Project N.SURENJANATH 2.0-Surenjanath

ABSTRACT
PROJECT N
Surenjanath singh
Applied Mathematics IA
Probability
Applied Mathematics Surenjanath Singh
1|Page
Contents
Contents ........................................................................................................................................................ 1
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Statement of Task: ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Purpose of study ........................................................................................................................................... 4
Variables ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
Apparatus: ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
Apparatus ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
Results ........................................................................................................................................................... 7
Raw Data ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
Raw Data ....................................................................................................................................................... 8
Raw Data ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
Table For Standard Deviation ..................................................................................................................... 14
Statistical Knowledge .................................................................................................................................. 15
CALCULATION 1.3 : COMPARING BOTH COEFFICIENT VARIATION VARIABLES OF THE SD ........................................ 15
Chi Square for Dropping Height of ball ....................................................................................................... 17
Working 1.0: ................................................................................................................................................ 19
To find the z value ................................................................................................................................... 20
Working 1.2: ............................................................................................................................................ 21
Working 1.3: ............................................................................................................................................ 22
Frequency Calculations 1 ............................................................................................................................ 23
CHI - SQU ( 𝜒2 ) CALCULATION: ...................................................................................................................... 24
To Find the chi square number ............................................................................................................... 25
Chi Square for the rebound of a cricket ball ............................................................................................... 28
Working 2.0: ................................................................................................................................................ 29
Working 2.1 ............................................................................................................................................. 30
Working 2.2 ............................................................................................................................................. 31
Working 2.3 ............................................................................................................................................. 31
Working 2.4 ............................................................................................................................................. 32
Working 2.5 ............................................................................................................................................. 33
Working 2.6 ............................................................................................................................................. 34
2|Page
Working 2.7 ............................................................................................................................................. 34

Frequency Calculations 2 ............................................................................................................................ 35
CHI - SQU ( 𝜒2 ) CALCULATION 2: ................................................................................................................... 36
Limitations .................................................................................................................................................. 38
Recommendations ...................................................................................................................................... 38
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................ 39
3|Page
Introduction
At some point in our lives, we have bounced a cricket ball against the floor and observed its
motion. Normally we really don't think about the physics of bouncing balls as it's fairly obvious what is
happening — the ball basically
rebounds off a surface at a speed
proportional to how fast it is thrown.
According to physics the ball height is
proportional to its rebound, so if we
bounce a ball at height x it should
rebound to height x neglecting
resistance. We would like to see if the
rebound of a ball will fit into a normal
distribution using these facts.
A normal distribution is a probability that

shows the expectations of almost every.
We humans approximate every day
without realizing it. The most accurate
measurement is still approximate by the
smallest increment. There’s nothing that is
exact... The word itself is a lie.
A normal distribution in a variate with mean and variance is a statistic distribution with probability density
function
Statement of Task:
To determine whether or not the rebound of a cricket ball fits a normal distribution.
4|Page
Purpose of study
The purpose of doing this study is to help me, as the researcher, to gain more knowledge on whether or
not a rebound of a ball manipulates into a normal curve
Variables
Controlled: Height of the ball ( dropping )
Responding: Rebounded of the ball
Manipulated: Accurate measuring the ball
5|Page
Apparatus:
Stopper
X
WALL
Ball
Ball Path
Ruler
Ground
6|Page
Apparatus
Stopper
H𝑑
WALL
H𝑟
Ground
7|Page
Results
Raw Data will be categorized into the table below
No. of bounces 200 - 190 190 - 180 180 - 170 170 - 160 160 - 150
h
x
y
Raw Data
Dropping Height
Feet Inches Rebound height (inches) Η𝑑 (𝑐𝑚) Η𝑟 (𝑐𝑚) No. of Bounces
6 11 39 210.82 99.06 8
6 4 40 193.04 101.6 6
6 2 39 187.96 99.06 6
6 3 38 190.5 96.52 5
6 1 38 185.42 96.52 6
6 0 37 182.88 93.98 6
5 11 37.5 180.34 95.25 5
5 10 38 177.8 96.52 5
5 9 38 175.26 96.52 5
5 8 34 172.72 86.36 6
5 7 36 170.18 91.44 6
5 6 32 167.64 81.28 5
5 5 35 165.1 88.9 6
5 4 32 162.56 81.28 5
5 3 32 160.02 81.28 5
5 2 32 157.48 81.28 6
5 1 34 154.94 86.36 5
5 0 33 152.4 83.82 5
4 11 32 149.86 81.28 6
4 10 32 147.32 81.28 5
4 9 32 144.78 81.28 5
4 8 33 142.24 83.82 4
4 7 31 139.7 78.74 5
4 6 30 137.16 76.2 4
4 5 29 134.62 73.66 4
Table 1.0 - This table shows the exact data collected from the experiment.
Both the rebound of the ball (Η𝑟 ) and the height at which it was dropped (Η𝑑 ).
8|Page
Raw Data
Dropping Height
4 4 29.5 132.08 74.93 4
4 3 28 129.54 71.12 5
4 2 28 127 71.12 4
4 1 29 124.46 73.66 4
4 0 27 121.92 68.58 4
3 11 25 119.38 63.5 3
3 10 26 116.84 66.04 4
3 9 26.5 114.3 67.31 6
3 8 26 111.76 66.04 7
3 7 24 109.22 60.96 8
3 6 24 106.68 60.96 7
3 5 23 104.14 58.42 5
3 4 22 101.6 55.88 7
3 3 22 99.06 55.88 6
3 2 24 96.52 60.96 6
3 1 22 93.98 55.88 6
3 0 21 91.44 53.34 4
2 11 21 88.9 53.34 5
2 10 20 86.36 50.8 5
2 9 19 83.82 48.26 4
2 8 20 81.28 50.8 6
2 7 18 78.74 45.72 5
2 6 18 76.2 45.72 6
2 5 17 73.66 43.18 6
2 4 16.5 71.12 41.91 6
2 3 16 68.58 40.64 4
2 2 17 66.04 43.18 4
2 1 15 63.5 38.1 6
2 0 15 60.96 38.1 4
1 11 15 58.42 38.1 4
1 10 14 55.88 35.56 5
1 9 13 53.34 33.02 5
1 8 13 50.8 33.02 6
1 7 12 48.26 30.48 5
1 6 11 45.72 27.94 5
1 5 11 43.18 27.94 5
1 4 11 40.64 27.94 5
9|Page
Raw Data
Dropping Height
1 3 10 38.1 25.4 4
1 2 8 35.56 20.32 3
1 1 9 33.02 22.86 4
1 0 8.5 30.48 21.59 5
5 5 36 165.1 91.44 6
4 7 28 139.7 71.12 7
6 2 40 187.96 101.6 7
4 3 30 129.54 76.2 6
5 5 35 165.1 88.9 6
3 7 24 109.22 60.96 6
5 9 38 175.26 96.52 7
6 4 41 193.04 104.14 7
5 0 30 152.4 76.2 7
10 | P a g e
Raw Data in centimetre
𝚮𝒅 (𝒄𝒎) 𝚮𝒓 (𝒄𝒎) No. of Bounces 𝚮𝒅 (𝒄𝒎) 𝚮𝒓 (𝒄𝒎) No. of Bounces

1 210.82 99.06 8 39 99.06 55.88 6
2 193.04 101.6 6 40 96.52 60.96 6
3 187.96 99.06 6 41 93.98 55.88 6
4 190.5 96.52 5 42 91.44 53.34 4
5 185.42 96.52 6 43 88.9 53.34 5
6 182.88 93.98 6 44 86.36 50.8 5
7 180.34 95.25 5 45 83.82 48.26 4
8 177.8 96.52 5 46 81.28 50.8 6
9 175.26 96.52 5 47 78.74 45.72 5
10 172.72 86.36 6 48 76.2 45.72 6
11 170.18 91.44 6 49 73.66 43.18 6
12 167.64 81.28 5 50 71.12 41.91 6
13 165.1 88.9 6 51 68.58 40.64 4
14 162.56 81.28 5 52 66.04 43.18 4
15 160.02 81.28 5 53 63.5 38.1 6
16 157.48 81.28 6 54 60.96 38.1 4
17 154.94 86.36 5 55 58.42 38.1 4
18 152.4 83.82 5 56 55.88 35.56 5
19 149.86 81.28 6 57 53.34 33.02 5
20 147.32 81.28 5 58 50.8 33.02 6
21 144.78 81.28 5 59 48.26 30.48 5
22 142.24 83.82 4 60 45.72 27.94 5
23 139.7 78.74 5 61 43.18 27.94 5
24 137.16 76.2 4 62 40.64 27.94 5
25 134.62 73.66 4 63 38.1 25.4 4
26 132.08 74.93 4 64 35.56 20.32 3
27 129.54 71.12 5 65 33.02 22.86 4
28 127 71.12 4 66 30.48 21.59 5
29 124.46 73.66 4 67 165.1 91.44 6
30 121.92 68.58 4 68 139.7 71.12 7
31 119.38 63.5 3 69 187.96 101.6 7
32 116.84 66.04 4 70 129.54 76.2 6
33 114.3 67.31 6 71 165.1 88.9 6
34 111.76 66.04 7 72 109.22 60.96 6
35 109.22 60.96 8 73 175.26 96.52 7
36 106.68 60.96 7 74 193.04 104.14 7
37 104.14 58.42 5 75 152.4 76.2 7
38 101.6 55.88 7
11 | P a g e
Table 1.5 - This table shows the data collected sorted to the height dropped; from highest to lowest
Raw Data in centimetre ( Sorted (𝚮𝒅 ) Highest to Lowest )

(𝚮𝒅 ) (𝚮𝒓 ) Bounces (𝚮𝒅 ) (𝚮𝒓 ) Bounces
1 210.82 99.06 8 39 119.38 63.5 3
2 193.04 101.6 6 40 116.84 66.04 4
3 193.04 104.14 7 41 114.3 67.31 6
4 190.5 96.52 5 42 111.76 66.04 7
5 187.96 99.06 6 43 109.22 60.96 8
6 187.96 101.6 7 44 109.22 60.96 6
7 185.42 96.52 6 45 106.68 60.96 7
8 182.88 93.98 6 46 104.14 58.42 5
9 180.34 95.25 5 47 101.6 55.88 7
10 177.8 96.52 5 48 99.06 55.88 6
11 175.26 96.52 5 49 96.52 60.96 6
12 175.26 96.52 7 50 93.98 55.88 6
13 172.72 86.36 6 51 91.44 53.34 4
14 170.18 91.44 6 52 88.9 53.34 5
15 167.64 81.28 5 53 86.36 50.8 5
16 165.1 88.9 6 54 83.82 48.26 4
17 165.1 91.44 6 55 81.28 50.8 6
18 165.1 88.9 6 56 78.74 45.72 5
19 162.56 81.28 5 57 76.2 45.72 6
20 160.02 81.28 5 58 73.66 43.18 6
21 157.48 81.28 6 59 71.12 41.91 6
22 154.94 86.36 5 60 68.58 40.64 4
23 152.4 83.82 5 61 66.04 43.18 4
24 152.4 76.2 7 62 63.5 38.1 6
25 149.86 81.28 6 63 60.96 38.1 4
26 147.32 81.28 5 64 58.42 38.1 4
27 144.78 81.28 5 65 55.88 35.56 5
28 142.24 83.82 4 66 53.34 33.02 5
29 139.7 78.74 5 67 50.8 33.02 6
30 139.7 71.12 7 68 48.26 30.48 5
31 137.16 76.2 4 69 45.72 27.94 5
32 134.62 73.66 4 70 43.18 27.94 5
33 132.08 74.93 4 71 40.64 27.94 5
34 129.54 71.12 5 72 38.1 25.4 4
35 129.54 76.2 6 73 35.56 20.32 3
36 127 71.12 4 74 33.02 22.86 4
37 124.46 73.66 4 75 30.48 21.59 5
38 121.92 68.58 4
12 | P a g e
Table 1.6 - This table shows the data collected sorted to the height rebound; from highest to lowest
Raw Data in centimetre ( Sorted (𝚮𝒓 ) Highest to Lowest )
(𝚮𝒅 ) (𝚮𝒓 ) Bounces (𝚮𝒅 ) (𝚮𝒓 ) Bounces

193.04 104.14 7 39 114.3 67.31 6
193.04 101.6 6 40 116.84 66.04 4
187.96 101.6 7 41 111.76 66.04 7
210.82 99.06 8 42 119.38 63.5 3
187.96 99.06 6 43 109.22 60.96 8
190.5 96.52 5 44 109.22 60.96 6
185.42 96.52 6 45 106.68 60.96 7
177.8 96.52 5 46 96.52 60.96 6
175.26 96.52 5 47 104.14 58.42 5
175.26 96.52 7 48 101.6 55.88 7
180.34 95.25 5 49 99.06 55.88 6
182.88 93.98 6 50 93.98 55.88 6
170.18 91.44 6 51 91.44 53.34 4
165.1 91.44 6 52 88.9 53.34 5
165.1 88.9 6 53 86.36 50.8 5
165.1 88.9 6 54 81.28 50.8 6
172.72 86.36 6 55 83.82 48.26 4
154.94 86.36 5 56 78.74 45.72 5
152.4 83.82 5 57 76.2 45.72 6
142.24 83.82 4 58 73.66 43.18 6
167.64 81.28 5 59 66.04 43.18 4
162.56 81.28 5 60 71.12 41.91 6
160.02 81.28 5 61 68.58 40.64 4
157.48 81.28 6 62 63.5 38.1 6
149.86 81.28 6 63 60.96 38.1 4
147.32 81.28 5 64 58.42 38.1 4
144.78 81.28 5 65 55.88 35.56 5
139.7 78.74 5 66 53.34 33.02 5
152.4 76.2 7 67 50.8 33.02 6
137.16 76.2 4 68 48.26 30.48 5
129.54 76.2 6 69 45.72 27.94 5
132.08 74.93 4 70 43.18 27.94 5
134.62 73.66 4 71 40.64 27.94 5
124.46 73.66 4 72 38.1 25.4 4
139.7 71.12 7 73 33.02 22.86 4
129.54 71.12 5 74 30.48 21.59 5
127 71.12 4 75 35.56 20.32 3
121.92 68.58 4
13 | P a g e
Table 2.0 - This table shows (Η𝑑 ) placed into a Frequency Table
Total test : 75
Range (cm) Frequency Cumulative frequency

210 - 200 1 1
200 - 190 3 4
190 - 180 5 9
180 - 170 5 14
170 - 160 6 20
160 - 150 4 24
150 - 140 4 28
140 - 130 5 33
130 - 120 5 38
120 - 110 4 42
110 - 100 5 47
100 - 90 4 51
90 - 80 4 55
80 - 70 4 59
70 - 60 4 63
60 - 50 4 67
50 - 40 4 71
40 - 30 4 75
Table 2.1 - This table shows (Η𝑟 ) placed into a Frequency Table
Total test : 75
Range Frequency Cumulative frequency

110 - 100 3 3
100 - 90 11 14
90 - 80 13 27
80 - 70 10 37
70 - 60 9 46
60 - 50 8 54
50 - 40 7 61
40 - 30 7 68
30 - 20 7 75
14 | P a g e
Table For Standard Deviation
Table 3.0 Calculations for the Standard Deviation of Dropping Height of the ball (cm):
Midpoints
Height Dropped cm Frequency (𝑓)(𝑥) (𝑥 − 𝑥̄ ) 𝑓(𝑥 − x̄ )2
(x)
210 - 200 205 1 205 86.53 7488.018
200 - 190 195 3 585 76.53 17572.053
190 - 180 185 5 925 66.53 22133.422
180 - 170 175 5 875 56.53 15980.089
170 - 160 165 6 990 46.53 12992.107
160 - 150 155 4 620 36.53 5338.738
150 - 140 145 4 580 26.53 2816.071
140 - 130 135 5 675 16.53 1366.756
130 - 120 125 5 625 6.53 213.422
120 - 110 115 4 460 -3.47 48.071
110 - 100 105 5 525 -13.47 906.756
100 - 90 95 4 380 -23.47 2202.738
90 - 80 85 4 340 -33.47 4480.071
80 - 70 75 4 300 -43.47 7557.404
70 - 60 65 4 260 -53.47 11434.738
60 - 50 55 4 220 -63.47 16112.071
50 - 40 45 4 180 -73.47 21589.404
40 - 30 35 4 140 -83.47 27866.738
mean ( μ ) height = 118.47
∑ 𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝑥̄ )2 = 178098.6667
Table 3.1 Calculations for the Standard Deviation of Height Rebound of the ball (cm):
Midpoints
Height Rebound (cm) Frequency (𝑓)(𝑥) (𝑥 − 𝑥̄ ) 𝑓(𝑥 − x̄ )2
(x)
110 - 100 105 3 315 38.67 4485.33
100 - 90 95 11 1045 28.67 9039.56
90 - 80 85 13 1105 18.67 4529.78
80 - 70 75 10 750 8.67 751.11
70 - 60 65 9 585 -1.33 16.00
60 - 50 55 8 440 -11.33 1027.56
50 - 40 45 7 315 -21.33 3185.78
40 - 30 35 7 245 -31.33 6872.44
30 - 20 25 7 175 -41.33 11959.11
mean ( μ ) height = 66.3
∑ 𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝑥̄ )2 = 41866.67
15 | P a g e
Statistical Knowledge
CALCULATION 1.1 : TABLE 3.0 ON PAGE 13
∑ 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑥̄ )2
𝑆𝑛 = √
𝑛−1
178098.6667.
𝑆𝑛 = √
75 − 1
H𝑑 = ± 49.059 cm
CALCULATION 1.2 : TABLE 3.1 ON PAGE 13
√∑ 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑥̄ )2
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑛−1
41866.67
𝑆𝑛 = √
75 − 1
H𝑟 = 23.786 cm
CALCULATION 1.3 : COMPARING BOTH COEFFICIENT VARIATION VARIABLES OF THE SD
Dropping Height of each Test Rebound Height of each Test
𝑠
𝑠 𝑣= ∗ 100%
𝑣= ∗ 100% 𝑥̄̄
𝑥̄̄
23.786
49.059 𝑣= ∗ 100%
𝑣= ∗ 100% 66.3
118.47
𝑣 = 35.87 %
𝑣 = 41.41 %
16 | P a g e
Chi Square
Checking whether the dropping height of a ball can
fit into a normal distribution
Surenjanath Singh
Presentation College, San Fernando
Mr. David Akalloo

17 | P a g e
Chi Square for Dropping Height of ball
To calculate the chi square we must first standardize each of the categories for each table.
This will be done using excel
𝑋~𝑁( 𝜇, 𝜎 2 )
Where; 𝜇 = 118.47 cm
𝜎 = 49.059 cm
𝑋~𝑁( 118.47, (49.059)2 )

To standardize, we use the standardize formula
𝑧~𝑁(0,1)
(𝑋−𝜇)
Where 𝑧=
𝜎
Height of ball Freq. Standardize Value of Z
𝑃(𝑍1 < 𝑍 < 𝑍2 ) E Freq.
𝑋2 𝑋1 𝑍2 𝑍1
210 200 1 1.876 1.652 0.9697 0.9507 0.0190 1.42
200 190 3 1.672 1.448 0.9528 0.9262 0.0266 1.99
Working shown in Cal. 1.0
190 180 5 1.468 1.244 0.9290 0.8933 0.0357 2.68

180 170 5 1.264 1.040 0.8970 0.8509 0.0461 3.46
170 160 6 1.061 0.836 0.8556 0.7985 0.0570 4.28
160 150 4 0.857 0.633 0.8042 0.7365 0.0677 5.08
150 140 4 0.653 0.429 0.7431 0.6659 0.0772 5.79
140 130 5 0.449 0.225 0.6733 0.5890 0.0844 6.33
130 120 5 0.245 0.021 0.5969 0.5084 0.0885 6.64
120 110 4 0.041 -0.183 0.5165 0.4275 0.0890 6.68
110 100 5 -0.162 -0.387 0.4355 0.3495 0.0860 6.45
100 90 4 -0.366 -0.590 0.3571 0.2774 0.0797 5.97
90 80 4 -0.570 -0.794 0.2843 0.2135 0.0708 5.31
80 70 4 -0.774 -0.998 0.2195 0.1591 0.0604 4.53
70 60 4 -0.978 -1.202 0.1641 0.1147 0.0494 3.71
60 50 4 -1.182 -1.406 0.1187 0.0799 0.0388 2.91
50 40 4 -1.385 -1.610 0.0830 0.0537 0.0292 2.19
40 30 4 -1.589 -1.813 0.0560 0.0349 0.0211 1.58
18 | P a g e
Ok the table above is simply 𝑧2
𝑧1
𝑋1
𝑋2
Graph of Normal Distribution
𝑋1 𝑋2
𝜇
Graph of Standardize Normal Distribution
𝑧1 𝑧2
0
1
19 | P a g e
Working 1.0:
Calculating the standardize with no X values
( 210 – 200 )
𝑃(𝑋1 < 𝑋 < 𝑋2 )

𝑃(200 < 𝑋 < 210)
𝑃(199.5 < 𝑋 < 210.5)
𝑃(𝑍1 < 𝑍 < 𝑍2 ) = Φ|𝑍2 | − Φ|𝑍1 |
𝑋1 − 𝜇 𝑋2 − 𝜇
𝑃( <𝑍< ) Standardizing X to Z
𝜎 𝜎
199.5 − 118.467 210.5 − 118.467
𝑃( <𝑍< )
49.059 49.059
𝑃(1.652 < 𝑍 < 1.876) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.876) − 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.652)
𝑃(1.652 < 𝑍 < 1.876) = 0.9697 − 0.9507
𝑃(1.652 < 𝑍 < 1.876) = 0.019
𝑃(𝑍 < 𝑍1 )
𝑃(𝑍1 < 𝑍 < 𝑍2 )
𝑧1 𝑧2
𝑍
𝑃(𝑍 < 𝑍2 )
20 | P a g e
To find the z value

We look for the corresponding numbers e.g. 0.93
Calculations like this is done for all the positive z score values till the negatives.
21 | P a g e
Working 1.2:
Calculating the standardize Z with negative values.
( 110 – 120 )
𝑃(𝑋1 < 𝑋 < 𝑋2 )

𝑃(110 < 𝑋 < 120)
𝑃(109.5 < 𝑋 < 120.5)
𝑃(𝑍1 < 𝑍 < 𝑍2 ) = Φ|𝑍2 | − Φ|𝑍1 |
𝑋1 − 𝜇 𝑋2 − 𝜇
𝜎 𝜎
109.5 − 118.467 120.5 − 118.467
𝑃( <𝑍< )
49.059 49.059
𝑃(−0.183 < 𝑍 < 0.0414) = Φ(0.041) − Φ(−0.183)
Taking it at 2 dp
𝑃(−0.091 < 𝑍 < 0.020) = Φ(0.041) − (1 − Φ(0.183))
𝑃(−0.091 < 𝑍 < 0.020) = 0.5164 − (1 − 0.5726)
(−0.091 < 𝑍 < 0.020) = 0.089
22 | P a g e
Working 1.3:
Calculating the standardize Z with negative values.
( 30 – 40 )
𝑃(𝑋1 < 𝑋 < 𝑋2 )

𝑃(30 < 𝑋 < 40)
𝑃(29.5 < 𝑋 < 40.5)
𝑃(𝑍1 < 𝑍 < 𝑍2 ) = Φ|𝑍2 | − Φ|𝑍1 |
𝑋1 − 𝜇 𝑋2 − 𝜇
𝜎 𝜎
29.5 − 118.467 40.5 − 118.467
𝑃( <𝑍< )
49.059 49.059
𝑃(−1.813 < 𝑍 < −1.589) = Φ|−1.813| − Φ|−1.589|
Taking it at 4 dp
𝑃(−1.813 < 𝑍 < −1.589) = 0.9651 − 0.9440
𝑃(−1.813 < 𝑍 < −1.589) = 0.0211
𝑃(𝑍 < 𝑍2 )
𝑃(𝑍1 < 𝑍 < 𝑍2 )
𝑃(𝑍2 > 𝑍 > 𝑍1 )
𝑃(𝑍 > 𝑍2 )
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧2 𝑧1
𝑃(𝑍 > 𝑍1 𝑃(𝑍 < 𝑍1 )
> 𝑍2 )
𝑍 𝑍
23 | P a g e
Frequency Calculations 1
After Standardizing each boundary, we found the expected Frequency by multiply the class probability
by the total amount.
we put the Observe frequency and the expected frequency onto a table
Classes for Frequencies

Observed Freq. Expected Freq.
1 1.42
3 1.99
5 2.68
5 3.46
6 4.28
4 5.08
4 5.79
5 6.33
5 6.64
4 6.68
This data was organized in such a manner so
5 6.45 that we can easily find the Chi-Squared
4 5.97 afterwards. A table was created to sort out the
4 5.31 data into intervals of both Expected Frequency
4 4.53 and the Observed Frequency. It also included
4 3.71 the calculations.
4 2.91
4 2.19
4 1.58
Observed Freq. Expected Freq. (O-E) (O-E)^2 (O-E)^2/E
9 6.09 2.91 8.468 1.39049261
11 7.74 3.26 10.628 1.37307494
9 10.87 -1.87 3.497 0.32170193
5 6.33 -1.33 1.760 0.2782109

5 6.64 -1.64 2.676 0.40329895
9 13.13 -4.13 17.057 1.29907845
8 11.28 -3.28 10.758 0.95375887
8 8.24 -0.24 0.058 0.00699029
12 6.69 5.31 28.243 4.22450025

24 | P a g e
Lastly, with the collected data, the Chi-Square Test is used to determine if there is a significant difference
between the observed frequencies and the expected frequencies.
By using this test, we will be able to determine whether the height of the ball dropped can be fit to a
normal distribution.
Let X be the “change in ball dropped”

Hypothesis:
( Ho ) null Hypothesis: X is N( 118.467, 49.0592 )

( HI ) alternative hypothesis: X is not N( 118.467, 49.0592 )
.
CHI - SQU ( 𝜒 2 ) CALCULATION:
Calculating the Test Statistic
2 ( 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒−𝑒𝑥̄𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑)
𝜒𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 =∑
𝑒𝑥̄𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑛
2 (O𝑖 −𝐸𝑖 )2
𝑖=1 𝐸𝑖
2 (9−6.09)2 (11−7.74)2 (9−10.87)2 (5−6.33)2 (5−6.64)2

𝜒𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 =( + + + + +
6.09 7.74 10.87 6.33 6.64
(9−13.13)2 (8−11.28)2 (8−8.24)2 (12−6.69)2
+ + +
13.13 11.28 8.24 6.69
2
𝜒𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 1.39 + 1.373 + 0.3217 + 0.2782 + 0.4033 + 1.29907 + 0.95376 +
0.00699 + 4.2245
2
𝜒𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 10.25052
2 2
We test 𝜒𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 against 𝜒𝛼% (𝑣) at 5 % level of significance
2 2
𝜒𝛼% (𝑣) = 𝜒5% (4)
25 | P a g e
Calculating degrees of freedom or 𝑣: 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 3

𝑑𝑓 = 7 − 3
𝑑𝑓 = 4
but we had to estimate mean and variance so hence why it is 4
2
𝜒5% (4) = 9.488
To Find the chi square number

26 | P a g e
Degrees of freedom = 9
2 (4)
𝜒𝛼%
Critical Region at 5 % level of significance
𝛼 = 5%
𝜒 2 = 9. .488
𝜒 2 = 10.25052
At a 5% significance level, the critical value is 9.488
Since the calculations of 10.25052 is greater than the critical value of 9.488,
We must reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternate hypothesis that
X is not N ( 118.467, 49.059^2)
With the results, the dropping of a cricket ball cannot be fitted to a normal distribution.
27 | P a g e
Chi Square
Checking whether the rebound height of a ball can
fit into a normal distribution
Surenjanath Singh
Presentation College, San Fernando
Mr. David Akalloo

28 | P a g e
Chi Square for the rebound of a cricket ball

To calculate the chi square we must first standardize each of the categories for each class as done
before.
This will be done using excel
𝑋~𝑁( 𝜇, 𝜎 2 )
Where; 𝜇 = 66.3 cm
𝜎 = 23.786 cm
𝑋~𝑁( 66.3, (23.786)2 )

To standardize, we use the standardize formula
𝑧~𝑁(0,1)
(𝑋−𝜇)
Where 𝑧=
𝜎
Height of ball Freq. Standardize Value of Z

𝑋2 𝑋1 𝑍2 𝑍1
𝑃(𝑍1 < 𝑍 < 𝑍2 ) E Freq.
110 100 1 1.858 1.396 0.9684 0.9187 0.0497 3.73

100 90 3 1.438 0.975 0.9248 0.8353 0.0894 6.71
Working shown in Below
90 80 5 1.017 0.555 0.8455 0.7105 0.1350 10.12

80 70 5 0.597 0.135 0.7247 0.5535 0.1712 12.84
70 60 6 0.177 -0.286 0.5701 0.3875 0.1826 13.69
60 50 4 -0.244 -0.706 0.4037 0.2400 0.1637 12.28
50 40 4 -0.664 -1.127 0.2533 0.1299 0.1233 9.25
40 30 5 -1.085 -1.547 0.1390 0.0609 0.0781 5.86
29 | P a g e
Working 2.0:
( 110 – 100)
𝑃(𝑋1 < 𝑋 < 𝑋2 )

𝑃(100 < 𝑋 < 110) Applying Central limit theorem
𝑃(99.5 < 𝑋 < 110.5)
𝑃(𝑍1 < 𝑍 < 𝑍2 ) = Φ|𝑍2 | − Φ|𝑍1 |
𝑋1 − 𝜇 𝑋2 − 𝜇
𝜎 𝜎
99.5 − 66.3 110.5 − 66.3
𝑃( <𝑍< )
23.786 23.786
𝑃(1.396 < 𝑍 < 1.858) = Φ(1.858) − Φ(1.396)
𝑃(1.396 < 𝑍 < 1.858) = 0.9684 − 0.9187
𝑃(1.396 < 𝑍 < 1.858) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟕
𝑃(𝑍 < 𝑍1 )
𝑧2
𝑧1
𝑃(𝑍1 < 𝑍 < 𝑍2 )
𝑍 𝑃(𝑍 < 𝑍2 )
30 | P a g e
Working 2.1
( 90 – 100)
𝑃(𝑋1 < 𝑋 < 𝑋2 )

𝑃(89.5 < 𝑋 < 100.5)
𝑃(𝑍1 < 𝑍 < 𝑍2 ) = Φ|𝑍2 | − Φ|𝑍1 |
𝑋1 − 𝜇 𝑋2 − 𝜇
𝜎 𝜎
89.5 − 66.3 100.5 − 66.3
𝑃( <𝑍< )
23.786 23.786
𝑃(0.975 < 𝑍 < 1.438) = Φ(1.438) − Φ(0.975)
𝑃(0.975 < 𝑍 < 1.438) = 0.9262 − 0.8353
𝑃(0.975 < 𝑍 < 1.438) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟎𝟗
31 | P a g e
Working 2.2
( 80 – 90)
𝑃(𝑋1 < 𝑋 < 𝑋2 )

𝑃(79.5 < 𝑋 < 90.5)
𝑃(𝑍1 < 𝑍 < 𝑍2 ) = Φ|𝑍2 | − Φ|𝑍1 |
𝑋1 − 𝜇 𝑋2 − 𝜇
𝜎 𝜎
79.5 − 66.3 90.5 − 66.3
𝑃( <𝑍< )
23.786 23.786
𝑃(0.555 < 𝑍 < 1.017) = Φ(1.017) − Φ(0.555)
𝑃(0.555 < 𝑍 < 1.017) = 0.8454 − 0.7105
𝑃(0.555 < 𝑍 < 1.017) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟗
Working 2.3
( 70 – 80 )
𝑃(𝑋1 < 𝑋 < 𝑋2 )

𝑃(69.5 < 𝑋 < 80.5)
𝑃(𝑍1 < 𝑍 < 𝑍2 ) = Φ|𝑍2 | − Φ|𝑍1 |
𝑋1 − 𝜇 𝑋2 − 𝜇
𝜎 𝜎
69.5 − 66.3 80.5 − 66.3
𝑃( <𝑍< )
23.786 23.786
𝑃(0.135 < 𝑍 < 0.597) = Φ(0.597) − Φ(0.135)
𝑃(0.135 < 𝑍 < 0.597) = 0.7248 − 0.5537
𝑃(0.135 < 𝑍 < 0.597) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟏𝟏
32 | P a g e
Working 2.4
( 60 – 70 )
𝑃(𝑋1 < 𝑋 < 𝑋2 )

𝑃(59.5 < 𝑋 < 70.5)
𝑃(𝑍1 < 𝑍 < 𝑍2 ) = Φ|𝑍2 | − Φ|𝑍1 |
𝑋1 − 𝜇 𝑋2 − 𝜇
𝜎 𝜎
59.5 − 66.3 70.5 − 66.3
𝑃( <𝑍< )
23.786 23.786
𝑃(−0.286 < 𝑍 < 0.177) = Φ(0.177) − Φ(−0.286)
𝑃(−0.286 < 𝑍 < 0.177) = Φ(0.177) − (1 − Φ(0.286))
𝑃(−0.286 < 𝑍 < 0.177) = 0.5703 − (1 − 0.6126) 𝑃(𝑍1 < 𝑍 < 𝑍2 )
0
𝑃(−0.286 < 𝑍 < 0.177) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟗
𝑃(𝑍 < 𝑍2 )
𝑃(𝑍 > 𝑍1 )
𝑍1 𝑍2
33 | P a g e
Working 2.5
( 50 – 60 )
𝑃(𝑋1 < 𝑋 < 𝑋2 )

𝑃(49.5 < 𝑋 < 60.5)
𝑃(𝑍1 < 𝑍 < 𝑍2 ) = Φ|𝑍2 | − Φ|𝑍1 |
𝑋1 − 𝜇 𝑋2 − 𝜇
𝜎 𝜎
49.5 − 66.3 60.5 − 66.3
𝑃( <𝑍< )
23.786 23.786
𝑃(−0.706 < 𝑍 < −0.244) = Φ|(−0.706)| − Φ|(−0.244)|
𝑃(−0.286 < 𝑍 < 0.177) = Φ(0.706) − Φ(0.244)
𝑃(−0.286 < 𝑍 < 0.177) = 0.7598 − 0.5963
𝑃(−0.286 < 𝑍 < 0.177) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟓
𝑍1 𝑍2
𝑃(𝑍 < 𝑍2 )
𝑃(𝑍1 < 𝑍 < 𝑍2 )
𝑍2 𝑍1
𝑃(𝑍 < 𝑍1 )
34 | P a g e
Working 2.6
( 40 – 50 )
𝑃(𝑋1 < 𝑋 < 𝑋2 )

𝑃(39.5 < 𝑋 < 50.5)
𝑃(𝑍1 < 𝑍 < 𝑍2 ) = Φ|𝑍2 | − Φ|𝑍1 |
𝑋1 − 𝜇 𝑋2 − 𝜇
𝜎 𝜎
39.5 − 66.3 50.5 − 66.3
𝑃( <𝑍< )
23.786 23.786
𝑃(−1.127 < 𝑍 < −0.664) = Φ|(−1.127)| − Φ|(−0.664)|
𝑃(−0.286 < 𝑍 < 0.177) = Φ(1.127) − Φ(0.664)
𝑃(−0.286 < 𝑍 < 0.177) = 0.87 − 0.7467
𝑃(−0.286 < 𝑍 < 0.177) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟑
Working 2.7
( 30 – 40 )
𝑃(𝑋1 < 𝑋 < 𝑋2 )

𝑃(29.5 < 𝑋 < 40.5)
𝑃(𝑍1 < 𝑍 < 𝑍2 ) = Φ|𝑍2 | − Φ|𝑍1 |
𝑋1 − 𝜇 𝑋2 − 𝜇
𝜎 𝜎
29.5 − 66.3 40.5 − 66.3
𝑃( <𝑍< )
23.786 23.786
𝑃(−1.547 < 𝑍 < −1.085) = Φ|(−1.547)| − Φ|(−1.085)|
𝑃(−1.547 < 𝑍 < −1.085) = Φ(1.547) − Φ(1.085)
𝑃(−1.547 < 𝑍 < −1.085) = 0.939 − 0.8611
𝑃(−1.547 < 𝑍 < −1.085) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟕𝟗
35 | P a g e
Frequency Calculations 2
After Standardizing each boundary, we found the expected Frequency by multiply the class probability
by the total amount.
we put the Observe frequency and the expected frequency onto a table
Classes for Frequencies

Observed Freq. Expected Freq.
3 3.73 This data was organized in such a manner so
11 6.71
that we can easily find the Chi-Squared
13 10.12
afterwards. A table was created to sort out the
10 12.84
9 13.69 data into intervals of both Expected Frequency
8 12.28 and the Observed Frequency. It also included
7 9.25 the calculations.
7 5.86
Observed Freq. Expected Freq. (O-E) (O-E)^2 (O-E)^2/E

14 10.44 3.56 12.67 1.21
13 10.12 2.88 8.27 0.82

10 12.84 -2.84 8.08 0.63
9 13.69 -4.69 22.04 1.61
8 12.28 -4.28 18.28 1.49
7 9.25 -2.25 5.06 0.55
7 5.86 1.14 1.30 0.22
Lastly, with the collected data, the Chi-Square Test is used to determine if there is a significant difference
between the observed frequencies and the expected frequencies.
By using this test, we will be able to determine whether the rebound height of a ball can be fit to a
normal distribution.
Let X be the “change in rebound height of the ball”

Hypothesis:
( Ho ) null Hypothesis: X is N( 66.3, 23.7862 )

( HI ) alternative hypothesis: X is not N( 66.3, 23.7862)
36 | P a g e
CHI - SQU ( 𝜒 2 ) CALCULATION 2:
Calculating the Test Statistic
2 ( 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒−𝑒𝑥̄𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑)
𝑒𝑥̄𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑛
2 (O𝑖 −𝐸𝑖 )2
𝑖=1 𝐸𝑖
2 (14−10.44)2 (13−10.12)2 (10−12.84)2 (9−13.69)2 (8−12.28)2

𝜒𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 =( + + + + +
10.44 10.12 12.84 13.69 12.28
(7−9.25)2 (7−5.86)2
+
9.25 5.86
2
𝜒𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 1.21 + 0.82 + 0.63 + 1.61 + 1.49 + 0.55 + 0.22
2
𝜒𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 6.53
2 2
We test 𝜒𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 against 𝜒𝛼% (𝑣) at 5 % level of significance
2 2
𝜒𝛼% (𝑣) = 𝜒5% (4)
Calculating degrees of freedom or 𝑣: 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 3

𝑑𝑓 = 7 − 3
𝑑𝑓 = 4
but we had to estimate mean and variance so hence why it is 4
2
𝜒5% (4) = 9.488
37 | P a g e
Critical Region at 5 % level of significance
𝛼 = 5%
𝜒 2 = 9. .488
𝜒 2 = 6.53
At a 5% significance level, the critical value is 9.488

Since the calculations of observe statistical value is 6.53 which is lesser than the critical value of 9.488,
We must accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternate hypothesis that
X is N ( 66.3, 23.786^2)
With the results, the rebound height of a cricket ball can be fitted to a normal distribution.
38 | P a g e
Limitations
Throughout the investigation of searching whether or not the rebound height of a cricket ball
can be fitted to a normal distribution, various limitations may have affected the outcome of the results.
• One limitation of the data collected could be that the floor may/may not been
smoothed enough to get a straight rebound height
• Another limitation could be that not every recorded height isn’t accurate enough.
The data can be proved insufficient and inaccurate for those reasons.
• There can be parallax errors while taking the height of the ball when it is rebound.
• Lastly, there may be many other factors taking place when collecting the data. Especially
due to surroundings; external forces.
Those are the possible Limitations that can affect the outcome of the result and the validity of the
experiment.
Recommendations
In this Research. It is recommended that
1. Collecting data of a falling and rebounding of a ball should be done in a vacuum room with
sensors.
2. This Research to be done several times to get a more accurate answer.
Conclusion
This Research was successful in fitting the rebound of a Cricket ball into a Normal Distribution but it fail
to do so for the Dropping Height of a Cricket ball
39 | P a g e
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Internet Sources:
1. Weisstein, Eric W. "Normal Distribution." Retrieved on January 23rd, 2016 from MathWorld--A
Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/NormalDistribution.html
2. David M. “Introduction to Normal Distributions” Retrieved on January, 25th, 2015 from Online
Statbook website: http://onlinestatbook.com/2/normal_distribution/intro.html
3. Balasubramanian Narasimhan “The Normal Distribution”. Retrieved on February, 25th, 2016 from
Statweb stanford website:
http://statweb.stanford.edu/~naras/jsm/NormalDensity/NormalDensity.html
4. Wikipedia, (2016). Normal distribution. Retrieved on February, 1st , 2016 from the Wikipedia
website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_criminology
Book Sources:
1. A Level Mathematics by Duncan Graham, Christine Graham and Allan Whitcombe

2. Notes from Class
Programs Used:
• Microsoft Office 2016

Project N.SURENJANATH 2.0-Surenjanath

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Project N.SURENJANATH 2.0-Surenjanath

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Project N.SURENJANATH 2.0-Surenjanath

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ABSTRACT

Working 2.7 ............................................................................................................................................. 34

A normal distribution is a probability that

Raw Data in centimetre

𝚮𝒅 (𝒄𝒎) 𝚮𝒓 (𝒄𝒎) No. of Bounces 𝚮𝒅 (𝒄𝒎) 𝚮𝒓 (𝒄𝒎) No. of Bounces

Raw Data in centimetre ( Sorted (𝚮𝒅 ) Highest to Lowest )

Raw Data in centimetre ( Sorted (𝚮𝒓 ) Highest to Lowest )

(𝚮𝒅 ) (𝚮𝒓 ) Bounces (𝚮𝒅 ) (𝚮𝒓 ) Bounces

Range (cm) Frequency Cumulative frequency

Range Frequency Cumulative frequency

Table For Standard Deviation

CALCULATION 1.1 : TABLE 3.0 ON PAGE 13

CALCULATION 1.2 : TABLE 3.1 ON PAGE 13

CALCULATION 1.3 : COMPARING BOTH COEFFICIENT VARIATION VARIABLES OF THE SD

Dropping Height of each Test Rebound Height of each Test

Presentation College, San Fernando

Mr. David Akalloo

Chi Square for Dropping Height of ball

This will be done using excel

𝑋~𝑁( 118.47, (49.059)2 )

190 180 5 1.468 1.244 0.9290 0.8933 0.0357 2.68

Ok the table above is simply 𝑧2

Graph of Normal Distribution

Graph of Standardize Normal Distribution

Calculating the standardize with no X values

𝑃(𝑋1 < 𝑋 < 𝑋2 )

𝑃(𝑍1 < 𝑍 < 𝑍2 )

To find the z value

𝑃(𝑋1 < 𝑋 < 𝑋2 )

Calculating the standardize Z with negative values.

𝑃(𝑋1 < 𝑋 < 𝑋2 )

𝑃(𝑍2 > 𝑍 > 𝑍1 )

Classes for Frequencies

Observed Freq. Expected Freq. (O-E) (O-E)^2 (O-E)^2/E

9 6.09 2.91 8.468 1.39049261

11 7.74 3.26 10.628 1.37307494

9 10.87 -1.87 3.497 0.32170193

5 6.33 -1.33 1.760 0.2782109

8 11.28 -3.28 10.758 0.95375887

8 8.24 -0.24 0.058 0.00699029

12 6.69 5.31 28.243 4.22450025

Let X be the “change in ball dropped”

( Ho ) null Hypothesis: X is N( 118.467, 49.0592 )

CHI - SQU ( 𝜒 2 ) CALCULATION:

Calculating the Test Statistic

2 (9−6.09)2 (11−7.74)2 (9−10.87)2 (5−6.33)2 (5−6.64)2

Calculating degrees of freedom or 𝑣: 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 3

but we had to estimate mean and variance so hence why it is 4

To Find the chi square number

At a 5% significance level, the critical value is 9.488

Presentation College, San Fernando

Mr. David Akalloo

Chi Square for the rebound of a cricket ball

This will be done using excel

𝑋~𝑁( 66.3, (23.786)2 )

Height of ball Freq. Standardize Value of Z

110 100 1 1.858 1.396 0.9684 0.9187 0.0497 3.73

90 80 5 1.017 0.555 0.8455 0.7105 0.1350 10.12

Calculating the standardize with no X values

𝑃(𝑋1 < 𝑋 < 𝑋2 )