17/08/2020 HashMap Vs. ConcurrentHashMap Vs.

SynchronizedMap - How a HashMap can be Synchronized in Java • Crunchify

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HashMap Vs. ConcurrentHashMap Vs.

SynchronizedMap – How a HashMap can
be Synchronized in Java
Last Updated on August 3rd, 2018 by   App Shah    35 comments

 HashMap is a very powerful data structure in Java. We use it everyday and almost in all 
applications. There are quite a few examples which I have written before on How to
Implement Threadsafe cache, How to convert Hashmap to Arraylist?

We used Hashmap in both above examples but those are pretty simple use cases of
Hashmap. HashMap is a non-synchronized collection class.

Do you have any of below questions?

What’s the difference between ConcurrentHashMap and

Collections.synchronizedMap(Map)?
What’s the difference between ConcurrentHashMap and
Collections.synchronizedMap(Map) in term of performance?
ConcurrentHashMap vs Collections.synchronizedMap() 

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Popular HashMap and ConcurrentHashMap interview questions

In this tutorial we will go over all above queries and reason  why and how we could
Synchronize Hashmap?

Why?
The Map object is an associative containers that store elements, formed by a combination
of a uniquely identify key  and a mapped value . If you have very highly concurrent

application in which you may want to modify or read key value in different threads then it’s
ideal to use Concurrent Hashmap. Best example is Producer Consumer which handles
concurrent read/write.

So what does the thread-safe Map means? If multiple threads access a hash map

concurrently, and at least one of the threads modifies the map structurally, it must be
synchronized externally to avoid an inconsistent view of the contents.

How?
There are two ways we could synchronized HashMap

. Java Collections synchronizedMap() method

. Use ConcurrentHashMap

//Hashtable
Map<String, String> normalMap = new Hashtable<String, String>();

//synchronizedMap
synchronizedHashMap = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<String, String>());

//ConcurrentHashMap
concurrentHashMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, String>();

ConcurrentHashMap
You should use ConcurrentHashMap when you need very high concurrency in your
 
project.
It is thread safe without synchronizing the whole map .

Reads can happen very fast while write is done with a lock.
There is no locking at the object level.
The locking is at a much finer granularity at a hashmap bucket level.
ConcurrentHashMap doesn’t throw a ConcurrentModificationException if one
thread tries to modify it while another is iterating over it.
ConcurrentHashMap uses multitude of locks.

SynchronizedHashMap
Synchronization at Object level.
Every read/write operation needs to acquire lock. 

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Locking the entire collection is a performance overhead.

This essentially gives access to only one thread to the entire map & blocks all the
other threads.
It may cause contention.
SynchronizedHashMap returns Iterator , which fails-fast on concurrent modification.

Now let’s take a look at code

. Create class  CrunchifyConcurrentHashMapVsSynchronizedHashMap.java

. Create object for each HashTable, SynchronizedMap

and CrunchifyConcurrentHashMap

. Add and retrieve 500k entries from Map

. Measure start and end time and display time in milliseconds

. We will use ExecutorService to run 5 threads in parallel

Here is a Java code:

package crunchify.com.tutorials;

import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Hashtable;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

/**
* @author Crunchify.com
*
*/

public class CrunchifyConcurrentHashMapVsSynchronizedMap {

public final static int THREAD_POOL_SIZE = 5;

public static Map<String, Integer> crunchifyHashTableObject = null;

public static Map<String, Integer> crunchifySynchronizedMapObject = null;
public static Map<String, Integer> crunchifyConcurrentHashMapObject = null;
 
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {

// Test with Hashtable Object

crunchifyHashTableObject = new Hashtable<String, Integer>();
crunchifyPerformTest(crunchifyHashTableObject);

// Test with synchronizedMap Object

crunchifySynchronizedMapObject = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<Stri
crunchifyPerformTest(crunchifySynchronizedMapObject);

// Test with ConcurrentHashMap Object

crunchifyConcurrentHashMapObject = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Integer>();
crunchifyPerformTest(crunchifyConcurrentHashMapObject);

public static void crunchifyPerformTest(final Map<String, Integer> crunchifyThrea



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System.out.println("Test started for: " + crunchifyThreads.getClass());
long averageTime = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

long startTime = System.nanoTime();

ExecutorService crunchifyExServer = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(THREAD_P

for (int j = 0; j < THREAD_POOL_SIZE; j++) {

crunchifyExServer.execute(new Runnable() {
@SuppressWarnings("unused")
@Override
public void run() {

for (int i = 0; i < 500000; i++) {

Integer crunchifyRandomNumber = (int) Math.ceil(Math.rand

// Retrieve value. We are not using it anywhere

Integer crunchifyValue = crunchifyThreads.get(String.valu

// Put value
crunchifyThreads.put(String.valueOf(crunchifyRandomNumber
}
}
});
}

// Initiates an orderly shutdown in which previously submitted tasks are

// has no additional effect if already shut down.
// This method does not wait for previously submitted tasks to complete e
crunchifyExServer.shutdown();

// Blocks until all tasks have completed execution after a shutdown reque
// interrupted, whichever happens first.
crunchifyExServer.awaitTermination(Long.MAX_VALUE, TimeUnit.DAYS);

long entTime = System.nanoTime();

long totalTime = (entTime - startTime) / 1000000L;
averageTime += totalTime;
System.out.println("500K entried added/retrieved in " + totalTime + " ms"
}
System.out.println("For " + crunchifyThreads.getClass() + " the average time
}
}

shutdown() means the executor service takes no more incoming tasks.

awaitTermination() is invoked after a shutdown request.

 

And hence, you need to first shutdown the serviceExecutor and then block and wait for
threads to finish.

Eclipse Console Result:

Test started for: class java.util.Hashtable

500K entried added/retrieved in 1832 ms
500K entried added/retrieved in 1723 ms
500K entried added/retrieved in 1782 ms
500K entried added/retrieved in 1607 ms
500K entried added/retrieved in 1851 ms
For class java.util.Hashtable the average time is 1759 ms

Test started for: class java.util.Collections$SynchronizedMap

500K entried added/retrieved in 1923 ms 

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17/08/2020 HashMap Vs. ConcurrentHashMap Vs. SynchronizedMap - How a HashMap can be Synchronized in Java • Crunchify
500K entried added/retrieved in 2032 ms
500K entried added/retrieved in 1621 ms
500K entried added/retrieved in 1833 ms
500K entried added/retrieved in 2048 ms
For class java.util.Collections$SynchronizedMap the average time is 1891 ms

Test started for: class java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap

500K entried added/retrieved in 1068 ms
500K entried added/retrieved in 1029 ms
500K entried added/retrieved in 1165 ms
500K entried added/retrieved in 840 ms
500K entried added/retrieved in 1017 ms
For class java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap the average time is 1023 ms

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