MTCC5020: DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

Lecture 1
Design Loads

Dr. Morsaleen Chowdhury

Civil Engineering & Quantity Surveying
Military Technological College
 MTCC5020: DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

Lecture Outline

 Introduction
 Design philosophy, limit state design, design codes.
 Types of Loads
 Dead, live, snow, lateral, load configurations.
 Load Paths
 Load Factors of Safety
 Factors for SLS and ULS, load cases.
 Example 1, Example 2
 Tributary Area
 Square floors, 1-way and 2-way slabs.
 Example 3
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Introduction to
Structural Engineering
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Structural Engineering

 Structural Engineering is the…

the science and art of designing and constructing buildings,
bridges, roads, airports, and many other infrastructures,
with economy and elegance, so that they safely resist the
forces to which they are subjected to…
 Structural Engineers are primarily involved in two major fields:
 Structural Analysis
 Structural Design
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 Structural Analysis is the study of the loads on physical structures and

the ‘response’ of each of its elements
 Some of the responses that engineers need to study are:
 Deflections
 Axial Forces
 Shear Forces
 Moments
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 Structural Design is the process of determining the location, material,

and size of the ‘structural elements’
 Structural elements or members include:
 Primary Beam
 Secondary Beam
 Column
 Slab
 Foundation
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Structural Design Philosophy

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Limit State Design

 Limit State Design (LSD) is a design method or analysis used in

structural engineering
 The ‘limit state’ refers to the condition of the structure when it
can no longer satisfy the service requirements
 LSD requires the structure to satisfy two principal criteria:
 Ultimate Limit State
 Serviceability Limit State
 The aim of this analysis is to ensure that neither limiting state
will appear in the structure during it entire service life
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Ultimate Limit State

 Ultimate Limit State is related to the maximum capacity of the

structure under ‘extreme’ loading conditions
 Design criteria: Strength, Safety, Stability and Durability
 General design equation:
 Reduce the capacity (φ - reduction factor)
 Increase the design loads
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Ultimate Limit State

 ‘Loads’: uniformly distributed loads (UDL) or concentrated loads

 ‘Load effects’ are the resultant forces on the structure: Axial

Force N*, Shear Force V* and Bending Moment M*
 Structural Analysis
 Capacity is the strength of the structure: Axial Capacity φNu,
Shear Capacity φVu and Bending Moment Capacity φMu
 Structural Design
 The specific design equation for each case MUST be satisfied:
 Axial Force: φNu ≥ N*
 Shear Force: φVu ≥ V*
 Bending Moment: φMu ≥ M*
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Serviceability Limit State

 Serviceability Limit State is related to the capacity of the

structure under ‘normal (everyday)’ loading conditions
 Design criteria: Deformation, Vibrations and Cracks
 For most buildings, controlling deflections will also limit
vibrations & cracks
 Need to consider stiffness rather than strength
 Deflection limits for beams:
 Appearance (sagging), fitness for
purpose (machinery, pipes),
structural (avoid unintended load
paths)
 Need to define acceptable
Deflection Limit!
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Structural Design Codes

 A guideline is needed to design a structure in satisfaction of

Ultimate & Serviceability Limit States, e.g.:
 Design loads & load factors
 Capacity (strength) & reduction factors
 Deflection limits
 Structural Design Codes provide a basis for designing all types
of structures, e.g. international standards:
 Australia – e.g. AS3600, AS4100
 America – e.g. AISC 360-10, ACI 318
 Europe – Eurocodes
 This Module will focus on the Eurocodes for the design of
structural elements
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Eurocodes
There are 10 specific Eurocodes:
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Eurocodes

 Each Eurocode may consist of several parts, e.g. EN1991

Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures
 EN1991-1-1: Densities, Self-Weight, Imposed Loads for Buildings
 EN1991-1-2: Actions on Structures Exposed to Fire
 EN1991-1-3: General Actions – Snow Loads
 This Module will apply the following Eurocodes:
 EN1990: Basis of Structural Design
 EN1991-1-1: Densities, Self-Weight, Imposed Loads for Buildings
 EN1992-1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings (Concrete)
 EN1993-1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings (Steel)
 MUST have a copy of each of these Eurocodes!
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Types of Loads
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Types of Loads

 Design loads that need to be considered in Eurocode 1

EN1991-1-1 can be categorized into:
 G – Dead Load
 Q – Live Load due to UDL or PL
 W – Live Load due to Wind
 S – Live Load due to Snow
 E – Live Load due to Earthquake
 The structure must be adequately designed so as to safely
withstand all of these loads
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Dead Loads

 Dead Loads are loads that are permanent (fixed):

 Always act vertically on the structure
 Self-Weight – weight of the actual structural members
 Superimposed – objects that are permanently attached to the
structure (floors, roofs, decks)
 Concrete slab, stationary equipment, partitions, etc.
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Live Loads

 Live Loads are loads that change with time or can move:
 People, furniture, and occupancy
 Any Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) or Point Load (PL) on top of
the slab
 Movable equipment, snow, rain, wind, impact, earthquake
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Snow Loads

 Snow Loads are loads developed due to heavy snow fall:

 Forces of accumulated snow on a roof
 Load values are usually specified in building codes
 Depends on e.g. location, exposure to wind, roof slope
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Lateral Loads

 Lateral Loads are loads that act horizontally to the structure:

 Wind Loads
 Earthquake Loads
 Flood or Rain Water Loads
 Soil Pressure Loads
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Load Configuations

 Types of loads applied to structures:

 Types of actions exerted on structural members:

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Load Paths
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Load Paths

 The Load Path is the term used to describe the actual path that
a load travels through the structural system
 Every structure MUST have a load path to transfer the applied
loads SAFELY to the foundation
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 The load path for a typical multi-storey building:

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 The load path for a typical underground car park:

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 Different structures have different load paths

 Some structures have only one load path
 Some have several – redundancy (extra)
 Redundancy is very important to the structural stability!
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Design Load Factors

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Load Factors for ULS

 EN1990, Section 6.4 – Ultimate Limit State (ULS) examples of load

combination using Eq. 6.10:

1. Dead Load 1.35G

2. Dead Load + Live Load 1.35G +1.5Q
3. Dead Load + Live Load + Wind Load 1.35G + 1.5Q + 1.5×0.6×W
4. Dead Load + Live Load + Snow Load 1.35G + 1.5Q + 1.5×0.5×S
 From EN1990, Annex A1 – Table A1.1
 Domestic, residential, office, congregation, shopping areas Ψ0 = 0.7
 Storage areas Ψ0 = 1.0, Wind Load Ψ0 = 0.6, Snow Load Ψ0 = 0.5
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Load Factors for SLS

 EN1990, Section 6.5 – Serviceability Limit State (SLS) :
 EN1990, Section 6.5, Eq.6.14 – Characteristic Combination :
 Irreversible limit states, i.e. where the results of loads exceeding the
specified service requirements remain after the loads are removed

 Factor for ‘combination’ value of Imposed Load: Ψ0 (Table A1.1)

 EN1990, Section 6.5, Eq. 6.15 – Frequent Combination:
 Used for frequent loading cases and reversible limit states:

 Factor for ‘frequent’ value of Imposed Load: Ψ1

 Factor for ‘quasi-permanent’ value of Imposed Load: Ψ2
 EN1990, Section 6.5, Eq. 6.16 – Quasi-permanent Combination:
 Used for long-term effects, e.g. checking cracking or deflection
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EN 1990, Annex A1 – Table A1.1

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Load Cases

 Simply Supported Beam • The Dead Load 1.35G is applied on the

whole structure because of its self-
 LOAD CASE 1 weight
• The Live Load 1.5Q is applied to a part
or the whole structure
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Load Cases

 Overhanging Beam
 LOAD CASE 1

 LOAD CASE 2

 LOAD CASE 3
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Load Cases

 Continuous Beam
 LOAD CASE 1

 LOAD CASE 2
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Example 1

The figure shows a 4m long simply supported beam shown. The beam
is to carry a self-weight UDL of 25 kN/m, a concentrated dead load of
40 kN at the mid-span, and a distributed UDL live load of 10 kN/m.

(a) Calculate the design loads of w and P for the ultimate limit state (ULS).
(b) Draw the shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram (BMD).
(c) What are the maximum design shear force and bending moment?
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Example 1 (Solution)
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Example 2

The continuous beam below supports a uniformly distributed load. The

self-weight is 25 kN/m and the live load is 10 kN/m.

(a) Analyze the different load cases for the continuous beam.
(b) Draw the SFD and BMD for each load case.
(c) From part (b), develop the SFD and BMD envelops.
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Example 2 (Solution)

* Region of max. moment,

sagging or hogging
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Example 2 (Solution)

SFD envelope
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Example 2 (Solution)

BMD envelope
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Tributary Area
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Tributary Area

 The distribution of the floor loads on the beams is based on the

geometric configuration of the beams forming the grid

Load distribution for a typical office floor

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Square Floor

 Case 1: Square Floor System

 All the edge beams will support the same triangular load
 The area of the slab portion that is supported by a particular beam
is called the Tributary Area
Load Distribution:
• Weight density of concrete slab γ=24kN/m3
• Length of beam L
• Pressure distribution of slab ω= γt,
t=thickness of slab
• Height of the triangular load is ωL/2

Concrete Slab
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1-Way Slab

 Case 2: 1-Way Rectangular Floor System

 The floor is supported by two longer beams length LB and two
shorter beams length Ls
 If LB/Ls > 2, then the load is only carried by the longer beams
 This is called a 1-Way Slab

Load Distribution:
• Weight density of concrete slab γ=24kN/m3
• Length of beam LB
• Pressure distribution of slab ω= γt,
t=thickness of slab
• Height of the uniform load is ωLs/2
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2-Way Slab

 Case 3: 2-Way Rectangular Floor System

 The floor is supported by two longer beams length LB and two
shorter beams length Ls
 If LB/Ls ≤ 2, the longer beams will carry a trapezoidal load
distribution and the shorter beams will carry a triangular load
 This is called a 2-Way Slab
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Example 3

A typical office floor structure is shown with the concrete slab, steel
beam, and steel column. The floor needs to carry the following loads:
 Live load = 4 kPa;
 Superimposed dead load = 1 kPa
 Slab thickness = 225 mm; Density of concrete slab = 2400 kg/m3;
 Density of steel beams = 7850 kg/m3; Ψ1 = 0.5, Ψ2 = 0.3.

(a) Calculate Design loads on beams B1 and B2 for the ULS and SLS.
(b) Draw the SFD and BMD for each load case.
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Example 3 (Solution)
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Example 3 (Solution)
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End Lecture