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Collogative Properties: Vapor Pressure Lowering

This document discusses colligative properties of solutions, including vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, and freezing point depression. It defines Raoult's law, which states that vapor pressure of a solution is equal to the mole fraction of the solvent times the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. It also provides the equations for calculating boiling point elevation and freezing point depression based on molality. Sample problems are given to demonstrate calculating vapor pressure of a solution, boiling point of a solution, and molal boiling point constant.

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Junell Tadina
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117 views3 pages

Collogative Properties: Vapor Pressure Lowering

This document discusses colligative properties of solutions, including vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, and freezing point depression. It defines Raoult's law, which states that vapor pressure of a solution is equal to the mole fraction of the solvent times the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. It also provides the equations for calculating boiling point elevation and freezing point depression based on molality. Sample problems are given to demonstrate calculating vapor pressure of a solution, boiling point of a solution, and molal boiling point constant.

Uploaded by

Junell Tadina
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COLLOGATIVE PROPERTIES

 Some physical properties of solutions are qualitatively similar to but are quantitatively different from those of
pure solvents.
 EXAMPLE: water and salt solution have properties like boiling point but quantitatively their boiling points are
different.

VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING


 The vapor pressure of pure solvent is higher than the vapor pressure of solution.

• RAOULT’S LAW – states that at constant temperature, the vapor pressure of the solution, PA, is equal to the
mole fraction of the solvent, XA, times the vapor pressure of the pure solvent, PA°.
PA = XA PA°
(Psolution = Xsovent ● Psolvent)

EXAMPLE: 30g of glucose (C6H12O6) is dissolved in 500 mL of water t 25°C. What is the vapor pressure of the
solution? (The vapor pressure of water is 23.8 torr at 25°C and the density of water is 1g/mL)

SOLUTION:
Given: Vapor Pressure of solvent (PA°) = 23.8 torr mole fraction of the solvent (XA) = ?

A. Solve for the mole fraction of the solvent X nH 2O


H 2 O=¿ ¿
X nH 2O
nH 2O +ng
H 2 O=¿ ¿
nH 2O +ng

X 27.75
500 mL 1 g 1 mol H 2 O=¿
27.75+0.1665
=0.99 4 ¿
(Water) X X =27.75 mol
1 mL 18.02 g
B. Calculate the Vapor pressure
30 g 1mol
(Glucose) X =0.1665 mol Psolution = Xsovent ● Psolvent
1 18 0.156 g
Psolution =( 0.994 ) ( 23.8 )=23.66torr

BOILING POINT ELEVATION


 Adding a nonvolatile solute to the pure solvent lowers the vapor pressure of the solution at any given
temperature so it follows that a solution must be heated to a higher temperature than that of a pure solvent in
order to boil.
 The boiling point elevation of a solution, ΔTb, is directly proportional to the number of solute particles. For dilute
solutions, ΔTb, is proportional to molality.
ΔTb = Kbm
 Kb - molal boiling point elevation constant

Boiling point Elevation (Kb) and freezing point Depression Constants (Kf) for Some Solvents

Solvent Boiling point (°C) K (°C kg/mol) Freezing Point (°C) K (°C kg/mol) or
b f
or (°C/m) (°C/m)

Water (H O) 100.00 0.52 0 1.86


2
Carbon tetrachloride 76.5 5.03 -22.99 30.0
(CCl)
Chloroform (CHCl 61.2 3.63 -63.5 4.70
3)

Benzene (C H ) 80.1 2.53 5.5 5.12


6 6

Carbon disulfide (CS ) 46.2 2.34 -111.5 3.83


2

Di ethyl ether (C H O) 34.5 2.02 -116.2 1.79


4 10

Camphor (C H O) 208.0 5.95 179.8 40.0


10 16

EXAMPLE: 20g of NaOH was dissolved in 200g of water. Calculate the boiling of the solution. The K b for water is 0.52

SOLUTION:
∆ T b=K b m

A. Solve for the molality


20 g NaOH 1 mol NaOH 1
x x =2.5 m
1 40 g NaOH 0.2kg

B. Substitute
∆ T b=K b m
∆ T b=( 0.52° C/m ) ( 2.5 m) =1.3° C

C. Add ∆ T b to the normal boiling point of water


∆ T b , solution=100 ° C +∆ T b ( 1.3° C ) =101.3° C

Based on the equation above, the boiling temperature of the solution is higher than that of the pure solvent.

PRACTICE PROBLEM:
1. Calculate the vapour pressure of a solution made by dissolving 82.4g of urea (CH 4N2O) in 212mL of water at
35°C. What is the vapour pressure lowering of water at 35°C is 42.18 mm Hg.
2. 31.65g of sodium chloride (NaCl) is added to 220g of water. Calculate the boiling of the solution. The K b for
water is 0.52
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