Table 1: Properties of the Continuous-Time Fourier Series


+∞ 
+∞
x(t) = jkω0 t
ak e = ak ejk(2π/T )t
k=−∞ k=−∞
 
1 −jkω0 t 1
ak = x(t)e dt = x(t)e−jk(2π/T )t dt
T T T T

Property Periodic Signal Fourier Series Coefficients


x(t) Periodic with period T and ak
y(t) fundamental frequency ω0 = 2π/T bk

Linearity Ax(t) + By(t) Aak + Bbk

Time-Shifting x(t − t0 ) ak e−jkω0t0 = ak e−jk(2π/T )t0
Frequency-Shifting ejM ω0 t = ejM (2π/T )t x(t) ak−M
Conjugation x∗ (t) a∗−k
Time Reversal x(−t) a−k
Time Scaling x(αt), α > 0 (periodic with period T /α)
 ak
Periodic Convolution x(τ )y(t − τ )dτ T ak bk
T

+∞
Multiplication x(t)y(t) al bk−l
l=−∞
dx(t) 2π
Differentiation jkω0 ak = jk ak
 dt t   T 
(finite-valued and 1 1
Integration x(t)dt ak = ak
−∞ periodic only if a0 = 0) ⎧ jkω0 ∗ jk(2π/T )
⎪
⎪ak = a−k
⎪
⎪
⎨e{ak } = e{a−k }
Conjugate Symmetry
x(t) real m{ak } = −m{a−k }
for Real Signals ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪|ak | = |a−k |
⎩
<) ak = −< ) a−k
Real and Even Sig-
x(t) real and even ak real and even
nals

Real and Odd Signals x(t) real and odd ak purely imaginary and odd

Even-Odd Decompo- xe (t) = Ev{x(t)} [x(t) real] e{ak }
sition of Real Signals xo (t) = Od{x(t)} [x(t) real] jm{ak }

Parseval’s Relation for Periodic Signals

 
+∞
1 2
|x(t)| dt = |ak |2
T T k=−∞
 Table 2: Properties of the Discrete-Time Fourier Series
 
x[n] = ak ejkω0n = ak ejk(2π/N )n
k=<N > k=<N >

1  1 
ak = x[n]e−jkω0 n = x[n]e−jk(2π/N )n
N n=<N >
N n=<N >

Property Periodic signal Fourier series coefficients

 
x[n] Periodic with period N and fun- ak Periodic with
y[n] damental frequency ω0 = 2π/N bk period N

Linearity Ax[n] + By[n] Aak + Bbk

Time shift x[n − n0 ] ak e−jk(2π/N )n0
Frequency Shift ejM (2π/N )n x[n] ak−M
Conjugation x∗ [n] a∗−k
Time Reversal x[−n] a−k 
 viewed as
x[n/m] if n is a multiple of m 1
Time Scaling x(m) [n] = ak periodic with
0 if n is not a multiple of m m period mN
(periodic with period mN )

Periodic Convolution x[r]y[n − r] Nak bk
r=N 

Multiplication x[n]y[n] al bk−l
l=N 
First Difference x[n] − x[n − 1] (1 − e−jk(2π/N ) )ak
n    
finite-valued and 1
Running Sum x[k] ak
periodic only if a0 = 0 (1 − e−jk(2π/N ) )
k=−∞ ⎧
⎪
⎪ak = a∗−k
⎪
⎪
⎨e{ak } = e{a−k }
Conjugate Symmetry
x[n] real m{ak } = −m{a−k }
for Real Signals ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪|a | = |a−k |
⎩ k
<) ak = −< ) a−k
Real and Even Signals x[n] real and even ak real and even

Real and Odd Signals x[n] real and odd ak purely imaginary and odd

Even-Odd Decomposi- xe [n] = Ev{x[n]} [x[n] real] e{ak }

tion of Real Signals xo [n] = Od{x[n]} [x[n] real] jm{ak }

Parseval’s Relation for Periodic Signals

1  
|x[n]|2 = |ak |2
N
n=N  k=N