Wiki

A wiki (/ˈwɪki/ ( listen) WIK-ee) is a hypertext publication

collaboratively edited and managed by its own audience directly
using a web browser. A typical wiki contains multiple pages for the
subjects or scope of the project and may be either open to the public
or limited to use within an organization for maintaining its internal
knowledge base.

Wikis are enabled by wiki software, otherwise known as wiki

Interview with Ward Cunningham,
engines. A wiki engine, being a form of a content management inventor of the wiki.
system, differs from other web-based systems such as blog software,
in that the content is created without any defined owner or leader,
and wikis have little inherent structure, allowing structure to emerge according to the needs of the
users.[1] Wiki engines usually allow content to be written using a simplified markup language and
sometimes edited with the help of a rich-text editor.[2] There are dozens of different wiki engines in use,
both standalone and part of other software, such as bug tracking systems. Some wiki engines are open
source, whereas others are proprietary. Some permit control over different functions (levels of access);
for example, editing rights may permit changing, adding, or removing material. Others may permit
access without enforcing access control. Other rules may be imposed to organize content.

The online encyclopedia project Wikipedia is the most popular wiki-based website, and is one of the
most widely viewed sites in the world, having been ranked in the top ten since 2007.[3] Wikipedia is not a
single wiki but rather a collection of hundreds of wikis, with each one pertaining to a specific language.
In addition to Wikipedia, there are hundreds of thousands of other wikis in use, both public and private,
including wikis functioning as knowledge management resources, notetaking tools, community websites,
and intranets. The English-language Wikipedia has the largest collection of articles: as of February 2020,
it has over 6 million articles. Ward Cunningham, the developer of the first wiki software, WikiWikiWeb,
originally described wiki as "the simplest online database that could possibly work."[4] "Wiki"
(pronounced [ˈwiki][note 1]) is a Hawaiian word meaning "quick."[5][6][7]

Contents
Characteristics
Editing
Navigation
Consistency
Basic syntax
Visual editing
Version history
Edit summary
Navigation
Linking and creating pages
 Searching
History
Alternative definitions
Implementations
Trust and security
Controlling changes
Trustworthiness and reliability of content
Security
Potential malware vector
Communities
Applications
City wikis
WikiNodes
Participants
Growth factors
Conferences
Rules
Legal environment
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links

Characteristics
Ward Cunningham and co-author Bo Leuf, in their book The Wiki
Way: Quick Collaboration on the Web, described the essence of the
Wiki concept as follows:[8]

A wiki invites all users—not just experts—to edit any page or to

create new pages within the wiki Web site, using only a standard
"plain-vanilla" Web browser without any extra add-ons.
Wiki promotes meaningful topic associations between different
pages by making page link creation intuitively easy and showing
whether an intended target page exists or not.
A wiki is not a carefully crafted site created by experts and
professional writers, and designed for casual visitors. Instead, it
seeks to involve the typical visitor/user in an ongoing process of
creation and collaboration that constantly changes the website Ward Cunningham, inventor of the
landscape. wiki.
A wiki enables communities of editors and contributors to write documents collaboratively. All that
people require to contribute is a computer, Internet access, a web browser, and a basic understanding of
a simple markup language (e.g., MediaWiki markup language). A single page in a wiki website is referred
to as a "wiki page", while the entire collection of pages, which are usually well-interconnected by
hyperlinks, is "the wiki". A wiki is essentially a database for creating, browsing, and searching through
information. A wiki allows non-linear, evolving, complex, and networked text, while also allowing for
editor argument, debate, and interaction regarding the content and formatting.[9] A defining
characteristic of wiki technology is the ease with which pages can be created and updated. Generally,
there is no review by a moderator or gatekeeper before modifications are accepted and thus lead to
changes on the website. Many wikis are open to alteration by the general public without requiring
registration of user accounts. Many edits can be made in real-time and appear almost instantly online,
but this feature facilitates abuse of the system. Private wiki servers require user authentication to edit
pages, and sometimes even to read them. Maged N. Kamel Boulos, Cito Maramba, and Steve Wheeler
write that the open wikis produce a process of Social Darwinism. "... because of the openness and
rapidity that wiki pages can be edited, the pages undergo an evolutionary selection process not unlike
that which nature subjects to living organisms. 'Unfit' sentences and sections are ruthlessly culled, edited
and replaced if they are not considered 'fit', which hopefully results in the evolution of a higher quality
and more relevant page."[10]

Editing

Navigation

Some wikis have an Edit button or link directly on the page being viewed, if the user has permission to
edit the page. This can lead to a text-based editing page where participants can structure and format wiki
pages with a simplified markup language, sometimes known as Wikitext, Wiki markup or Wikicode
(it can also lead to a WYSIWYG editing page; see the paragraph after the table below). For example,
starting lines of text with asterisks could create a bulleted list. The style and syntax of wikitexts can vary
greatly among wiki implementations, some of which also allow HTML tags.

Consistency

Wikis have favoured plain-text editing, with fewer and simpler conventions than HTML, for indicating
style and structure. Although limiting access to HTML and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) of wikis limits
user ability to alter the structure and formatting of wiki content, there are some benefits. Limited access
to CSS promotes consistency in the look and feel, and having JavaScript disabled prevents a user from
implementing code that may limit other users' access.

Basic syntax

Visual editing

Wikis can also make WYSIWYG editing available to users, usually by means of JavaScript control that
translates graphically entered formatting instructions into the corresponding HTML tags or wikitext. In
those implementations, the markup of a newly edited, marked-up version of the page is generated and
submitted to the server transparently, shielding the user from this technical detail. An example of this is
the VisualEditor on Wikipedia. WYSIWYG controls do not, however, always provide all of the features
available in wikitext, and some users prefer not to use a WYSIWYG editor. Hence, many of these sites
offer some means to edit the wikitext directly.

Version history

Some wikis keep a record of changes made to wiki pages; often, every version of the page is stored. This
means that authors can revert to an older version of the page should it be necessary because a mistake
has been made, such as the content accidentally being deleted or the page has been vandalized to include
offensive or malicious text or other inappropriate content.

Edit summary

Many wiki implementations, such as MediaWiki, the software that powers Wikipedia, allow users to
supply an edit summary when they edit a page. This is a short piece of text summarizing the changes
they have made (e.g., "Corrected grammar," or "Fixed formatting in table."). It is not inserted into the
article's main text, but is stored along with that revision of the page, allowing users to explain what has
been done and why, similar to a log message when making changes in a revision-control system. This
enables other users to see which changes have been made by whom and why, often in a list of
summaries, dates and other short, relevant content, a list which is called a "log" or "history."

Navigation

Within the text of most pages, there are usually many hypertext links to other pages within the wiki. This
form of non-linear navigation is more "native" to a wiki than structured/formalized navigation schemes.
Users can also create any number of index or table-of-contents pages, with hierarchical categorization or
whatever form of organization they like. These may be challenging to maintain "by hand", as multiple
authors and users may create and delete pages in an ad hoc, unorganized manner. Wikis can provide one
or more ways to categorize or tag pages to support the maintenance of such index pages. Some wikis,
including the original, have a backlink feature, which displays all pages that link to a given page. It is also
typically possible in a wiki to create links to pages that do not yet exist, as a way to invite others to share
what they know about a subject new to the wiki. Wiki users can typically "tag" pages with categories or
keywords, to make it easier for other users to find the article. For example, a user creating a new article
on cold weather cycling might "tag" this page under the categories of commuting, winter sports and
bicycling. This would make it easier for other users to find the article.

Linking and creating pages

Links are created using a specific syntax, the so-called "link pattern". Originally, most wikis used
CamelCase to name pages and create links. These are produced by capitalizing words in a phrase and
removing the spaces between them (the word "CamelCase" is itself an example). While CamelCase makes
linking easy, it also leads to links in a form that deviates from the standard spelling. To link to a page
with a single-word title, one must abnormally capitalize one of the letters in the word (e.g. "WiKi"
instead of "Wiki"). CamelCase-based wikis are instantly recognizable because they have many links with
names such as "TableOfContents" and "BeginnerQuestions." It is possible for a wiki to render the visible
anchor of such links "pretty" by reinserting spaces, and possibly also reverting to lower case. This
reprocessing of the link to improve the readability of the anchor is, however, limited by the loss of
capitalization information caused by CamelCase reversal. For example, "RichardWagner" should be
rendered as "Richard Wagner", whereas "PopularMusic" should be rendered as "popular music". There
is no easy way to determine which capital letters should remain capitalized. As a result, many wikis now
have "free linking" using brackets, and some disable CamelCase by default.

Searching

Most wikis offer at least a title search, and sometimes a full-text search. The scalability of the search
depends on whether the wiki engine uses a database. Some wikis, such as PmWiki, use flat files.[11]
MediaWiki's first versions used flat files, but it was rewritten by Lee Daniel Crocker in the early 2000s
(decade) to be a database application. Indexed database access is necessary for high speed searches on
large wikis. Alternatively, external search engines such as Google Search can sometimes be used on wikis
with limited searching functions in order to obtain more precise results.

History
WikiWikiWeb was the first wiki.[12] Ward Cunningham started
developing WikiWikiWeb in Portland, Oregon, in 1994, and installed
it on the Internet domain c2.com on March 25, 1995. It was named
by Cunningham, who remembered a Honolulu International Airport
counter employee telling him to take the "Wiki Wiki Shuttle" bus
that runs between the airport's terminals. According to
Cunningham, "I chose wiki-wiki as an alliterative substitute for
'quick' and thereby avoided naming this stuff quick-web."[13][14]

Cunningham was, in part, inspired by the Apple HyperCard, which Wiki Wiki Shuttle at Honolulu
he had used. HyperCard, however, was single-user. [15] Apple had International Airport
designed a system allowing users to create virtual "card stacks"
supporting links among the various cards. Cunningham developed
Vannevar Bush's ideas by allowing users to "comment on and change one another's text."[2][16]
Cunningham says his goals were to link together people's experiences to create a new literature to
document programming patterns, and to harness people's natural desire to talk and tell stories with a
technology that would feel comfortable to those not used to "authoring".[15]

Wikipedia became the most famous wiki site, launched in January 2001 and entering the top ten most
popular websites in 2007. In the early 2000s (decade), wikis were increasingly adopted in enterprise as
collaborative software. Common uses included project communication, intranets, and documentation,
initially for technical users. Some companies use wikis as their only collaborative software and as a
replacement for static intranets, and some schools and universities use wikis to enhance group learning.
There may be greater use of wikis behind firewalls than on the public Internet. On March 15, 2007, the
word wiki was listed in the online Oxford English Dictionary.[17]

Alternative definitions
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the word "wiki" was used to refer to both user-editable websites and
the software that powers them; the latter definition is still occasionally in use.[1] Wiki inventor Ward
Cunningham wrote in 2014[18] that the word "wiki" should not be used to refer to a single website, but
rather to a mass of user-editable pages or sites so that a single website is not "a wiki" but "an instance of
wiki". He wrote that the concept of wiki federation, in which the same content can be hosted and edited
in more than one location in a manner similar to distributed version control, meant that the concept of a
single discrete "wiki" no longer made sense.[19]

Implementations
Wiki software is a type of collaborative software that runs a wiki system, allowing web pages to be
created and edited using a common web browser. It may be implemented as a series of scripts behind an
existing web server, or as a standalone application server that runs on one or more web servers. The
content is stored in a file system, and changes to the content are stored in a relational database
management system. A commonly implemented software package is MediaWiki, which runs Wikipedia.
Alternatively, personal wikis run as a standalone application on a single computer.

Wikis can also be created on a "wiki farm", where the server-side software is implemented by the wiki
farm owner. Some wiki farms can also make private, password-protected wikis. Free wiki farms
generally contain advertising on every page. For more information, see Comparison of wiki farms.

Trust and security

Controlling changes

Wikis are generally designed with the philosophy of making it easy

to correct mistakes, rather than making it difficult to make them.
Thus, while wikis are very open, they provide a means to verify the
validity of recent additions to the body of pages. The most
prominent, on almost every wiki, is the "Recent Changes" page—a
specific list numbering recent edits, or a list of edits made within a
given time frame.[20] Some wikis can filter the list to remove minor
edits and edits made by automatic importing scripts ("bots").[21] History comparison reports highlight
From the change log, other functions are accessible in most wikis: the changes between two revisions
the revision history shows previous page versions and the diff of a page.
feature highlights the changes between two revisions. Using the
revision history, an editor can view and restore a previous version of
the article. This gives great power to the author to eliminate edits. The diff feature can be used to decide
whether or not this is necessary. A regular wiki user can view the diff of an edit listed on the "Recent
Changes" page and, if it is an unacceptable edit, consult the history, restoring a previous revision; this
process is more or less streamlined, depending on the wiki software used.[22]

In case unacceptable edits are missed on the "recent changes" page, some wiki engines provide
additional content control. It can be monitored to ensure that a page, or a set of pages, keeps its quality.
A person willing to maintain pages will be warned of modifications to the pages, allowing them to verify
the validity of new editions quickly. This can be seen as a very pro-author and anti-editor feature.[23] A
watchlist is a common implementation of this. Some wikis also implement "patrolled revisions", in
which editors with the requisite credentials can mark some edits as not vandalism. A "flagged revisions"
system can prevent edits from going live until they have been reviewed.[24]

Trustworthiness and reliability of content

Critics of publicly editable wiki systems argue that these systems could be easily tampered with by
malicious individuals ("vandals") or even by well-meaning but unskilled users who introduce errors into
the content. While proponents argue that the community of users can catch malicious content and
correct it.[2] Lars Aronsson, a data systems specialist, summarizes the controversy as follows: "Most
people, when they first learn about the wiki concept, assume that a Web site that can be edited by
anybody would soon be rendered useless by destructive input. It sounds like offering free spray cans next
to a grey concrete wall. The only likely outcome would be ugly graffiti and simple tagging, and many
artistic efforts would not be long lived. Still, it seems to work very well."[12] High editorial standards in
medicine and health sciences articles, in which users typically use peer-reviewed journals or university
textbooks as sources, have led to the idea of expert-moderated wikis.[25] Some wikis allow one to link to
specific versions of articles, which has been useful to the scientific community, in that expert peer
reviewers could analyse articles, improve them and provide links to the trusted version of that article.[26]
Noveck points out that "participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a
vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing participation."
On controversial topics that have been subject to disruptive editing, a wiki author may restrict editing to
registered users.[27]

Security

The open philosophy of wiki – allowing anyone to edit content – does not ensure that every editor's
intentions are well-mannered. For example, vandalism (changing wiki content to something offensive,
adding nonsense, or deliberately adding incorrect information, such as hoax information) can be a major
problem. On larger wiki sites, such as those run by the Wikimedia Foundation, vandalism can go
unnoticed for some period of time. Wikis, because of their open nature, are susceptible to intentional
disruption, known as "trolling". Wikis tend to take a soft-security approach to the problem of vandalism,
making damage easy to undo rather than attempting to prevent damage. Larger wikis often employ
sophisticated methods, such as bots that automatically identify and revert vandalism and JavaScript
enhancements that show characters that have been added in each edit. In this way, vandalism can be
limited to just "minor vandalism" or "sneaky vandalism", where the characters added/eliminated are so
few that bots do not identify them and users do not pay much attention to them.[28] An example of a bot
that reverts vandalism on Wikipedia is ClueBot NG. ClueBot NG can revert edits, often within minutes, if
not seconds. The bot uses machine learning in lieu of heuristics.[29]

The amount of vandalism a wiki receives depends on how open the wiki is. For instance, some wikis
allow unregistered users, identified by their IP addresses, to edit content, while others limit this function
to just registered users. Most wikis allow anonymous editing without an account.[30]

Edit wars can also occur as users repetitively revert a page to the version they favor. In some cases,
editors with opposing views of which content should appear or what formatting style should be used will
change and re-change each other's edits. This results in the page being "unstable" from a general users'
perspective, because each time a general user comes to the page, it may look different. Some wiki
software allows an administrator to stop such edit wars by locking a page from further editing until a
decision has been made on what version of the page would be most appropriate.[9] Some wikis are in a
better position than others to control behavior due to governance structures existing outside the wiki.
For instance, a college teacher can create incentives for students to behave themselves on a class wiki
they administer by limiting editing to logged-in users and pointing out that all contributions can be
traced back to the contributors. Bad behavior can then be dealt with in accordance with university
policies.[11]
Potential malware vector

Malware can also be a problem for wikis, as users can add links to sites hosting malicious code. For
example, a German Wikipedia article about the Blaster Worm was edited to include a hyperlink to a
malicious website. Users of vulnerable Microsoft Windows systems who followed the link would be
infected.[9] A countermeasure is the use of software that prevents users from saving an edit that contains
a link to a site listed on a blacklist of malicious sites.[31]

Communities

Applications

The English Wikipedia has the largest user base among wikis on the
World Wide Web[32] and ranks in the top 10 among all Web sites in
terms of traffic.[33] Other large wikis include the WikiWikiWeb,
Memory Alpha, Wikivoyage, and Susning.nu, a Swedish-language
knowledge base. Medical and health-related wiki examples include
Ganfyd, an online collaborative medical reference that is edited by
medical professionals and invited non-medical experts.[10] Many
wiki communities are private, particularly within enterprises. They
The home page of the English
are often used as internal documentation for in-house systems and
Wikipedia
applications. Some companies use wikis to allow customers to help
produce software documentation.[34] A study of corporate wiki users
found that they could be divided into "synthesizers" and "adders" of
content. Synthesizers' frequency of contribution was affected more by their impact on other wiki users,
while adders' contribution frequency was affected more by being able to accomplish their immediate
work.[35] From a study of thousands of wiki deployments, Jonathan Grudin concluded careful
stakeholder analysis and education are crucial to successful wiki deployment.[36]

In 2005, the Gartner Group, noting the increasing popularity of wikis, estimated that they would become
mainstream collaboration tools in at least 50% of companies by 2009.[37] Wikis can be used for project
management.[38][39] Wikis have also been used in the academic community for sharing and
dissemination of information across institutional and international boundaries.[40] In those settings,
they have been found useful for collaboration on grant writing, strategic planning, departmental
documentation, and committee work.[41] In the mid-2000s (decade), the increasing trend among
industries toward collaboration was placing a heavier impetus upon educators to make students
proficient in collaborative work, inspiring even greater interest in wikis being used in the classroom.[9]

Wikis have found some use within the legal profession, and within government. Examples include the
Central Intelligence Agency's Intellipedia, designed to share and collect intelligence, dKospedia, which
was used by the American Civil Liberties Union to assist with review of documents pertaining to
internment of detainees in Guantánamo Bay;[42] and the wiki of the United States Court of Appeals for
the Seventh Circuit, used to post court rules and allow practitioners to comment and ask questions. The
United States Patent and Trademark Office operates Peer-to-Patent, a wiki to allow the public to
collaborate on finding prior art relevant to examination of pending patent applications. Queens, New
York has used a wiki to allow citizens to collaborate on the design and planning of a local park. Cornell
Law School founded a wiki-based legal dictionary called Wex, whose growth has been hampered by
restrictions on who can edit.[27]
In academic context, wiki has also been used as project collaboration and research support
system.[43][44]

City wikis

A city wiki (or local wiki) is a wiki used as a knowledge base and social network for a specific
geographical locale.[45][46][47] The term 'city wiki' or its foreign language equivalent (e.g. German
'Stadtwiki') is sometimes also used for wikis that cover not just a city, but a small town or an entire
region. A city wiki contains information about specific instances of things, ideas, people and places.
Much of this information might not be appropriate for encyclopedias such as Wikipedia (e.g., articles on
every retail outlet in a town), but might be appropriate for a wiki with more localized content and
viewers. A city wiki could also contain information about the following subjects, that may or may not be
appropriate for a general knowledge wiki, such as:

Details of public establishments such as public houses, bars, accommodation or social centers
Owner name, opening hours and statistics for a specific shop
Statistical information about a specific road in a city
Flavors of ice cream served at a local ice cream parlor
A biography of a local mayor and other persons

WikiNodes

WikiNodes are pages on wikis that describe related wikis. They are
usually organized as neighbors and delegates. A neighbor wiki is
simply a wiki that may discuss similar content or may otherwise be
of interest. A delegate wiki is a wiki that agrees to have certain
content delegated to that wiki.[48] One way of finding a wiki on a
specific subject is to follow the wiki-node network from wiki to wiki;
another is to take a Wiki "bus tour", for example: Wikipedia's Tour Visualization of the collaborative
Bus Stop. work in the German wiki project
Mathe für Nicht-Freaks

Participants

The four basic types of users who participate in wikis are reader, author, wiki administrator and system
administrator. The system administrator is responsible for installation and maintenance of the wiki
engine and the container web server. The wiki administrator maintains wiki content and is provided
additional functions pertaining to pages (e.g. page protection and deletion), and can adjust users' access
rights by, for instance, blocking them from editing.[49]

Growth factors

A study of several hundred wikis showed that a relatively high number of administrators for a given
content size is likely to reduce growth;[50] that access controls restricting editing to registered users
tends to reduce growth; that a lack of such access controls tends to fuel new user registration; and that
higher administration ratios (i.e. admins/user) have no significant effect on content or population
growth.[51]
Conferences
Active conferences and meetings about wiki-related topics include:

Atlassian Summit, an annual conference for users of Atlassian software, including Confluence.[52]
OpenSym (called WikiSym until 2014), an academic conference dedicated to research about wikis
and open collaboration.
SMWCon, a bi-annual conference for users and developers of Semantic MediaWiki.[53]
TikiFest, a frequently held meeting for users and developers of Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware.[54]
Wikimania, an annual conference dedicated to the research and practice of Wikimedia Foundation
projects like Wikipedia.

Former wiki-related events include:

RecentChangesCamp (2006–2012), an unconference on wiki-related topics.

RegioWikiCamp (2009–2013), a semi-annual unconference on "regiowikis", or wikis on cities and
other geographic areas.[55]

Rules
Wikis typically have a set of rules governing user behavior. Wikipedia, for instance, has an extensive set
of policies and guidelines summed up in its five pillars: Wikipedia is an encyclopedia; Wikipedia has a
neutral point of view; Wikipedia is free content; Wikipedians should interact in a respectful and civil
manner; and Wikipedia does not have firm rules. Many wikis have adopted a set of commandments. For
instance, Conservapedia commands, among other things, that its editors use "B.C." rather than "B.C.E."
when referring to years prior to C.E. 1 and refrain from "unproductive activity."[56] One teacher
instituted a commandment for a class wiki, "Wiki unto others as you would have them wiki unto you."[11]

Legal environment
Joint authorship of articles, in which different users participate in correcting, editing, and compiling the
finished product, can also cause editors to become tenants in common of the copyright, making it
impossible to republish without permission of all co-owners, some of whose identities may be unknown
due to pseudonymous or anonymous editing.[9] Where persons contribute to a collective work such as an
encyclopedia, there is, however, no joint ownership if the contributions are separate and
distinguishable.[57] Despite most wikis' tracking of individual contributions, the action of contributing to
a wiki page is still arguably one of jointly correcting, editing, or compiling, which would give rise to joint
ownership. Some copyright issues can be alleviated through the use of an open content license. Version 2
of the GNU Free Documentation License includes a specific provision for wiki relicensing; Creative
Commons licenses are also popular. When no license is specified, an implied license to read and add
content to a wiki may be deemed to exist on the grounds of business necessity and the inherent nature of
a wiki, although the legal basis for such an implied license may not exist in all circumstances.

Wikis and their users can be held liable for certain activities that occur on the wiki. If a wiki owner
displays indifference and forgoes controls (such as banning copyright infringers) that he could have
exercised to stop copyright infringement, he may be deemed to have authorized infringement, especially
if the wiki is primarily used to infringe copyrights or obtains direct financial benefit, such as advertising
revenue, from infringing activities.[9] In the United States, wikis may benefit from Section 230 of the
Communications Decency Act, which protects sites that engage in "Good Samaritan" policing of harmful
material, with no requirement on the quality or quantity of such self-policing.[58] It has also been
argued, however, that a wiki's enforcement of certain rules, such as anti-bias, verifiability, reliable
sourcing, and no-original-research policies, could pose legal risks.[59] When defamation occurs on a wiki,
theoretically all users of the wiki can be held liable, because any of them had the ability to remove or
amend the defamatory material from the "publication." It remains to be seen whether wikis will be
regarded as more akin to an internet service provider, which is generally not held liable due to its lack of
control over publications' contents, than a publisher.[9] It has been recommended that trademark
owners monitor what information is presented about their trademarks on wikis, since courts may use
such content as evidence pertaining to public perceptions. Joshua Jarvis notes, "Once misinformation is
identified, the trade mark owner can simply edit the entry."[60]

See also
Comparison of wiki software
Content management system
CURIE
Dispersed knowledge
List of wikis
Mass collaboration
Universal Edit Button
Wikis and education

Notes
1. The realization of the Hawaiian /w/ phoneme varies between [w] and [v], and the realization of the /k/
phoneme varies between [k] and [t], among other realizations. Thus, the pronunciation of the
Hawaiian word wiki varies between ['wiki], ['witi], ['viki], and ['viti]. See Hawaiian phonology for more
details.

References
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WikiWikiWeb, archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080416212802/http://www.wiki.org/wiki.cgi?W
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Further reading
Ebersbach, Anja (2008), Wiki: Web Collaboration, Springer Science+Business Media, ISBN 978-3-
540-35150-4
Leuf, Bo; Cunningham, Ward (April 13, 2001), The Wiki Way: Quick Collaboration on the Web (http
s://archive.org/details/isbn_9780201714999), Addison–Wesley, ISBN 978-0-201-71499-9
 Mader, Stewart (December 10, 2007), Wikipatterns (https://archive.org/details/wikipatternsapra00ma
de), John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-470-22362-8
Tapscott, Don (April 17, 2008), Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything, Portfolio
Hardcover, ISBN 978-1-59184-193-7

External links
Wiki (https://curlie.org/Computers/Software/Groupware/Wiki/) at Curlie
Exploring with Wiki (http://www.artima.com/intv/wiki.html), an interview with Ward Cunningham by Bill
Verners
WikiIndex and WikiApiary (https://wikiapiary.com), directories of wikis
WikiMatrix (http://www.wikimatrix.org/), a website for comparing wiki software and hosts
WikiTeam (https://github.com/WikiTeam/wikiteam), a volunteer group to preserve wikis associated
with Archive Team
Murphy, Paula (April 2006). Topsy-turvy World of Wiki (https://web.archive.org/web/2011070910182
1/http://www.ucop.edu/tltc/news/2006/04/wiki.html). University of California.
Ward Cunningham's correspondence with etymologists (http://c2.com/doc/etymology.html)

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