BUILDING MATERIALS AND

CONSTRUCTION IV
FINISHES | WALLS …
Wall finishes in general …
• “ Wall Finishes “ is a finish given to the
wall to enhance the interior or exterior
look of the structure.
• Wall finishes can be classified into two
categories ,

• Plastering – cement , Plaster of

Paris etc.
• Cladding - stones, tiles , bricks,
wood , gypsum boards, ACP ,
metal sheets, GRC , green walls
etc.
Factors influencing the selection of wall finishes …
• Interior or exterior usage
• Maintenance
• Cost
• Aesthetics
• Durability
• Weather resistance
• Sound and thermal insulation
• Fire protection etc.
TYPES OF PLASTER FINISH …
• Smooth cast finish : A smooth , leveled surface is
obtained. The mortar for the finish is made of
cement and fine sand ration of 1: 3 applied by
using wood float.
• Sand faced finish : Obtained by plastering in two
coats . The first coat is applied in 1: 4 cement
sand mortar for 12 mm thickness. After 7 days
of curing , the second coat is applied of 8 mm
thick in 1: 1 cement sand mortar ratio.
• Rough cast finish (spatter dash) : Mortar
containing cement , sand and coarse aggregate
in the ratio of 1: 1.5: 3, which is dashed against
the prepared plaster surface , then finished by
using wooden float. The coarse aggregate size
vary from 3 to 12 mm.
• Pebble dash finish ( dry dash ): The mortar of 1:
3 ratio of cement and sand is applied in 12mm
thickness. Clean pebbles of varying size from 10
to 20 mm are dashed to the prepared surface.
The pebbles are slightly pressed with the help of
wooden float.
• Depeter finish : Its similar to the pebble dash
finish . After 12 mm thick plaster is applied , the
pieces of pebbles are pressed using hand. Some
times the pebbles of different colors may be
used to obtain a beautiful pattern.
• Scrapped finish : 6mm to 12 mm thick mortar is
applied first , after few hours the surface is
scrapped in patterns for a depth of 3 mm. For
scrapping , steel straight edge , old saw blade
can be used.
• Textured finish (stucco plastering): Ornamental
patterns or textured surface are made by
dashing the plaster with brush , then pressed
slightly by using wooden float above the final
coat of plastering with stucco plaster. Stucco
plaster is a material made of sand, Portland
cement , lime, water and coloring agents .
PLASTER OF PARIS ( Gypsum plaster )…
• POP or Gypsum plaster is a quick-setting
plaster consisting calcium sulfate
hemihydrate powder, which hardens
when moistened and allowed to dry.
• It won’t shrink or crack after drying.
• Plaster of paris is so called because of its
preparation from the abundant gypsum
found near Paris.
• It is commonly used to precast and hold
parts of ornamental plasterwork placed
on walls , ceilings and cornices.
• Its can de-molded in about 20 to 45
minutes.
• Advantages :

• Its is light in weight.

• It has low thermal conductivity.
• It is very good fire resistant and hence
a very good heat insulating material.
• It can easily molded into any shape
and painted in different colors.

• Disadvantages :
• Gypsum plaster is not suitable for
exterior finish as it is slightly soluble in
water.
• It cannot be used in moist situations.
• Skilled labor is required.
CLADDING …
• Building cladding is the exterior skin, or
envelope of a building, and includes all
moisture barriers and siding materials
used to cover the outside of the
structure.
• Can be used in interior as well as exterior
spaces.
• Cladding can serve both as decorative
and as a functional element.
• It is used to complement the
architectural style of the building while
also offering protection from light , rain,
wind, snow, and other outside elements.
STONE CLADDING …
• Stone cladding is a thin layer of real or
simulated stone applied to a building or
other structure made of a material other
than stone.
• Stone cladding is sometimes applied to
concrete and steel framed buildings as
part of their original architectural design.
TILE CLADDING …
• Ceramic cladding resists changes in
temperature and atmospheric attack
from pollution, acid rain and smog.
• Fixed to the buildings by an adhesive.
• Available in different colors and style.
• Long lasting.
• Used in toilets , kitchens etc.
BRICK CLADDING …
• Brick cladding system combines the
advantages of modern construction
techniques with the appeal of traditional
brickwork.
• Its suitable for cladding to masonry,
dense concrete, modular units, timber or
metal frames on existing or new build
structures.
• Its durable and decorative.
• Fast and easy installation.
• high thermal insulation.
• Available in red, grey , dark brown etc.
colors.
WOODEN CLADDING …
• Wooden Claddings , provides a natural
appeal, versatility and strength of timber
makes it a popular choice in
contemporary architectural world.
• Effective temperature insulator as it
keeps the interior cool.
• Fitted by tongue and groove joints
mostly.
• Durable to exterior weather conditions.
• High maintenance required.
• Natural wood or engineered wood planks
( mostly now a days) are used.
GYPSUM BOARD …
• Gypsum board is often called drywall,
wallboard, or plasterboard which is 7 to 12
mm thick having varying length.
• Often used along with gypsum plaster for
decorative wall finishes.
• Ease of installation and economical
• Fire and sound resistance
ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE PANEL …
• Aluminium composite panels (ACP) &
extruded aluminum are used in modern
architectural projects.
• They are light weight, non-corrosive and
recyclable in nature, have high
strength-to-weight ratio and come in
diverse colors and finishes.
GLASS CLADDING …
• Glass cladding reflects an impressive,
architecturally pleasing facades to the
modern environment.
• Available in Curves and in vivid colors.
• Used for both interior and exteriors.
• The panels can be installed quickly and
easily.
• The thickness vary from 2 mm to 25 mm.
• Float glass ( widely used ) , sheet glass ,
wired glass , patterned glass has been used
for cladding purposes.
METAL SHEETS …
• Metal sheets , corrugated metal sheets ,
perforated metal sheets etc are widely used
for exterior facades.
• Copper, another type of metal cladding is
also used for aesthetical purpose only.
• Zinc sheet is aesthetically eye-catching and
durable, but costlier than others.
GLASS REINFORCED CONCRETE (GRC ) …
• Glass fiber concretes or GRC are mainly used
in exterior building facade panels and as
architectural precast concrete.
• Glass fiber-reinforced concrete consists of
high-strength, alkali-resistant glass fiber
embedded in a concrete matrix.
• Less weight than pre cast concrete panels ,
yet strong and durable .
• GRC panels typical wall thickness vary from
12 to 15mm .
• Available in smooth, profiled or textural
finishes.
GREEN WALLS …
• A green wall is a wall partially or completely
covered with greenery that includes a
growing medium, such as soil.
• Most green walls also feature an integrated
water delivery system.
• Green walls are also known as living walls or
vertical gardens.
• These give heat insulation which keeps the
building warm.
FIXING OF CLADDING …
Wet cladding ,
• A thin bed mortar which consists of liquid
latex with a cement based filler powder or a
epoxy adhesive is applied to the wall surface
.
• Above that the stone or brick cladding tile
has to be fixed .
• The disadvantage is that the chances of
stone / brick falling down is possible in this
method.
• Not long lasting.
Dry cladding ,
• This method involves fixed or embedded
anchors or ties being used to attach the
stone to the wall surface.
• Generally aluminum panels are shaped to fit
the project perfectly, and to interlock with
each other, before being mounted to the
surface using runner clips.
• Long lasting , used widely in high rise and
corporate projects.
FINISHES | CEILING …
• The interior surface of the roof can be
termed as ceiling.
• Ceiling finishes can be classified into three
types ,
• Exposed ceiling
• Fixed ceiling and
• Suspended ceiling
• The factors considered for the finalization of
ceiling finishes are,

• Type of floor structure

• Acoustics , fire resistance.
• Maintenance and cost
• long lasting and safety.
EXPOSED CEILING …
• The commonly used ceiling finish made by
applying plastering and painting of interior
surface of the roof.
• No other ceiling boards or sheets was used.
• Applied in smooth or textured patterns.
FIXED CEILING …
• Fixed ceiling is constructed , when there is no
requirement to access or use the ceiling void.
• Can be constructed horizontally or can follow
the shape of the roof.
• Fixed to the ceiling , by joists and ceiling
spacers , above that panels has to be laid.
• The joint between the ceiling panels are
covered and finished with timber beading or
aluminum strips.
• Can either be layers of gypsum boards , fiber
boards, thermocoal etc on metal laths or
timber frames.
• Acts as a fire resistive layer
• Normal size of joist is
100 mm x 50 mm at
600 to 1200 mm center
to center spacing.
• Normal size of spacer 50
mm x 50 mm at 600 mm
center to center spacing
is required.
• I , T , L , C MS sections
can also be used.
SUSPENDED CEILING …
• Grid ceiling acts as a secondary ceiling,
which is hung below the main (structural)
ceiling about 600 mm maximum .
• Constructed of a grid-work of metal
channels in the shape of an upside-down "T“
“ I” , suspended on wires from the overhead
structure creating a void space between
structural ceiling and the suspended ceiling.
• the ceiling void can be used to run the AC ,
plumbing and electrical conduits .
• Gypsum board , fiber boards ,wooden
planks, metal tiles thermocoal of size 600 x
600 is used .Gypsum board can be finished
with POP for further articulations.
• Normal size of joist is
100 mm x 50 mm at
600 to 1200 mm center
to center spacing.
• Normal size of spacer 50
mm x 50 mm at 600 mm
center to center spacing
is required.
• I , T , L , C MS sections
can also be used.