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University of Kerbala-Science College-Computer Science: Knowledge Representation KR

The document discusses knowledge representation in artificial intelligence. It covers the following topics: 1. The AI cycle which involves perception, learning, knowledge representation and reasoning, planning, and execution. 2. Knowledge representation is concerned with understanding, designing, and implementing ways of representing information in computers so that programs can use this information to derive new information, converse with people, decide what to do next, plan activities, and solve problems that normally require human expertise. 3. Knowledge representation and reasoning are closely coupled in AI systems, with the representation scheme affecting how information can be used for reasoning tasks.

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علي عبد الحمزه
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40 views

University of Kerbala-Science College-Computer Science: Knowledge Representation KR

The document discusses knowledge representation in artificial intelligence. It covers the following topics: 1. The AI cycle which involves perception, learning, knowledge representation and reasoning, planning, and execution. 2. Knowledge representation is concerned with understanding, designing, and implementing ways of representing information in computers so that programs can use this information to derive new information, converse with people, decide what to do next, plan activities, and solve problems that normally require human expertise. 3. Knowledge representation and reasoning are closely coupled in AI systems, with the representation scheme affecting how information can be used for reasoning tasks.

Uploaded by

علي عبد الحمزه
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Lecture 1 Introduction Knowledge Representation KR 2nd stage

University of Kerbala- Science College-Computer Science


Topics covered
1. Introduction.

2. The AI Cycle.

3. Knowledge and its types.


4. Representation types.

5. Formal KR techniques
6. Knowledge Pyramid.

1. Introduction
Artificial Intelligence (AI) a field of computer science and engineering concerned with the
computational understanding of what is commonly called intelligent behavior, and with the
creation of artifacts that exhibit such behavior.

Knowledge Representation (KR) a subarea of Artificial Intelligence concerned with


understanding, designing, and implementing ways of representing information in computers
so that programs (agents) can use this
information
 To derive information that is implied
by it.

 To converse with people in natural


languages,
Lecture 1 Introduction Knowledge Representation KR 2nd stage
University of Kerbala- Science College-Computer Science

 To decide what to do next

 To plan future activities,

 To solve problems in areas that


normally require human expertise.
1. Analysis the causes to the unwanted
situation.
2. Generate a set of alternative
interventions to achieve your end goal.
3. Evaluate the best solutions.
4. Implement a plan.
5. Assess effectiveness.

Now that have looked at general problem


solving, let’s look at knowledge representation and reasoning which are important aspects
of any artificial intelligence system and of any computer system in general. In this section
we will become familiar with classical methods of knowledge representation and reasoning
in AI.

2
Lecture 1 Introduction Knowledge Representation KR 2nd stage
University of Kerbala- Science College-Computer Science

2. The AI Cycle

Almost all AI systems have the following components in


general:
1. Perception. The way you think about something and
your idea of what it is like

2. Learning: knowledge gained through reading and study.

3. Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: is


represented as answer set programs, and reasoning is
performed by answer set solvers.

4. Planning: the process of thinking about and deciding on


a plan for achieving or making something.

5. Execution: a process in which you do something that has


been carefully planned.

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Lecture 1 Introduction Knowledge Representation KR 2nd stage
University of Kerbala- Science College-Computer Science

Components of AI systems

An AI system has a perception component that allows the


system to get information from its environment. As with
human perception, this may be visual, audio, or other
forms of sensory information. The system must then
form a meaningful and useful representation of this
information internally. This knowledge representation
may be static or it may be coupled with a learning
component that is adaptive and draws trends from the
perceived data.

Knowledge representation (KR) and reasoning are closely coupled components; each is
intrinsically tied to the other. A representation scheme is not meaningful on its own; it must
be useful and helpful in achieve certain tasks. The same information may be represented in
many different ways, depending on how you want to use that information.
For example, in mathematics, if we want to solve problems about ratios, we would most
likely use algebra, but we could also use simple hand-drawn symbols. To say half of
something, you could use 0.5x or you could draw a picture of the object with half of it
colored differently.

Both would convey the same information but the former is more compact and useful in
complex scenarios where you want to perform reasoning on the information. It is important
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Lecture 1 Introduction Knowledge Representation KR 2nd stage
University of Kerbala- Science College-Computer Science

at this point to understand how knowledge representation and reasoning are interdependent
components, and as AI system designer, you have to consider this relationship when coming
up with any solution.

5

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