Ws Problem Canvas?

a. Who?
b. Why?
c. What?
d. Which?

MODELLING:
In the previous module of Data Exploration, you explored the data you had acquired at the
Data Acquisition stage for the problem you scoped in the Problem Scoping stage. Now, you
have visualised some trends and patterns out of the data which would help you develop a
strategy for your project. To build an AI based project, we need to work around Artificially
Intelligent models or algorithms. This could be done either by designing your own model or
by using the pre-existing AI models. Before jumping into modelling let us clarify the
definitions of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL).

Artificial Intelligence, or AI for short, refers to any technique that enables

computers to mimic human intelligence. An artificially intelligent machine works
on algorithms and data fed to it and gives the desired output .

Machine Learning, or ML for short, enables machines to improve at tasks with

experience. The machine here learns from the new data fed to it while testing and
uses it for the next iteration. It also takes into account the times when it went
wrong and considers the exceptions too.

Deep Learning, or DL for short, enables software to train itself to perform tasks
with vast amounts of data. Since the system has got huge set of data, it is able to
train itself with the help of multiple machine learning algorithms working
altogether to perform a specific task.

Artificial Intelligence is the umbrella term which holds both Deep Learning as well
as Machine Learning. Deep Learning, on the other hand, is the very specific
learning approach which is a subset of Machine Learning as it comprises of
multiple Machine Learning algorithms.”

Defining the terms:

1. Artificial Intelligence, or AI, refers to any technique that enables computers to mimic
human intelligence. The AI-enabled machines think algorithmically and execute what they
have been asked for intelligently.

2. Machine Learning, or ML, enables machines to improve at tasks with experience. The
machine learns from its mistakes and takes them into consideration in the next execution. It
improvises itself using its own experiences.

3. Deep Learning, or DL, enables software to train itself to perform tasks with vast amounts
of data. In deep learning, the machine is trained with huge amounts of data which helps it
into training itself around the data. Such machines are intelligent enough to develop
algorithms for themselves.

Deep Learning is the most advanced form of Artificial Intelligence out of these three. Then
comes Machine Learning which is intermediately intelligent and Artificial Intelligence covers
all the concepts and algorithms which, in some way or the other mimic human intelligence.

“AI Modelling refers to developing algorithms, also called models which can be
trained to get intelligent outputs. That is, writing codes to make a machine
artificially intelligent.”
.

Rule Based Approach:

Rule Based Approach Refers to the AI modelling where the relationship or patterns in data
are defined by the developer. The machine follows the rules or instructions mentioned by
the developer, and performs its task accordingly. For example, suppose you have a dataset
comprising of 100 images of apples and 100 images of bananas. To train your machine, you
feed this data into the machine and label each image as either apple or banana. Now if you
test the machine with the image of an apple, it will compare the image with the trained data
and according to the labels of trained images, it will identify the test image as an apple. This
is known as Rule based approach. The rules given to the machine in this example are the
labels given

Learning Based Approach:

Refers to the AI modelling where the relationship or patterns in data are not defined by the
developer. In this approach, random data is fed to the machine and it is left on the machine
to figure out patterns and trends out of it. Generally, this approach is followed when the
data is unlabelled and too random for a human to make sense out of it. Thus, the machine
look sat the data, tries to extract similar features out of it and clusters same datasets
together. In the end as output, the machine tells us about the trends which it observed in
the training data.
For example, suppose you have a dataset of 1000 images of random stray dogs of your area.
Now you do not have any clue as to what trend is being followed in this dataset as you don’t
know their breed, or colour or any other feature. Thus, you would put this into a learning
approach based AI machine and the machine would come up with various patterns it has
observed in the features of these 1000 images. It might cluster the data on the basis of
colour, size, fur style, etc. It might also come up with some very unusual clustering algorithm
which you might not have even thought of! Decision Trees are similar to the concept of
Story Speaker.
DECISION TREE:
It is a rule-based AI model which helps the machine in predicting what an element is with
the help of various decisions (or rules) fed to it.
Decision Trees are made on the basis of the dataset we have and change according to the
parameters which we take into consideration for modelling. Many times, the dataset might
have redundant data, that is, some data might not hold importance while developing the
decision tree. For this, one needs to visualise the relation amongst all the parameters given
in the data and then formulate the model. Given below is a diagram of a decision tree:

Fig: diagram of a decision tree

Fig: the above represents a learning-based approach to artificial intelligence (AI)