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Department of Civil Engineering Tecnology

1. The document discusses the history and evolution of architecture from traditional to modern styles. It describes how architecture reflects culture and changes with technology. 2. It then summarizes key materials used in modern architecture like concrete, brick, steel, glass, aluminum, stone, wood, and tiles. It explains how each material influences architectural design and construction. 3. Finally, it briefly highlights some important historical buildings from pioneering architects like Gaudi, Wright, and Mies van der Rohe that advanced architectural styles beyond their eras.

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40 views9 pages

Department of Civil Engineering Tecnology

1. The document discusses the history and evolution of architecture from traditional to modern styles. It describes how architecture reflects culture and changes with technology. 2. It then summarizes key materials used in modern architecture like concrete, brick, steel, glass, aluminum, stone, wood, and tiles. It explains how each material influences architectural design and construction. 3. Finally, it briefly highlights some important historical buildings from pioneering architects like Gaudi, Wright, and Mies van der Rohe that advanced architectural styles beyond their eras.

Uploaded by

bakhtawar sonia
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Submitted By:- Jazb-e-Ali

Reg#:- Bscet01191013
Assignment Town Planning
Section Cv-3(C)
Submitted to:- Sir Abdur Rehman
The University of Lahore
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECNOLOGY
Introduction of Architecture:

Architecture is an art form that reflects how we present ourselves across the earth’s
landscape, and, like other expressive mediums, it changes with styles, technologies
and cultural adaptations. Architecture not only provides worldly needs of shelter,
workspace and storage but also represents human ideals in buildings like
courthouses and government buildings and manifestations of the spirit in churches
and temples. Traditional architecture has survived over thousands of years in one
form or another, while contemporary design offers new approaches in how we use
materials and technology to shape the look of our environment.

The characteristics that distinguish a work of architecture from other built


structures are (1) the suitability of the work to use by human beings in general and
the adaptability of it to particular human activities, (2) the stability and permanence
of the work’s construction, and (3) the communication of experience and ideas
through its form. All these conditions must be met in architecture. The second is a
constant, while the first and third vary in relative importance according to the
social function of buildings. If the function is chiefly utilitarian, as in a factory,
communication is of less importance. If the function is chiefly expressive, as in a
monumental tomb, utility is a minor concern. In some buildings, such as churches
and city halls, utility and communication may be of equal importance.

Features and material:

The modern architecture, a consequence of the industrial revolution evolved in


response to new industrialized materials and technologies resulting in the plane and
sleek facades shunting ornamentation and rejecting earlier traditional styles,
materials, and techniques of construction. The material helps in attaining the
physical form of a design. Building materiality is the only factor which is tangible
in nature. And this tangible component offers a variety of intangible emotions and
feelings that can be controlled by selecting the right material. For instance, the
warm feeling offered by wood, an emotion of joy and comfort, or the cold feeling
offered by the metals, or the raw feeling offered by concrete. Selection of
appropriate material holds an equal share in designing when compared with
aesthetics and functionality. Materials can transform the way space makes you feel.

1.Concrete In Modern Architecture


The material that's the backbone of the modern architecture, concrete is composed
of cement, fine and coarse aggregates bonded together in a fixed ratio. The
compound can be easily molded into the desired form using the appropriate
scaffolding, forming a column, beam, slab, foundation etc. The brutal material
inspired one of the greatest architect Le Corbusier. The further research about
concrete has led to the development of more materials like durable concrete, high-
performance concrete, self-healing concrete, translucent concrete and bendable
concrete.

2. Brick In Modern Architecture

The brick blocks are like the Lego blocks which can be combined together to form
creative masterpieces through innovative thinking and skilled craftsmanship.
Despite the rigid form of a brick block, they have shown a wide variety and
resulted in the formation of beautiful specimens over a course of time. The
researchers these days are working towards transforming the small building
material into a sustainable unit of building construction.

3.Steel In Modern Architecture

Steel is the material that can be used as a structural material as well as a visible
material. Its property of withstanding tensile forces makes it an effective structural
material, as an R.C.C. reinforcement as well as structural materials such as space
frames, I-section beams, trusses etc. Additionally, it is used as window and door
frames, handrails, balustrades, door handles, etc. Steel as a building material
possess the qualities like durability, strength, lightweight, can be recycled, can
withstand the variance in climatic conditions.

4. Glass In Modern Architecture

The modernistic material used to achieve transparency and light, the glass, is the
most common façade element which offers both visibility as well as protection
from the changing climate. The architecture specimens, the Farnsworth House by
Mies van der Rohe and the Glasshouse by Phillip Johnson justify the extent of
the application of glass as a building material. The researchers have been able to
develop the glass with a lower U-value, high thermal insulation property, which
suits the environment and helps in decreasing the energy requirement of a building.

5. Aluminum In Modern Architecture

Aluminum is a non-ferrous metal abundantly available. It is not readily available


and is to be extracted from the bauxite ore. Possession of qualities like high
strength to weight ratio, air tightness, ease in fabrication and assembling, low
handling and transportation cost, high reflectivity, corrosion resistance and its
behavior at extreme temperature, makes it an appropriate construction material.
Usually, the glass façade of modern buildings is supported by sturdy and
lightweight aluminum framework. The building industry has developed a new
material called the ‘transparent aluminum’ which offers excellent transparency as
well as form in architecture. Transbay Transit Centre, San Francisco has updated
its façade from glass to transparent aluminum.

6. Natural Stone In Modern Architecture

Stone being used since the time of evolution of mankind is still a trendy building
material. Despite its heaviness and bulkiness, it is appreciated in the building
industry because of its large variety of texture, color, and sizes. The material is
durable and naturally available.

7.Wood In Modern Architecture

The only renewable building material who's addition in the building gives not just
the warm feeling but an emotion of joy and comfort share in designing when
compared with aesthetics and functionality. These specific materials can transform
any space. Its high tensile strength, sound absorption and other features like heat
resistance and electrical resistance make it an exceptional material to be used in
modern architecture.
8.Tiles Design In Modern Architecture

A modular unit, made up of hard materials such as ceramic, stone or even glass,
applied as a covering material over floors, walls, table tops etc. is an efficient
finishing material commonly used in modern buildings. Easy transportation, easy
repair, and availability of comfortable sizes and a variety of color and texture make
it a popular choice among the designers. Tile industry these days are working
towards the concept of recycling in order to attain the sustainability goals.

Historical buildings structures:


all buildings that were developed out of time. Ahead of what the norm was and
beyond architectural standards these buildings still amaze people and will
continue to do so for years. With their unique use of materials, styles, and
workmanship. They will continue to stand as monuments. Look at the
advancement these building's made in the architectural world. The thing they all
have in common is their difference of style in the time they were built.

Gaudí spent his entire career in Barcelona, where he built all of his projects, the
most famous of which is the 1883 cathedral known as La Sagrada Familia, still
under construction today. His style was an ornate mix of Baroque, Gothic, Moorish
and Victorian elements that often featured ornamental tile-work, and drew upon
forms found in nature—an influence that can he seen in the tree-like columns
holding up the vast interior of his church, as well as the undulating facade of
another of his famous creations, the apartment block known as the Casa Milla
(inspired by the multi-peaked mountain just outside of Barcelona called
Montserrat). Gaudí’s work would go on to have a tremendous impact on
subsequent generations of modernists.

A Wisconsin native, Wright revolutionize 20th-century architect, and his


midwestern upbringing played a crucial role in shaping his sensibility. Inspired by
the low-lying building that dotted the American plains, Wright created the Prairie
House style as a reaction the prevailing Victorian aesthetic, which emphasized
dark decor, and busy embellishments both inside and out. In its stead, Wright
employed clean geometries with an emphasis on horizontal planes. His most
famous building, Falling Water (a residence in Bear Run, PA, designed for
Pittsburg department store magnate, Edgar Kaufmann in 1935) features stacked
rectangular balconies that seem to float over the natural waterfall incorporated into
the house. Later in his career, Wright would embrace curvilinear elements, a shift
that found its most celebrated expression in the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
Famously holding to the proposition that “less is more,” German architect Mies
Van der Rohe stripped architecture to elemental geometric forms, pointing the way
to Minimalism. He banished all traces of ornamentation, using the innate qualities
of materials such as steel and plate glass to define the look of his buildings. This
approach came out of another credo—form equals function—espoused at the
Dessau Bauhaus, for which he served as the last director before the Nazis closed it
down. His designs emphasized rationalism and efficiency as the route to beauty, an
approached exemplified by The Barcelona Pavilion, built to house Germany’s
exhibit for the 1929 International Exposition in Barcelona. In it, you can see that
while Mies (the name by which he’s best known) abjured decorative details, he
wasn’t adverse opulence, as the liberal use of marble, red onyx and travertine in
the structure attests. The resulting masterpiece is only matched, perhaps, by Mies’s
Seagram’s tower in New York.
Johnson’ role as the founding director of MoMA’s Department of Architect had an
enormous impact on the field, making him a gatekeeper who helped to shape
architectural trends from 1935 onward. His was also a designer in his own right,
though it’s fair to say that he was more of a refiner of other people’s ideas than he
was an innovator. Nonetheless, his work achieved iconic status in a number of
cases, most notably in the residence he built for himself in 1949. The house is a
distillation of Mies Van der Rohe’s approach, and in fact, Johnson himself noted
that it was “more Mies than Mies.” A transparent box set among exquisitely
landscaped grounds, The Glass House dissolves the boundaries between inside and
out, public and private. It’s expansive use of plate glass undoubtedly inspired much
of the architect for today’s high-rise luxury developments. Johnson similarly rode
the postmodern wave with his “Chippendale” building for AT&T (now privately
owned), so called for its broken-pediment crown resembling the top of a classic
18th-century high-boy.

During the postwar era, the Bauhaus’s straight-line philosophy evolved into the
International Style, the go-to aesthetic for new business headquarters and
government office buildings around the world. In essence, the modernist ideal of
simplicity became a form of corporate conformity, and it is against this backdrop
that Eero Saarinen’s mid-century designs served as a welcome corrective. In
contrast to the standardized box adopted by the International Style, Saarinen
employed swooping curves that gave his architecture a sense of soaring
transcendence—most especially in his 1962 JFK terminal for the now-defunct
TWA airlines. It’s gull-wing roof and ecstatic interior are still thrilling, but it’s
sense of architecture taking flight is a Saarinen trademark, evident in other projects
such as his 1947 design for St. Louis’s magisterial Gateway Arch

When the Pompidou Center first opened in 1977, it was consider the epitome of a
trend at the time known variously as High Tech and Structural Expressionism.
British architect Richard Rogers was a leading proponent of the style. This
building, designed as Paris’s central institution for Modern and contemporary art,
suggests a structure turning inside out, with its heating and plumbing systems worn
as the facade—which also features a glass-enclosed outdoor escalator climbing the
height of the building. Rogers took a similar approach for another of his iconic
buildings, the headquarters for Lloyd’s of London.

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