CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL

ENGINES 1 of 154 OVERVIEW

INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

We will start this lesson with an

overview of the function and
capabilities of the engine
system.
Later in your training, you will
learn the relationship between
the engines, autothrust, and
the Flight Management System
(FMS).
These systems are highly
integrated and beyond the
scope of this lesson. An in
depth discussion of autothrust
operation and protections
(e.g., Alpha Floor) will be
discussed in later training.
At the end of this lesson you
will understand how you
interact with and operate the
engines.

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 2 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

A320 Series aircraft are

equipped with two IAE V2500-
A5 series high bypass turbofan
engines.
A319s are equipped with
V2524-A5 engines each
capable of producing up to
24,000 lbs of thrust. The A319
is a de-rated version of the
A321 engine.

A321s are equipped with

V2533-A5 engines each
capable of producing up to
32,500 lbs of thrust. A321
engines are covered in the
differences section. V2500-A5

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 3 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Like most modern high bypass

turbofan engines, these
engines incorporate a:
 Fan
 Low Pressure Compressor
 High Pressure Compressor
 Combustion chamber with
two igniters.
 High Pressure Turbine
 Low Pressure Turbine

Low pressure Turbine

High Pressure Turbine

Combustion Chamber

High Pressure Compressor

Low Pressure Compressor

FAN

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 4 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

After passing through the fan

section of the engine, a
majority of the airflow
bypasses the remaining
sections of the engine.
Bypass Airflow
The low speed rotor (N1),
consists of the fan and a low
pressure compressor
connected to a low pressure
turbine.
The high speed rotor (N2),
consists of a high pressure
compressor connected to a
high pressure turbine.

Bypass Airflow N2

N1

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 5 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

An accessory gearbox is
located at the bottom of the fan
case and is driven by the high
pressure rotor. Critical items
driven by the accessory
gearbox include the:
• Fuel pump
• Oil pump for engine
lubrication
 An alternator that
automatically provides power
when the engine reaches 10%
N2. This allows the engines
computers to have a source of
electrical power, when the
engine is running, independent N2
of the aircraft’s electrical
system.

Accessory Gearbox
• Fuel Pump
• Oil pump
• Alternator

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 6 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Each engine is equipped with

two strakes (inboard and
outboard).
These strakes provide improved
airflow characteristics for the
wing.

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 7 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Each engine has an

independent Full Authority
Digital Engine Control
(FADEC) that provides
complete engine management.

The FADEC is sometimes

referred to as the Electronic
Engine Control (EEC). This is CHANNEL CHANNEL
important to remember when A B
communicating with
maintenance.

Each FADEC can be powered

by its own dedicated alternator
or by the aircraft’s electrical
system. Full Authority Digital Engine Control
The FADECs are cooled using
ambient air.

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 8 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Each FADEC controls its

respective engine for maximum
fuel efficiency and surge free
operation.

Major functions that the

FADECs perform include:
 Fuel flow, thrust reverser, and
ignition control
 Protection from exceeding N1,
N2, and EPR limits at all times
 Protection from exceeding
EGT limits (during automatic
starts on the ground only)
 Protection for starter
engagement time and
re-engagement speed Full Authority Digital Engine Control
 Computation of fuel used and
thrust limits
 Computation of thrust
penalties for the use of air
CHANNEL CHANNEL
conditioning and ice protection
A B
 Acceleration and deceleration
schedules
 Idle settings
 Providing engine information
for cockpit display and to other
aircraft systems.

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 9 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The engines can be started

either manually or automatically.

Most engine starts are

accomplished using the
automatic start procedure.
There are significant differences
not only between the two types
of starts but also whether or not
the start is being performed on
the ground or in flight.

Full Authority Digital Engine Control

CHANNEL CHANNEL
A B

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 10 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

During an automatic start on the

ground, the FADEC controls the
start sequence and provides:
 Start valve and HP fuel valve
control
 Fuel flow and ignition
monitoring and control
 Protection from exceeding
EGT limits
 N1 and N2 monitoring
 Control of start aborts and
restart attempts
FADEC start abort authority and
EGT protection are only
provided during automatic starts
on the ground – NO OTHER
TIME.
In other words, EGT protection
is not provided during takeoffs,
go-arounds, manual starts, or
any start in flight.

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 11 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The crew controls the start

sequence during manual
engine starts.

The FADEC monitors manual

starts and provides warnings
and cautions if necessary, but
does not provide protections.

FADEC start abort authority is

never provided during a
manual engine start.

Manual engine starts are

discussed in detail in the
NORMAL OPERATION
section.

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 12 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Three idle settings are

provided and automatically
controlled by the respective
FADEC:
• Modulated idle - used on the
ground, unless reverse thrust
is selected and in flight when
the slats are retracted.
• Approach idle - a higher idle
setting which provides more
rapid acceleration in the event
of a go-around. It is used in
flight when the slats are
extended.
• Reverse idle - slightly higher
than modulated idle. It is used
Idle settings:
on the ground when the
respective thrust lever is in - Modulated Idle
REV IDLE position.

- Approach Idle

- Reverse Idle

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 13 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The FADECs have two modes

of setting thrust, Engine
Pressure Ratio (EPR) and N1.

EPR mode is the normal mode

of thrust control. EPR is the
ratio low pressure turbine
exhaust (P5) to engine inlet
pressure (P2).

The desired EPR is set using

fuel flow. The FADEC
commands EPR as a function
of:
- Thrust Lever Angle (TLA)
- Altitude EPR Mode
- Mach number
- Ambient temperature
- Air inlet total temperature
- Air bleed demands

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 14 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

N1 Modes
If the EPR mode of a FADEC
is not available, the effected
FADEC automatically reverts
to N1 mode.
If this occurs, an equivalent
thrust to that achieved in EPR
mode is provided until thrust
lever position is changed.
Autothrust and Alpha Floor are
both lost. These functions are
discussed in later training.
Depending on the nature of the
failure that caused the loss of EPR Mode
EPR mode, the FADEC will
revert to either:
- Rated N1 mode or
- Unrated N1 mode.
Rated N1 Mode

Unrated N1 Mode

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 15 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

RATED N1 MODE

In rated mode, N1limits are

displayed on the E/WD and the
FADEC protections remain
unchanged.
The rated N1 mode can be
selected manually using an
ENG N1 MODE pb on the
overhead panel.
UNRATED N1 MODE
An automatic reversion to
unrated N1 mode occurs if
both EPR and rated N1 modes EPR Mode
are not available.
In unrated mode, N1 limits are
not displayed on the E/WD and
the FADEC overspeed
protections are reduced.
Rated N1 Mode
It is possible to exceed certain
engine limitations in unrated
N1 mode.
The N1 modes are discussed
in detail in the ABNORMAL
OPERATION section. Unrated N1 Mode

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 16 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

EPR RECOVERY LOGIC

With the FADEC in either rated
or unrated N1 mode, selecting
an ENG N1 MODE pb ON then
off may recover the EPR mode
if the failure condition is no
longer present.
We will discuss the ENG N1
MODE pbs in more detail in
the ABNORMAL OPERATION
section.

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 17 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

While the FADEC may be

ADIRS
considered the most significant
engine computer, it is not the
only computer. ENGINE
THRUST LEVER ANGLE COOLING
There are many computers
AND
and sensors that allow the STABILITY
engine to operate properly. CONTROL

IGNITION
SYSTEM
ENGINE
SENSORS FUEL RETURN
FADEC VALVE

START VALVE
Engine
Interface
THRUST REVERSE
Unit SYSTEM
AIR CONDITIONING
SYSTEM
(EIU)
CONTROLER

E/WD SD
LGCIU
(EEC) ECAM

FMS (autothrust)

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 18 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

If thrust is being set manually, ADIRS

the pilot uses the thrust levers
to set the thrust and the
FADEC uses the thrust lever ENGINE
angle to determine the THRUST LEVER ANGLE COOLING
appropriate thrust output. AND
STABILITY
CONTROL
If autothrust is active, the Flight
Management System (FMS)
calculates the required thrust.

Regardless of whether the IGNITION

SYSTEM
required thrust is being set
ENGINE
manually or calculated by the SENSORS
FMS, each FADEC controls the FUEL RETURN
FADEC VALVE
thrust of its respective engine.
The functions of autothrust are
START VALVE
beyond the scope of this
Engine
lesson; however, a brief
Interface
description of the relationship THRUST REVERSE
Unit SYSTEM
between the thrust levers and AIR CONDITIONING
(EIU)
autothrust will be discussed SYSTEM
later in this lesson. CONTROLER

E/WD SD
LGCIU
(EEC) ECAM

FMS (autothrust)

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 19 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Each FADEC has two identical

and independent channels
(A and B).
Either channel is capable of
operating the engine. One
channel is active and the other
is in standby.

If the active channel fails, the

other becomes active
automatically.

ACTIVE STANDBY
ACTIVE

CHANNEL CHANNEL
A B

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 20 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

When N2 is greater than 10%,

its FADEC is powered by an
alternator driven by the
accessory gearbox.
When an engine is not
running, or should the
alternator fail, each FADEC
can be supplied by the
aircraft’s electrical system.

Alternator

ACTIVE STANDBY

Aircraft’s CHANNEL CHANNEL

Electrical A B
System

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 21 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The fuel system supplies fuel FROM FUEL TANKS

to the combustion chambers at
the required rate and pressure
calculated by the FADEC.
The FADEC computes the fuel
flow necessary to maintain the
target thrust level.
Fuel pressure is supplied by
the accessory gear box driven
LP Fuel Valve
low pressure (LP) and high
pressure (HP) fuel pumps.
LP Pump

IDG and Engine

Oil Coolers

HP Pump

Fuel HP Fuel
Metering Unit Shut Off

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 22 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The fuel flows through two FROM FUEL TANKS

shutoff valves that can be
controlled from cockpit.

Pushing and releasing an ENG

FIRE pb closes only the
respective LP fuel valve.

Selecting an ENG MASTER

switch OFF closes both the
LP Fuel Valve
respective HP and LP fuel
valves.
LP Pump
We will discuss these valves
again in the NORMAL
OPERATION section. IDG and Engine
Oil Coolers

HP Pump

Fuel HP Fuel
Metering Unit Shut Off

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 23 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Fuel is used to cool engine FROM FUEL TANKS

and IDG oil.
Fuel pressure is also used to
open and close various valves
in the engine.
These functions are carried out
automatically and require no
pilot intervention.
LP Fuel Valve

LP Pump

IDG and Engine

Oil Coolers

TO
Actuators

HP Pump

Fuel HP Fuel
Metering Unit Shut Off

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 24 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Two identical independent

igniters (A & B) are installed in
Igniter Circuit A
each engine’s combustion
chamber. The ignition system
is controlled by the FADEC.
The ignition system is used for
engine starting on the ground,
restarts in flight, and as a
preventative against engine
flameout in certain conditions.
The ignition system can be
activated automatically or
manually.
We will look at manual
activation later in this lesson. Igniter Circuit B

CHANNEL CHANNEL
A B

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 25 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The FADEC automatically

activates continuous ignition
(igniters A & B) on the
respective engine when the
engine is running and any of
the following occur:
• An ENG ANTI ICE pb is
selected ON
• Takeoff thrust selected
• The Engine Interface Unit
(EIU) fails
• Approach idle is active (i.e.,
slats extended in flight)
• A engine flameout or surge is
detected in flight.
• The ENG MASTER is cycled
from ON to OFF then back to
the ON position.

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 26 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Each engine is equipped with

hydraulically actuated thrust
Translating Sleeve
reversers that are controlled
independently by the
respective FADEC.

Reverse thrust is achieved by

directing the flow of fan
(bypass) air forward.

Aft moving translating sleeves

are installed on each engine.

Pivoting blocker doors are

installed inside the cowl on
each engine.

When reverse thrust is Cascade Translating Sleeve

selected, the translating sleeve
moves aft and the blocker
doors pivot to deflect fan air
forward through a now
exposed cascade.

Only fan air is used for reverse

thrust, no core air is used.

Blocker Doors

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 27 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The FADEC is programmed

with multiple safety features to
ensure the reversers only
deploy on the ground and only
when requested by the pilot.
Reverser deployment requires:
• At least one FADEC channel
is functioning normally and has
received a reverser signal from
that engine’s thrust lever.
• The aircraft is sensed on the
ground by at least one Landing
Gear Control and Interface
Unit (LGCIU). SEC 1
On LGCIU 1
ground
• The thrust lever reverser CHANNEL CHANNEL
signal is further confirmed by SEC 2 A B
at least one Spoiler Elevator LGCIU 2
Computer (SEC).
SEC 3
FADEC limits thrust to idle
reverse until the respective
engine’s reversers are fully
deployed.
If an uncommanded reverser
deployment occurs, the
FADEC automatically
commands idle thrust on the
respective engine.

EXIT TO
SECTION - OVERVIEW MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 28 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

In this section we will first

discuss the engine controls
available in the cockpit
followed by how the engine
information is presented on the
ECAM.
We will start with the controls
for engine start and shutdown
which are located on the
center pedestal, just behind
the thrust levers.

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 29 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

When the ENG 1 and ENG 2 FUEL

MASTER switches are TANKS
selected OFF, both the LP and LP Valve
HP fuel valves close, causing
both engines to shut down.
Moving these switches from
ON to OFF also resets both
channels of the respective
FADEC.
Advance to select both ENG
MASTER switches OFF.
Actuators

HP Valve

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 30 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

FUEL
The FIRE lights, just aft of the
TANKS
MASTER switches, are
warning lights not pushbuttons. LP Valve
The FIRE light illuminates if a
fire is detected in the
respective engine.
It is a repeater of the light in
the ENG FIRE pb on the
overhead panel.
Engine fire detection is
covered in the Fire Protection
Actuators
lesson.

HP Valve

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 31 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

FUEL
The FAULT light illuminates
TANKS
and an ECAM message is
displayed if any of the following LP Valve
occur:
- An automatic start abort.
- A start valve fault.
- A disagreement between the
HP fuel valve position and its
commanded position.
In this example, there has
been an automatic start abort. Actuators

HP Valve

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 32 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

FUEL
In this example, the HP fuel
TANKS
valve is in disagreement with
its commanded position. LP Valve

Actuators

HP Valve

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 33 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The ENG MODE selector has

three positions.
For most of the flight it is
usually left in the NORM
position.
In the NORM position, the
FADEC automatically activates
continuous ignition on the
respective engine (igniters A & NORM POSITION
B) if the engine is running and
any of the conditions listed
The FADEC automatically activates continuous ignition on the respective engine
here are met. (igniters A & B) the engine is running and any of the following occur:
• An ENG ANTI ICE pb is selected ON
• Takeoff thrust selected
• The Engine Interface Unit (EIU) fails
• Approach idle is active (i.e., slats extended in flight)
• An engine flameout or surge is detected in flight.
• The ENG MASTER is cycled from ON to OFF then back to the ON position.

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 34 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The IGN/START position has

two functions.
Manually selects continuous
ignition (igniters A & B) on both
engines simultaneously, if
running.

If an engine is not running, the

IGN/START position prepares
it for the start process.

The MODE selector must be IGN/START POSITION

moved from IGN/START to
NORM and back to - Manually selects continuous ignition (igniters A & B) on both engines
IGN/START to manually select simultaneously, if running.
continuous ignition after the
engines are started. - If an engine is not running, the IGN/START position prepares it for the start
process.

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 35 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The CRANK position is used

for those situations where
engine rotation is desired but
starting is NOT.
The CRANK position DOES
NOT crank the engine.
The CRANK position:
- Prepares the engine for dry
cranking by inhibiting ignition
and fuel flow. CRANK POSITION
- The starter will engage and
- Prepares the engine for dry cranking by inhibiting
the engine will dry crank (no
ignition and fuel flow.
ignition or fuel flow) when the
respective MAN START pb is
- The starter will engage and the engine will dry crank
selected ON.
(no ignition or fuel flow) when the respective MAN
The basic dry cranking START pb is selected ON.
procedure is to move the ENG
MODE selector to CRANK and
then select the respective MAN
START pb ON.
Refer to your aircraft manuals
for more details regarding the
dry cranking procedure.

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 36 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The ENG panel is used for

manual starts and abnormal
operations.
The MAN START pbs are used
in conjunction with the CRANK
position of the ENG MODE
selector to dry crank either
engine if necessary.
The MAN START pbs are also
used if performing a manual
engine start.
We will use this function in the
NORMAL OPERATION
section.
The N1 MODE pbs allow the
crew to revert thrust control
from EPR mode to N1 rated
mode.
This will be explained in the
ABNORMAL OPERATION
section.

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 37 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The thrust levers are located

on the center pedestal.
Notice that they are referred to
as thrust levers, NOT throttles.
Also, unlike more conventional
aircraft, there is no mechanical
linkage between the thrust
levers and the engines. Thrust
lever angle is communicated
electronically to the FADECs.
The thrust levers never move
on their own. The thrust levers
only move as a result of pilot
action.

FADEC FADEC

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 38 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

When thrust is being operated

manually (autothrust off), thrust
corresponds to the position of
the thrust levers.
Pull them aft to decrease thrust
or push them forward to
increase thrust.

FADEC FADEC

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 39 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

During forward thrust, the

thrust levers are moved
through an arc that is defined
by two stops:
 0 which signifies idle thrust
And…

IDLE stop

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 40 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

During forward thrust, the

thrust levers are moved
through an arc that is defined
by two stops:
 0 which signifies idle thrust
TOGA stop
And…
 TOGA (Take Off Go Around)
which provides maximum
available thrust and is limited
to 5 minutes.

IDLE stop

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 41 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

In between these two stops are

two detents.
The detent marked CL is the
climb detent.
- Selecting this detent requests TOGA stop
climb thrust is being controlled
manually.
-This detent is also the normal
position of the thrust levers CLIMB detent
when autothrust is active.
More on this in a just a little bit.

IDLE stop

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 42 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The other detent is FLX MCT,

which has two functions.
Selected on the ground, this
detent requests FLEX (reduced
thrust) for takeoff. This is similar
to derated thrust on other TOGA stop
aircraft.
FLEX MCT detent
Selected in flight, this detent
requests Max Continuous
Thrust (MCT). This is generally CLIMB detent
only used during abnormal
operations (e.g., one engine
inoperative).

IDLE stop

STOPS
• 0 (Idle)
• TOGA (Take Off / Go Around)
- Produces maximum thrust
- Limited to 5 minutes
DETENTS
• CL (Climb Thrust)
- Normal position throughout flight
• FLX / MCT (Flex / Max Continuous Thrust)
- On ground = Reduced thrust for takeoff
- In flight = Max Continuous Thrust

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 43 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The two thrust levers are also

used to control the reversers.
Two latching reverser levers
are used to select reverse
thrust. Reverser levers are unlocked with
the thrust levers at the idle stop.
When the trust levers are not
at the IDLE stop, the levers are
mechanically locked down.

Reverser levers are locked when the

thrust levers are not at idle.

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 44 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

When the thrust levers are at

the IDLE stop, reverse can be
selected by lifting the reverser
levers.
This allows the thrust levers to
be pulled back beyond the
forward IDLE stop and into the
reverse idle detent.
Advance to lift the reverser
levers and move the thrust
levers to the reverse idle
detent.

IDLE stop

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 45 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The thrust levers are now in

the reverse idle detent.
The reversers will deploy and
thrust will remain at reverse
idle which is slightly higher
than forward idle.
Once the reverser is fully
deployed, reverse thrust on the
respective engine increases as
the thrust levers are moved aft
of the reverse idle detent.
Max reverse thrust is achieved
by moving the thrust levers
fully aft to the FULL REV stop.
IDLE stop
Advance to move the thrust REV IDLE detent
levers to the FULL REV stop.

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 46 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The thrust levers are now at

FULL REV stop.
If desired, the level of reverse
thrust my be varied by moving
the respective thrust lever
between reverse idle and max
reverse.

IDLE stop
REV IDLE detent

FULL REV stop

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 47 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Max reverse should not be

used below 70 knots under
normal circumstances.
To stow the reversers and
resume forward thrust
operations, simply push
forward on the thrust levers
until they move to the idle stop
and the reverser levers latch
down.
There is no requirement to
stop at the idle reverse detent.
Do not attempt to hold the
reverser levers while
attempting to move the thrust IDLE stop
levers to the idle stop. REV IDLE detent
Advance to move the thrust
levers to the idle stop. FULL REV stop

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 48 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The reversers are now stowed

and the thrust is at idle.

IDLE stop
REV IDLE detent

FULL REV stop

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 49 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The alternative to manual

thrust control is the aircraft’s
autothrust system.
The relationship between
autothrust, the thrust levers,
and the rest of the autoflight TOGA stop
system is quite complex.
FLEX MCT detent
For this reason, we will discuss
only the basic relationship
between autothrust, the thrust CLIMB detent
levers, and the engines.
You will learn more about
autothrust during later training.
Autothrust can be either off or IDLE stop
engaged. When engaged,
autothrust has two modes:
armed or active. A/THR Off
Autothrust is automatically
armed during takeoff when the
thrust levers are moved to
TOGA or FLX.
Autothrust may also be
engaged by pushing the FCU
A/THR pb.
Advance to apply takeoff
power.

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 50 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The autothrust is now engaged

but merely armed. It is not yet
active. Notice that the A/THR
pb is illuminated.
Thrust remains under manual
control until autothrust is TOGA stop
active.
FLEX MCT detent
In this example, TOGA thrust
will continue to be provided
until the thrust levers are CLIMB detent
moved into the autothrust Autothrust active range
active range. with both
The autothrust active range is: engines operating
JUST ABOVE IDLE
• From just above idle up to IDLE stop
and including the CL detent
with both engines operating.
or
A/THR light indicates autothrust
• From just above idle up to
and including the FLX MCT
is engaged and either:
detent with one engine ARMED
operating.
Advance to move the thrust or
levers to the CL detent and
into the active range. ACTIVE

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 51 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Now autothrust is engaged

and active. Autothrust will now
command the FADECs to
provide thrust as necessary.
When autothrust is active,
thrust lever position defines the TOGA stop
upper limit of available thrust.
FLEX/MCT
FLEX MCT detent
The thrust levers become
thrust limiters; thrust will not
exceed the position of the CLIMB detent
thrust levers. Autothrust active range
Therefore, the thrust levers are with both
normally left in the CL detent engines operating
with autothrust active. JUST ABOVE IDLE
IDLE stop
This gives autothrust its full
authority to command any
thrust level from idle up to and
including climb thrust. A/THR light indicates autothrust
NOTE: If Alpha Floor
is engaged and either:
activates, TOGA thrust is
commanded regardless of
ARMED
thrust lever position.
or
Alpha Floor is not discussed
in this lesson. ACTIVE

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 52 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

If you look closely, you can

also see the “A/THR” label
next to the thrust levers
indicating the autothrust active
range with both engines
running.

CLIMB detent

A/THR active range

JUST ABOVE IDLE

A/THR light indicates autothrust

is engaged and either:
ARMED
or
ACTIVE

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 53 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

If an engine faliure is detected,

you will be prompted to move
the operating engine’s thrust
lever to the FLEX MCT detent.
This gives autothrust the
authority to command any TOGA stop
thrust level from idle up to and
including to max continuous FLEX MCT detent
thrust on the operating engine.
CLIMB detent Autothrust active
More on this in later training.
range with one
engine operating

JUST ABOVE IDLE

IDLE stop

A/THR light indicates autothrust

is engaged and either:
ARMED
or
ACTIVE

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 54 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Autothrust can be disengaged

using either of two red
instinctive disconnect pbs
located on the side of the
thrust levers.
These pbs allow you to quickly
revert to manual thrust control
if necessary.
Instinctive
If either of the instinctive disconnect pb
disconnect pbs are pushed,
thrust immediately changes to
match thrust lever position.
Normally, thrust lever position
is matched to the current thrust
output (displayed on the
E/WD) prior to disconnecting
autothrust to prevent an
unwanted thrust change.
A/THR light indicates autothrust
Once again, keep in mind that
autothrust will be discussed in
is engaged and either:
detail during later training. ARMED
Advance to push either
instinctive disconnect pb. or
ACTIVE

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 55 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Autothrust is now disengaged

(off).
Thrust output now directly
corresponds to thrust lever
position.
Autothrust could be
re-engaged by ensuring the
thrust levers are in the active
range (normally the CL detent)
and pushing the FCU A/THR
pb.

A/THR disengaged (off)

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 56 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The most common method of

disengaging autothrust is
moving the thrust levers to the
idle stop during landing.
This action brings the thrust
levers out of the autothrust
active range and disengages
autothrust. Thrust operation
becomes manual at that point.
Advance to move the thrust CLIMB detent
levers to idle and disengage
autothrust.
That concludes our discussion
of the cockpit engine controls.
Let’s move on to how engine IDLE stop
operation is monitored.
A/THR disengaged (off)
A/THR light indicates autothrust
is engaged and either:
ARMED
or
ACTIVE

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 57 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

During this section we will look

at indications on LCD style
displays. The CRT style
displays are slightly different
and will be discussed in the
DIFFERENCES section.
Several engine parameters are
displayed on the ENGINE
page.
It can be either manually or
automatically displayed on the
System Display (SD).
Critical engine information is
permanently displayed on the
Engine/Warning Display
(E/WD) which is normally
presented on the upper ECAM
display unit. We will discuss
the E/WD first.

NOTE: Even though the

“gauges” we will discuss
are actually computer
generated representations
of gauges, we will use
“gauge” when referring to
these indications.

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 58 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

At the top of the E/WD are the

Max EPR
all important Engine Pressure
with thrust
Ratio (EPR) gauges. They are
levers in TOGA
the primary indicators of thrust
output.
EPR is displayed in both digital
and analog format.
6
Analog EPR needle
The amber tick mark
represents max EPR. This is Digital EPR
the maximum EPR that can be
obtained, given the current
conditions, with the thrust
levers in the TOGA position.

6 6

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 59 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The blue circle (often referred Thrust lever position

Max EPR
to as a donut) indicates thrust - Manual thrust = EPR needle follows blue circle
with thrust
lever position. - Autothrust = Blue circle remains fixed levers in TOGA
• When thrust is controlled
manually, the EPR needle
moves to follow the blue circle
as thrust changes are made.
6
Analog EPR needle
• When autothrust is active, the
blue circle remains fixed Digital EPR
(normally at the climb thrust
EPR value) and the green
needle moves to indicate the
autothrust commanded thrust
output.

6 6

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 60 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The REV indications are Thrust lever position

Max EPR
displayed in amber when the - Manual thrust = EPR needle follows blue circle
with thrust
respective engine’s reverser is - Autothrust = Blue circle remains fixed levers in TOGA
unstowed or unlocked.
It changes to green when the
reverser is fully deployed,
assuming reverse thrust was
6
requested. Analog EPR needle
If a reverser is unstowed in Digital EPR
flight, the REV indication
flashes amber for a few
seconds and then remains
steady.
We will look at some additional REV Indication
EPR gauge indications in the 6 6
NORMAL OPERATION - When at least one reverser is
section. unstowed

- When the reverser is fully deployed

- (flashing then steady) if reverser is

unstowed in flight

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 61 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The thrust limit mode and EPR

limit are displayed to the right
of the EPR gauges.
The EPR limit reflects the
FADEC calculation of the max
EPR for various modes based
on current conditions.
The mode and EPR limit
displayed are based on thrust
lever position and whether the
aircraft is on the ground or in
flight.
TO/GA
When on the ground with at
least one engine running, the FLEX/MCT
TOGA EPR limit is shown,
regardless of thrust lever
6 6
CLIMB
position, with one major
exception, described next.
IDLE

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 62 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

If a FLEX temperature is - On the ground with engines running

entered in the MCDU TAKE or
OFF page prior to takeoff, the
FLX EPR limit and temperature - During takeoff
replace the TOGA limit.
This will be the achieved EPR
during takeoff when the thrust OR
levers are moved to the FLX
detent.
TO/GA
If the thrust levers are TOGA
advanced to TOGA, the FLX FLEX/MCT
limit will be ignored and thrust FLEX
will go to the TOGA limit and CLIMB
the EPR limit will reflect the
new takeoff thrust setting.
You will learn more about IDLE
FLEX during later training.

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 63 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

On the ground with the - On the ground with the engines NOT running
engines NOT running or in
or
flight (after FLEX thrust is no
longer in use), the mode and - In flight after FLEX thrust is no longer in use
EPR limit are based on thrust
lever position.
• With the thrust levers
anywhere between 0 (idle) and
the CL detent, the climb thrust
TO/GA
limit is shown.
TOGA
• With the thrust levers just FLEX/MCT
above the CL detent up to and
including the FLX / MCT MCT
CLIMB
detent, the MCT limit is shown.
• With the thrust levers just CL
above the FLX / MCT detent IDLE
up to and including the TOGA
stop, the TOGA limit is shown.

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 64 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Current EGT limit, NOT displayed:

The next set of gauges display - When takeoff thrust is selected
the Exhaust Gas Temperature - When reverse thrust is selected
(EGT) for each engine. - If Alpha Floor is active
The current EGT is displayed
in digital and analog formats. Analog EGT
The amber tick mark indicates
the current EGT limit. During Digital EGT
engine starts on the ground,
the tick mark represents the Pulsing Amber – EGT exceeded MAX EGT
start limit.

When the engine is running, it

indicates the continuous
operation limit.

The amber tick mark is NOT 6 6

displayed when any of the

following occur:
• Takeoff thrust is applied.
• Reverse thrust is selected.
• Alpha floor is active.
If the actual EGT reaches or
exceeds the current EGT limit,
the digital and analog
indications change to amber
and pulse.

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 65 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Current EGT limit, NOT displayed:

The beginning of the red arc - When takeoff thrust is selected
represents the max - When reverse thrust is selected
Max permissible EGT
permissible EGT. - If Alpha Floor is active
If the actual EGT exceeds the
max permissible EGT: Analog EGT
• The digital and analog EGT
indications change to red and Digital EGT
pulse.
Pulsing Amber – EGT exceeded MAX EGT
• A red tick mark is displayed Pulsing Red – EGT exceeded MAX permissible EGT
indicating the highest value
achieved.
The tick mark remains
displayed until the next engine
start on the ground or until
reset by maintenance. 6 6

Highest EGT achieved, remains until either:

- Next engine start on the ground
- Reset by maintenance

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 66 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Fuel flow to the respective

engines is displayed in green Fuel Flow
on each side of the EGT - Displayed in green
gauges.
Below that is the green digital
N2 speed indication. It is N2 Speed
normally green. - Normally green
It changes to red and a red
cross is displayed if N2
exceeds 100%.
The red cross remains
displayed until the next takeoff
or reset by maintenance.

6 6

N2 speed above 100%

Red + remains until:
- Next takeoff
- Reset by maintenance

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 67 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The N1 speed is displayed

Highest N1achieved
below the EGT gauges in
Remains until:
digital and analog formats.
- Next takeoff
The needle and digital change - Reset by maintenance
to red if N1exceeds 100%. Analog N1
- Green – Normal
Just as with EGT, a red tick - Red – If N1 exceeds 100%.
mark is displayed indicating
the highest N1 achieved. It
remains displayed until the
next takeoff or until reset by
maintenance.
An amber CHECK message is
displayed near the respective
indication if there is a
discrepancy between actual 6 6
and displayed EGT, N1, N2, or
FF values.

Digital N1
- Green – normal
- Red – If N1 exceeds 100%

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 68 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Additional indications that may

be displayed on the E/WD are:
A. FLOOR
• A. FLOOR – indicates that - Autothrust has automatically IDLE
autothrust has automatically applied TOGA thrust - Alerts you that both engines are at
applied TOGA thrust. idle thrust (flashes for 10 seconds)

• IDLE – indicates that both

engines are at idle thrust. It
flashes for 10 seconds and
then remains steady.

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 69 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

We will now look at the

indications displayed on the
ENGINE page.
The fuel used for each engine
is displayed digitally in green.
The F. USED value is reset to
0 during engine start and is
repeated on the CRUISE and
FUEL pages.
Since this value is provided by
the FADEC independent of the
fuel system, it can be useful in
determining your fuel state if a F. USED
fuel quantity discrepancy - Reset to 0 during engine start
occurs. - Repeated on the CRUISE & FUEL pages
- Provided by the FADEC

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 70 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Analog Oil Quantity

Next are the engine oil system
indications. Digital Oil Quantity
A digital and analog display of Green – normal
oil quantity is provided. Both Pulsing green – quantity below 5 quarts
are normally green. They pulse
green (advisory) if the oil
quantity drops below
approximately 5 quarts. Analog Oil Pressure
A digital and analog readout of
oil pressure is provided. Again,
they are both normally green.
Digital Oil Pressure
The digital indication pulses
Green – normal
(advisory) if the high pressure
Pulsing green – high pressure limit
limit is exceeded.
exceeded
The analog and digital Amber – pressure below 80 psi
indications change to amber if Red – pressure below 60 psi
the oil pressure drops below
80 psi and red below 60 psi.

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 71 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The digital oil temperature

indication is normally green.
It pulses green (advisory)
above approximately 155°C.
It is displayed in amber and an
ECAM message is generated if
the temperature exceeds
155°C for more than 15
minutes or if 165°C is
exceeded for any length of
time.

Digital Oil Temperature

Green – normal
Pulsing green – above 155°C
Amber – above 155°C for more than
15 minutes or above 165°C

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 72 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Digital vibration indications are

provided for both N1 and N2.
The respective indication
pulses green if it exceeds 5
units.

N1 & N2 Digital Vibration Indications

Green - normal
Pulsing green - above 5 units

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 73 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Nacelle temperature
indications are displayed at the Analog Nacelle Temp
bottom of the ENGINE page in Green - normal
analog format only.
The needles are normally
green. The small tick mark on
the arc represents 320°C.
The indication (needle) pulses
green if the temperature
exceeds 320°C.
400

The temperature indication (needle)

pulses green if the temp exceeds 320°C.

400

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 74 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

During engine start, the nacelle

temperature indications are FADEC selected igniter - indicates igniter is activated, NOT that the igniter is firing
replaced by information
relating to ignition and start
valve operation.
The FADEC selected igniters
(A, B, or both [A &B] ) are
displayed when selected for
use.
The letter indicates that the
specific igniter, or igniters,
have been activated. It DOES
NOT indicate if they are Start Valve
actually firing.
Start valve indications are Valve Open
displayed below the igniters.
The start valves are displayed Valve Closed
either open or closed.
Below each start valve is a Bleed Pressure
digital indication of the bleed Green – normal
pressure available to that start Amber – min or max pressure is exceeded
valve.
The bleed pressure indication
is displayed in amber if the
minimum or maximum limits
are exceeded.

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 75 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Certain engines parameters Total Fuel Used

are repeated on the CRUISE
page using the same display
logic as the ENGINE page.
Total fuel used , which is
displayed on the CRUISE
page, is not provided on the
ENGINE page.

EXIT TO
SECTION - CONTROLS & INDICATORS MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 76 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

We will now look at normal

engine operations.
We will start with the
preliminary cockpit
preparation.
The APU is running and is
providing electrical power and
bleed air.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 77 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

After AC power is established,

the FADECs are powered
automatically by the aircraft’s
electrical system and provide
FADEC
engine indications on the AIRCRAFT
E/WD. ELECTRICAL
If engine start is not initiated SYSTEM
within 5 minutes of AC power
application, the FADECs shut FADEC
down automatically and all the
engine indications change to
amber XXs.

After 5 MINUTES - FADECs are unpowered

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 78 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

During the preflight, the

overhead ENG panel is
checked to ensure all four pbs
are off (lights out).
Later in the preflight, the
engine oil quantity is checked
on the ENGINE page.
Refer to your aircraft manuals
for specific oil requirements

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 79 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

When the pedestal is reached

during the preflight, verify that
the:
• Thrust levers are in the IDLE
position, with the reverser
levers stowed.
• ENG MASTER switches are
OFF.
• ENG 1 and 2 FIRE and
FAULT lights are extinguished.
• ENG MODE selector is in the
NORM position.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 80 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

It is now time to start engines.

We will start the engines using
the automatic engine start
procedure.
One of three sources of air
could be used to start the
engines.
1. APU bleed air
2. Opposite engine bleed air
3. External high pressure air

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 81 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Today we will use the APU

bleed air, which has already
been selected ON. We can see
this on the E/WD and on the
APU BLEED pb.
During the start sequence,
many of the engine parameters
are monitored, controlled and
protected by the FADECs.
In order to start the engines,
the ENG MODE selector must
be moved to the IGN/START
position.
Advance to move the ENG
MODE selector to the
IGN/START position.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 82 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

When IGN/START is selected,

the FADECs are powered
again.

This is shown on the E/WD by

the indications changing from
amber to green (except N1 and
N2).

N1 and N2 will be displayed

after they reach a
predetermined rotation speed.

The ENGINE page replaces

the DOOR/OXY page and
displays all engine indications.

After 30 seconds, without any

movement of the ENG
MASTER switches, the
DOOR/OXY page would
replace the ENGINE page
automatically (until an ENG
MASTER switch is selected
ON).

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 83 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

We will start the engines using

the available APU bleed air to
operate the pneumatic starters.
We can see that the APU is
providing 32 psi of bleed
pressure at the engine start
valves.
32 psi of bleed pressure is available
at the engine start valves.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 84 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The normal procedure is to

start engine 2 first because the
yellow hydraulic system engine
driven pump is on engine 2
and the yellow system supplies
parking brake pressure.
Advance to move the ENG 2
MASTER switch to the ON
position.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 85 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The corresponding start valve ENG 2 MASTER switch ON

opens. This is indicated by the • Start valve opens
start valve indication changing
from cross-line to in-line.
During the start sequence
(start valve open), if bleed air
pressure drops below the
normal range and N2 is 10% or
more, the bleed pressure
indication changes to amber.
We will now look at the engine
indications during the start
process.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 86 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The fuel used is reset to zero. ENG 2 MASTER switch ON

• Start valve opens
• F. USED reset to zero

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 87 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

On the E/WD, N2 increases. It ENG 2 MASTER switch ON

is displayed on a gray • Start valve opens
background indicating that the • F. USED reset to zero
FADEC is involved in the start • N2 increases
process.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 88 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

On the ENGINE page the oil ENG 2 MASTER switch ON

pressure increases. • Start valve opens
• F. USED reset to zero
• N2 increases
• Oil pressure increases

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 89 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Approximately 30 seconds ENG 2 MASTER switch ON

after the MASTER switch is • Start valve opens
selected ON, an igniter is • F. USED reset to zero
powered and fuel flow • N2 increases
increases. • Oil pressure increases
• Within 30 seconds an igniter is powered
The active igniter is indicated • Fuel flow begins
by a letter (A or B) on the
ENGINE page. In this example
the FADEC is using igniter B.
The active igniter alternates on
successive starts.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 90 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

When light off occurs, EGT ENG 2 MASTER switch ON

increases. • Start valve opens
• F. USED reset to zero
• N2 increases
• Oil pressure increases
• Within 30 seconds an igniter is powered
• Fuel flow begins
• After light off, EGT increases

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 91 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

As N2 increases, N1 begins to ENG 2 MASTER switch ON

increase. • Start valve opens
• F. USED reset to zero
• N2 increases
• Oil pressure increases
• Within 30 seconds an igniter is powered
• Fuel flow begins
• After light off, EGT increases
• N1 begins to increase

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 92 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

When N2 is between 43 and ENG 2 MASTER switch ON

• Start valve opens
48%, the FADEC closes the
• F. USED reset to zero
start valve and deactivates the
• N2 increases
igniter.
• Oil pressure increases
Notice on the ENGINE page • Within 30 seconds an igniter is powered
the start valve is closed and • Fuel flow begins
the igniter indication is • After light off, EGT increases
removed. • N1 begins to increase
• N2 43-48%, start valve closes & ignition off

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 93 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The thrust limit mode changes ENG 2 MASTER switch ON

from CLB to TOGA, and today • Start valve opens
the EPR rating limit for TOGA • F. USED reset to zero
is 1.456. • N2 increases
• Oil pressure increases
The rating would change to • Within 30 seconds an igniter is powered
FLX at this point if a FLEX • Fuel flow begins
temperature was entered in the • After light off, EGT increases
MCDU. • N1 begins to increase
• N2 43-48%, start valve closes & ignition off
• Thrust limit changes to TOGA

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 94 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

At approximately 58% N2, N2 ENG 2 MASTER switch ON

stabilizes and the gray • Start valve opens
background is removed, • F. USED reset to zero
indicating that FADEC has • N2 increases
finished the start sequence. • Oil pressure increases
• Within 30 seconds an igniter is powered
Engine 2 is now running and • Fuel flow begins
all parameters have stabilized. • After light off, EGT increases
• N1 begins to increase
• N2 43-48%, start valve closes & ignition off
• Thrust limit changes to TOGA
• N2 continues to increase
• N2 stabilizes at 58%
ENG 2 is RUNNING

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 95 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Now let’s start Engine 1.

Advance to select the ENG 1
MASTER switch ON.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 96 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

ENG 1 MASTER switch ON

Advance to observe each step
• Start valve opens
of the engine start process.
• F. USED reset to zero
• N2 increases
• Oil pressure increases
• Within 30 seconds, igniter is powered
• Fuel flow begins
• After light off, EGT increases
• N1 begins to increase
• N2 43-48%, start valve closes & ignition
off
• N2 stabilizes at 58%
ENG 1 is RUNNING

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 97 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

ENG 1 MASTER switch ON

At approximately 58% N2, N2
• Start valve opens
stabilizes and the gray
• F. USED reset to zero
background is removed
• N2 increases
indicating that the ENG 1 start
• Oil pressure increases
sequence is complete.
• Within 30 seconds, igniter is powered
The last action is to move the • Fuel flow begins
ENG MODE selector to the • After light off, EGT increases
NORM position. • N1 begins to increase
• N2 43-48%, start valve closes & ignition
Advance to move the ENG
off
MODE selector to the NORM
• N2 stabilizes at 58%
position.
ENG 1 is RUNNING

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 98 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

When the ENG MODE selector

is moved back to the NORM
position, the WHEEL page will
eventually replace the ENGINE
page (this can take up to 10
seconds).
If the ENG MODE selector is
not moved to the NORM
position, the ENGINE page will
remain displayed and override
the automatic ECAM page
display logic.
That concludes the automatic
engine start sequence.

REL REL

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 99 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

We will now look at another

normal operation, a manual
engine start.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 100 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

There are several reasons why

a manual start may be
required.
They are listed at the
beginning of the manual
engine start procedure in your
manuals.
The main purpose of a manual
engine start is to allow the
engine to reach its max
motoring speed prior to ignition
and fuel flow.
During the manual start
procedure the MAN START pb
is used to allow the engine
RPM to increase and stabilize
at its max motoring speed (a
minimum of 15% N2) before
selecting an ENG MASTER
switch ON.
Selecting an ENG MASTER
switch ON activates BOTH
igniters (A & B) and
simultaneously initiates fuel
flow to the engine.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 101 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The manual engine start

procedure is in your manuals
and is not a memory item.
Unlike an automatic engine
start, during a manual start
FADEC ONLY provides
passive monitoring of start
faults. FADEC does NOT have
start abort authority during a
manual start.
It is the responsibility of the
crew to prevent the engine
from exceeding limits.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 102 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

We will assume a normal

automatic start has already
been attempted but failed due
to low bleed pressure.
The decision has been made
to attempt a manual start.
Before attempting a second
start of the same engine, the
ENG MODE selector should be
recycled to the NORM position
then back to IGN/START. This
resets FADEC and prepares it
for another start attempt.
Advance to move the ENG
MODE selector back to the
NORM position.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 103 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Now that the FADEC has been

reset, let’s move it back to
IGN/START.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 104 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The ENG MODE selector is

now in the IGN/START
position.
The FADECs are energized
and the engine parameters are
displayed on the E/WD.
The ENGINE page is displayed
automatically.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 105 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

We will start engine 2 using

APU bleed. Other bleed
sources could be used as the
situation requires.
The ENG MAN START pbs are
used to open the respective
start valve.
Advance to lift the guard and
push the ENG 2 MAN START
pb.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 106 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The engine 2 start valve

opened, the engine has
reached its maximum motoring
speed, and FADEC is
monitoring the start process.
Now that the engine has
reached its maximum motoring
speed (15% minimum), you
can select the ENG 2
MASTER switch ON.
Advance to select the ENG 2
MASTER switch ON.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 107 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Selecting the MASTER switch

ON:
• Resets fuel used to zero
• Activates both igniters (A & B)
• Initiates fuel flow
Notice also that N1 has started
to increase.
The FADEC automatically uses
both igniters (A & B) for a
manual start.
Observe these indications, then
advance to continue with the
manual start process.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 108 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

When N2 is between 43 and

48%, FADEC automatically
closes the start valve and
deactivates both igniters.
Advance to select the ENG 2
MAN START pb off.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 109 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Selecting the MAN START pb

off simply makes the pb agree
with the automatic closure of
the start valve by the FADEC.
N2 continues to increase. At
about 58%, N2 stabilizes and
the gray background is
removed.
Engine 2 is now running and
all its parameters are
stabilized.
You would then proceed to
start engine 1 but we will move
on taxiing the aircraft.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 110 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Only a small increase in thrust

is typically needed to get the
aircraft moving on the ground.
Once it’s moving, idle thrust is
usually sufficient to maintain
taxi speed.
On the ground, thrust control is
entirely conventional. Thrust
output corresponds directly to
thrust lever position.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 111 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

During taxi out, the E/WD

should be checked to ensure
the correct thrust mode is
displayed (TOGA or FLX).
Today, we will be making a
FLX takeoff with a pilot entered
flex temperature of 35°C.
This means that with the thrust
levers in the FLX detent the
engines will provide the thrust
equivalent to that produced
using TOGA with a 35°C
ambient air temperature.
FLX takeoffs significantly
extend engine life, use less
fuel, and should be considered
the normal takeoff power
setting.
Flex takeoffs will be discussed
in more detail during later
training.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 112 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

When on the ground at low

speed, the FADEC protects
against fan flutter by
preventing the engine from
being stabilized in a range of
60 - 74% N1.
Therefore, during engine
acceleration on the ground you
may notice a non-linear thrust
response to thrust lever
movement.

REL REL

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 113 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Today we will make a FLX

takeoff since this is what you
will do on the majority of your
takeoffs. 6 6
The first step is to move the
thrust levers from idle to
approximately 1.1 EPR.
Keep in mind that thrust lever
position is indicated by the
blue circles on the outside of
the EPR gauges.
Advance to move the thrust
levers to 1.1 EPR.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 114 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Pausing the thrust levers at 1.1

EPR during the takeoff
provides you with an
opportunity to ensure that the 6 6
engines are producing thrust
symmetrically and that
everything is normal.
As both EPR needles
approach 1.1 EPR, the thrust
levers may be moved to the
desired takeoff thrust setting,
in this case FLX.
It is not necessary to hold the
brakes while the engines
accelerate to 1.1 EPR or to
wait until the thrust actually
achieves 1.1 EPR before
moving the thrust levers to a
takeoff position.
Advance to move the thrust
levers to the FLX detent.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 115 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

When takeoff thrust is applied,

the ENGINE page replaces the
WHEEL page on the SD.
6 6
Moving the thrust levers to a
takeoff position (FLX or TOGA)
on the ground automatically
arms the autothrust.
During takeoff roll, the EPR
gauges should be checked to
ensure both engines have
achieved the EPR displayed in
the upper right corner of the
E/WD.
TOGA thrust is always
available by moving the thrust
levers to the TOGA position.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 116 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

At thrust reduction altitude

(normally 1500’ AGL), we will
move the thrust levers aft to the
CL detent. 6 6
Advance to move the thrust
levers to the CL detent.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 117 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

When the levers are in the CL

detent:
• Autothrust automatically
changes from armed to active. 6 6
• The thrust limit mode
changes to CLB with the
corresponding change in EPR
rating limit.
• After a short delay, the
CRUISE page replaces the
ENGINE page on the SD.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 118 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

We are now in cruise flight, the

thrust levers are in the CL
detent, and autothrust is
active.

To maintain the desired speed

in level flight the autothrust
system is commanding an
EPR of 1.210.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 119 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Assume you have just begun a

long descent to a lower
altitude. With inputs from the
FMS, the autothrust has 6 6
determined that idle thrust is
required for the descent.

Advance now to see EPR

move to idle.

Let’s look at this in more detail.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 120 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

When autothrust is active,

green arcs are displayed
between the actual EPR and EPR Actual
the autothrust commanded 6 6
EPR value.

The green triangle indicates

the direction of EPR tendency. EPR Commanded
EPR Trend
When the new EPR value is
reached, all these indications,
except for the actual EPR,
disappear.

These indications are only

displayed when autothrust is
active.

Autothrust and the associated

indications are covered in
more detail in later training.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 121 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

During cruise, descent and CLIMB

approach phases, autothrust is
normally active and the thrust
levers remain in the CL detent. CRUISE

DESCENT

APPROACH

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 122 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

In heavy rain, turbulence, or in

other situations it may be
advisable to manually activate
continuous ignition.

Refer to your aircraft manuals

for more details.

Moving the ENG MODE

selector to the IGN/START
position when the engines are
running activates both igniters
in each engine.

Advance to move the ENG

MODE selector to the
IGN/START position.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 123 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The IGNITION memo is

displayed on the E/WD when
continuous ignition is activated.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 124 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

We are now ready to land.

During landing the pilot will

move the thrust levers to IDLE.

There is a RETARD auto

callout to remind the crew if
this has not been done.

Advance to move the thrust

levers to idle.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 125 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Moving the thrust levers to idle

disengages the autothrust and
returns the thrust to manual
operation.

Select reverse thrust after

main gear touchdown.

Advance to select reverse

thrust.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 126 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

REV is displayed in amber

when the reversers are
unstowed.

REV is displayed in green

when the reversers are fully
deployed.

Notice that the thrust limit

mode on the E/WD now
displays MREV.

Except on slippery runways, if

one reverser fails to deploy
properly the good reverser can
still be used.

Advance to select FULL

reverse thrust.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 127 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Both engines are now

producing the max reverse
thrust setting of 1.180 EPR.

Max reverse thrust is available

down to 70 Knots.

No later than 70 knots you

should move the thrust levers
to reverse idle and then to the
idle stop.

Advance to move the thrust

levers to the reverse idle
position.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 128 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The thrust levers are now in

the reverse idle detent.

Advance to move the thrust

levers to the forward idle stop.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 129 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The thrust levers are now at

the idle stop and the reversers
are stowed.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 130 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

We are now at the gate. It’s

time to shut down the engines.

To do that, the corresponding

ENG MASTER switches must
be selected OFF.

If unable to shut down an

engine using the ENG
MASTER switch, the engine
could (in usual circumstances)
be shut down using the
respective ENG FIRE pb on
the overhead, which closes the
LP fuel valve.

If an ENG FIRE pb is used to

shut down an engine, there is
a delay of approximately 40
seconds before the engine
shuts down.

This is because it takes time to

burn the fuel remaining
between the LP fuel valve and
the engine.

EXIT TO
SECTION - NORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 131 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Let’s take a look at some

abnormal operations.

In this section we will cover the

indications of specific failures
and detail their consequences.

As you perform the steps

required to deal with these
selected failures you will gain a
better understanding of the
system.

EXIT TO
SECTION - ABNORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 132 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

We will begin with a

demonstration of an abnormal
engine start.

We are at the gate with all the

flows and checklists complete
up to engine start.

Advance to rotate the ENG

MODE selector to IGN/START.

EXIT TO
SECTION - ABNORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 133 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Continue the procedure by

selecting ENG 2 MASTER
switch ON.

EXIT TO
SECTION - ABNORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 134 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Initially you see all the

indications you have observed
before, including:

• Fuel used reset to zero

• The start valve opens

• N2 increases

• Oil pressure increases

• Within 30 seconds, an igniter

is displayed, in this case igniter
B, and fuel flow begins.

EXIT TO
SECTION - ABNORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 135 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

You hear a single chime and

the MASTER CAUT light
illuminates.

We have extinguished the

MASTER CAUT for you.

On the ENG panel, the ENG 2

FAULT light illuminates
indicating that the automatic
start has been aborted.

The ECAM message confirms

this. The NEW START IN
PROGRESS message is NOT
an action step.

It indicates that the FADEC

has detected a problem during
an automatic start and is taking
steps to attempt to correct the
problem and accomplish a
successful start.

EXIT TO
SECTION - ABNORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 136 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The FADEC will abort an

automatic start on the ground The FADEC can abort an automatic start on
for many reasons. the ground if any of the following occur:
• Starter time exceeded
It is not necessary for you to
memorize them, but it is • Impending EGT overtemp
important that you understand • No light off
that the FADEC is watching for • Lower than normal N1
numerous abnormalities during • Starter failure
start, including:
• Hung start
• Starter time exceeded
• Impending EGT overtemp
• No light off
• Lower than normal N1
• Starter failure
• Hung start

The ECAM will display the

same START FAULT message
if any these start problems
occur.

EXIT TO
SECTION - ABNORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 137 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Watch what FADEC does to

attempt to get the engine
started.

Automatically the FADEC

shuts off the fuel and turns off
the ignition.

After 30 seconds of dry crank, 30 SECONDS

a new start is launched.

Advance to observe the next

start attempt.

EXIT TO
SECTION - ABNORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 138 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Both igniters A and B are now

activated and the fuel flow
begins.

If the FADEC is successful in

getting the engine started, the
ECAM message will be
removed and the FAULT light
will extinguish.

EXIT TO
SECTION - ABNORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 139 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

If the second start attempt is

unsuccessful, or if FADEC
makes no further attempts to
start the engine, the ECAM will
reflect that the start was
aborted.

Notice that the igniters have

been deactivated and the start
valve has closed.

On the ECAM a secondary

message is displayed
indicating that the start fault is
due to NO LIGHT UP.

An action step is now

displayed directing you to
select the ENG MASTER OFF.

The display of this action step

confirms that FADEC has
given up trying to start the
engine.

Advance to select the ENG 2

MASTER switch OFF.

EXIT TO
SECTION - ABNORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 140 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

At this point you would seek

assistance from maintenance.

Now let’s look at another

abnormal.

EXIT TO
SECTION - ABNORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 141 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Here we have a loss of EPR

mode in flight.

If EPR mode is lost, the

effected FADEC automatically
reverts to N1 mode.

During cruise you hear a single

chime and the MASTER CAUT
lights illuminate.

We have extinguished the

MASTER CAUT light for you.

EXIT TO
SECTION - ABNORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 142 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The first message relates to

the loss of autothrust.

Autothrust is lost if EPR mode

is lost on either engine. THRUST LOCK A/THR
MODE
If autothrust fails for any
reason, thrust is locked at the
current setting. The thrust will
remain locked at the current
setting until a thrust lever is
moved or autothrust is
restored.

When you accomplish the

action step and move the
thrust levers out of the CL
detent you transition to manual
thrust operation.

Before we take that step, let’s

look at how the other
indications on the E/WD have
changed.

EXIT TO
SECTION - ABNORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 143 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The engine 1 EPR gauge is

amber. The EPR needle is NOTE: The REV indications, both green and
removed and the digital amber, remain available when needed.
readout is replaced by amber
XXs. All these indications show
that engine 1 EPR mode is
lost.

Changes have also occurred EPR FAILURE

on the engine 1 N1 gauge.

The blue circle representing

thrust lever position is now
displayed on the N1 gauge. A
gray box now surrounds the
digital N1 indication.

An amber tick mark now

appears on the N1 gauge
indicating the N1 TOGA limit.

The amber tick mark will move

to indicate the max reverse N1
limit when reverse thrust is
THRUST LEVER POSITION (added)
used.

Reverser status is still GRAY BOX (added) N1 TOGA LIMIT (added)

indicated on the EPR gauges.

EXIT TO
SECTION - ABNORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 144 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

We have now moved the thrust

levers and are controlling
thrust manually.

We are now ready to perform

the next ECAM actions items.

Advance to push the ENG 1

N1 MODE pb.

The ON light in the N1 MODE

pb is now illuminated.

Advance to push the ENG 2

N1 MODE pb.

EXIT TO
SECTION - ABNORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 145 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The engine 2 EPR gauge turns

amber indicating that the EPR
MODE is lost. The N1
indications are now the same
for both engines.

Once both engines are

operating in N1 mode, the EPR
limit mode is replaced by the
N1 limit mode and the current
N1 limit.
The amber EPR gauges indicates that
It indicates that both engines EPR mode is now lost for both
are now controlled using N1. engines.

Display of the N1limit mode The N1 indications are now the same
and the current limit indicates for both engines.
that the engines are operating
in RATED N1 mode.

As the remaining blue action

step indicates, it is now Display of the N1 limit mode and
necessary to control thrust current limit indicates that both engines
manually for the rest of the are operating in rated N1 mode.
flight.

EXIT TO
SECTION - ABNORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 146 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

What you have just seen is an

example of loss of EPR mode
that results in using rated N1 UNRATED N1 MODE
mode.

Depending on the nature of the

malfunction that caused the
loss of EPR mode, the system
may revert to UNRATED N1
mode, shown here.

Notice that the max N1 tick

mark is not displayed on the
N1 gauge.

In unrated N1 mode, the N1

limit mode and the current limit N1 limit removed
are replace by amber XXs.

FADEC overspeed protections

are reduced in the UNRATED
N1 mode of operation.
It is possible to exceed certain
engine limitations in unrated
N1 mode.

EXIT TO
SECTION - ABNORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 147 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Let’s briefly look at some other

abnormal engine indications
you might see. Oil filter clog
Here we have an a clog in
engine 1 oil filter.

Notice that there are no action

items to perform.

On the ENGINE page, which is

displayed automatically, an oil
filter CLOG indication is
displayed.

You would clear the ECAM

and refer to your aircraft
manuals.

EXIT TO
SECTION - ABNORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 148 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The same type of problem can

occur with the engine fuel
system. Fuel filter clog
Here we have an engine 2 fuel
filter clog.

Again, you would clear the

ECAM and refer to your aircraft
manuals.

EXIT TO
SECTION - ABNORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 149 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Low oil pressure has been

Low oil pressure
detected in engine 1.

The CRC sounds and the

MASTER WARN lights flash.
We have cancelled them for
you.

The associated message and

checklist are displayed on the
E/WD.

The ENGINE page is displayed

automatically. Notice that the
engine 1 oil pressure is
displayed in red indicating that
the oil pressure is too low.

The procedure is to verify the

low oil pressure by checking
the ENGINE page and then
shut down the engine.

EXIT TO
SECTION - ABNORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 150 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Next, we will demonstrate an

Engine EGT overlimit
engine EGT overlimit in cruise.

The engine 2 EGT has

increased above the normal
range.

Notice the amber EGT

indications.

EXIT TO
SECTION - ABNORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 151 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The EGT has continued to

Engine EGT overlimit
increase and the EGT
indication is now red.

The only ECAM action is to

move the thrust lever until the
EGT is within limits.

Advance to reduce the engine

2 thrust lever.

EXIT TO
SECTION - ABNORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 152 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

The EGT has now decreased

Engine EGT overlimit
and indication has changed
from red to green. Red tick mark indicates the
highest EGT achieved, remains
The highest EGT achieved is until either:
indicated by a red tick mark on - Next engine start on the ground
the gauge. - Reset by maintenance

That concludes the

ABNORMAL OPERATION
section.

EXIT TO
SECTION - ABNORMAL OPERATION MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 153 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Let’s take a look at some of

the A321 engine differences.

Remember that both the A319

and A321 are equipped with
IAE V2500-A5 series engines.
The A319 engine is simply a
de-rated version.

A319s are equipped with

V2524-A5 engines capable of
producing up to 24,000 lbs of
thrust.

A321s are equipped with

V2533-A5 engines capable of
producing up to 32,500 lbs of
thrust.

You will also notice differences

in EGT limits on an A319 vs.
an A321. Refer to your aircraft
manuals for this information.

EXIT TO
SECTION - DIFFERENCES MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES 154 of 154 OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

You will also notice some LCD style E/WD and ENGINE page
differences on aircraft CRT style E/WD and ENGINE page
equipped with LCD style
displays vs. CRT style
displays.

The information displayed is

nearly identical, but the
locations and appearance are
slightly different.

You might also notice that the

thrust lever position is a blue
“donut” on the LCD style
displays and white on the CRT
style.

EXIT TO
SECTION - DIFFERENCES MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Takeoffs can be performed using

which power settings?

Any manual setting.

Only MCT.

CLIMB and TOGA.

FLEX or TOGA.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Takeoffs can be performed using

which power settings?

Any manual setting.

Only MCT.

CLIMB and TOGA.

FLEX or TOGA.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

You are about to perform a takeoff.

You have not inserted a FLEX
temperature.
Can you still take-off?

Not until a FLEX temperature

is inserted.

Yes, by setting the thrust levers to the

CLIMB detent.

Yes, by setting the thrust levers to the

FLEX/MCT detent.

Yes, but only using the TOGA detent.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

You are about to perform a takeoff.

You have not inserted a FLEX
temperature.
Can you still take-off?

Not until a FLEX temperature

is inserted.

Yes, by setting the thrust levers to the

CLIMB detent.

Yes, by setting the thrust levers to the

FLEX/MCT detent.

Yes, but only using the TOGA detent.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

During the automatic start sequence

of ENG 2, you notice that only igniter
B is powered. Is this normal?

Yes, igniter A is only used for engine

anti ice.

No, normally both igniters are used for

all engine starts.

Yes, igniter B is always used for ENG 2

start.

Yes, igniters are used alternatively for

engine start, in this case B.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

During the automatic start sequence

of ENG 2, you notice that only igniter
B is powered. Is this normal?

Yes, igniter A is only used for engine

anti ice.

No, normally both igniters are used for

all engine starts.

Yes, igniter B is always used for ENG 2

start.

Yes, igniters are used alternatively for

engine start, in this case B.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

You are performing a takeoff with the

thrust levers in the FLEX detent.
Is autothrust now active?

Yes

No

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

You are performing a takeoff with the

thrust levers in the FLEX detent.
Is autothrust now active?

Yes

No

In the FLEX detent autothrust is armed

but not active.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

After takeoff the autothrust will not

become active until…

The thrust levers are placed in the

active range (e.g., CL detent).

The thrust levers are moved out of the

TO/GA or FLEX/MCT detents.

An autopilot is engaged.

The A/THR pb is manually selected on.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

After takeoff the autothrust will not

become active until…

The thrust levers are placed in the

active range (e.g., CL detent).

The thrust levers are moved out of the

TO/GA or FLEX/MCT detents.

An autopilot is engaged.

The A/THR pb is manually selected on.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

You are at the start of a descent and

the EPR gauges look like you see
here. When does this occur?

Whenever the thrust levers are moved

out of the CL detent.

Whenever there is a power change in

manual thrust.

Whenever there is a power change with

the autopilot engaged.

Whenever there is a power change with

autothrust engaged.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

You are at the start of a descent and

the EPR gauges look like you see
here. When does this occur?

Whenever the thrust levers are moved

out of the CL detent.

Whenever there is a power change in

manual thrust.

Whenever there is a power change with

the autopilot engaged.

Whenever there is a power change with

autothrust engaged.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

After landing you select reverse

thrust and the following indications
are displayed. What is happening?

The reversers are faulty and must be

de-selected.

This is the normal indication when the

reversers are fully deployed.

The reversers are stuck.

This is the normal indication while the

reversers are in transit.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

After landing you select reverse

thrust and the following indications
are displayed. What is happening?

The reversers are faulty and must be

de-selected.

This is the normal indication when the

reversers are fully deployed.

The reversers are stuck.

This is the normal indication while the

reversers are in transit.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

A few seconds after selecting

reverse thrust, the amber REV
indication changes to green. What
does this mean?

The reversers have been re-stowed.

The reversers are now fully deployed.

The reverse thrust selection has been

acknowledged.

The reversers are unlocked.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

A few seconds after selecting

reverse thrust, the amber REV
indication changes to green. What
does this mean?

The reversers have been re-stowed.

The reversers are now fully deployed.

The reverse thrust selection has been

acknowledged.

The reversers are unlocked.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Under normal circumstances, which

of the following crew actions
energizes the FADECs?

Selecting a MAN START pb ON

Selecting a N1 MODE pb ON

Selecting the ENG MODE selector

to IGN/START

Selecting an ENG MASTER switch ON

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Under normal circumstances, which

of the following crew actions
energizes the FADECs?

Selecting a MAN START pb ON

Selecting a N1 MODE pb ON

Selecting the ENG MODE selector

to IGN/START

Selecting an ENG MASTER switch ON

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Why are both igniters powered

during this ENG 2 start sequence?

The FADEC is testing both igniters

before selecting the one to be used.

This is a manual start. Both igniters

are always used for a manual start.

Engine anti-ice has been selected on

Prior to engine start.

Both igniters are always used for every

start.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Why are both igniters powered

during this ENG 2 start sequence?

The FADEC is testing both igniters

before selecting the one to be used.

This is a manual start. Both igniters

are always used for a manual start.

Engine anti-ice has been selected on

Prior to engine start.

Both igniters are always used for every

start.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

During engine start the amber

FAULT light on the ENG panel
illuminates. This indicates...

That there is a failure in the automatic

start sequence.

That there is a failure of

the ENG MODE selector.

That there is a failure in the engine fire

extinguishing system.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

During engine start the amber

FAULT light on the ENG panel
illuminates. This indicates...

That there is a failure in the automatic

start sequence.

That there is a failure of

the ENG MODE selector.

That there is a failure in the engine fire

extinguishing system.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

You are in the middle of a manual

engine start. Which of the following
will occur when you select ENG
MASTER 2 ON?

The fuel used is reset, fuel flow is

indicated, and the IGNITION message
is displayed on the E/WD.

The fuel used is reset, both igniters are

powered and fuel flow is indicated.

The fuel used is reset, one igniter

is powered and fuel flow is indicated.

The fuel used is reset, both igniters are

powered and EPR increases.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

You are in the middle of a manual

engine start. Which of the following
will occur when you select ENG
MASTER 2 ON?

The fuel used is reset, fuel flow is

indicated, and the IGNITION message
is displayed on the E/WD.

The fuel flow is reset, both igniters are

powered and fuel used is indicated.

The fuel used is reset, one igniter

is powered and fuel flow is indicated.

The fuel used is reset, both igniters are

powered and EPR increases.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

During a manual start, what function

does the FADEC perform?

Passive monitoring of the start

sequence, to close the start valve and
cut off the ignition on the ground.

To control the start sequence and take

corrective action in case of a failure or
malfunction.

The FADEC doesn’t perform any

function during a manual start. All
actions must be carried out by the crew.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

During a manual start, what function

does the FADEC perform?

Passive monitoring of the start

sequence, to close the start valve and
cut off the ignition on the ground.

To control the start sequence and take

corrective action in case of a failure or
malfunction.

The FADEC doesn’t perform any

function during a manual start. All
actions must be carried out by the crew.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

During an engine start sequence the

gray background on N2 the indication
disappears at about 58%. What does
this indicate?

That the igniters are no longer being

powered.

That the start sequence is complete.

That the start valve air pressure has

dropped.

That there is a start fault and a

dry crank is in progress.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

During an engine start sequence the

gray background on N2 the indication
disappears at about 58%. What does
this indicate?

That the igniters are no longer being

powered.

That the start sequence is complete.

That the start valve air pressure has

dropped.

That there is a start fault and a

dry crank is in progress.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Which steps of a manual start are

being taken care of by the FADEC?

Starter valve closure

and ignition cut off.

Starter valve opening

and ignition start.

Starter valve closure

and ignition start.

Starter valve opening and

ignition cut off.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

Which steps of a manual start are

being taken care of by the FADEC?

Starter valve closure

and ignition cut off.

Starter valve opening

and ignition start.

Starter valve closure

and ignition start.

Starter valve opening and

ignition cut off.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU
 CONTROLS & NORMAL ABNORMAL
ENGINES OVERVIEW
INDICATORS OPERATION OPERATION
DIFFERENCES QUIZ

You have completed the

Engines lesson.

Click here to
exit to the main menu.

EXIT TO
SECTION - QUIZ MAIN MENU