IoT BASED AIR & SOUND POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction:

Increasing of air and sound pollution is the main growing issue these days. It is
necessary to monitor and keep it under control in order to save our health and environment.
IOT getting popular day by day because it has flexibility and low cost.Increasing of
urbanization and vehicles use on road atmospheric conditions have considerably affected
harmful effects of pollution include mild allergic reactions such as irritation of throat, eyes,
ears and nose as well as some serious problems like heart diseases, pneumonia, lung and
asthma. Here we propose an air quality as well as sound pollution monitoring system that
allows us to monitor and check live air quality as well as sound pollution in an area through
IoT. This system uses air quality and sound sensors to sense presence of harmful
gases/compounds in the air and sound levels in the surrounding areas and constantly
transmit this data. Also, system keeps measuring sound level and reports it.

1.2 LiteratureSurvey:

In[1] In this project we are going to make an IOT Based Air Pollution Monitoring
System in which we will monitor the Air Quality over a web server using internet and will
trigger a alarm when the air quality goes down beyond a certain level, means when there are
sufficient amount of harmful gases are present in the air like CO2, smoke, alcohol, benzene
and NH3. It will show the air quality in PPM on the LCD and as well as on webpage so that
we can monitor it very easily.Previously we have built the LPG detector using MQ6 sensor
and Smoke detector using MQ2 sensor but this time we have used MQ135 sensor which is
the best choice for monitoring Air Quality as it can detects most harmful gases and can
measure their amount accurately. In this IOT project, you can monitor the pollution level
from anywhere using your computer or mobile. We can install this system anywhere and
can also trigger some device when pollution goes beyond some level, like we can switch on
the Exhaust fan or can send alert SMS/mail to theuser.

In[2]The level of pollution has increased with times by lot of factors like the increase
in population, increased vehicle use, industrialization and urbanization which results in
harmful effects on human wellbeing by directly affecting health of population exposed to it.
In order to monitor In this project we are going to make an IOT Based Air Pollution

Department of ECE, JNTUCEA 1

IoT BASED AIR & SOUND POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM

Monitoring System in which we will monitor the Air Quality over a web server using
internet and will trigger a alarm when the air qualitygoesdown beyond a certain level,
means when there are sufficient amount of harmful gases are present in the air like CO2,
smoke, alcohol, benzene and NH3. It will show the air quality in PPM on the LCD and as
well as on webpage so that we can monitor it very easily. we have used MQ135 sensor
which is the best choice for monitoring Air Quality as it can detects most harmful gases and
can measure their amount accurately. In this IOT project, you can monitor the pollution
level from anywhere using your computer or mobile. We can install this system anywhere
and can also trigger some device when pollution goes beyond some level, like we can switch
on the Exhaust fan or can send alert SMS/mail to theuser.

In[3]The level of pollution has increased with times by lot of factors like the increase
in population, increased vehicle use, industrialization and urbanization which results in
harmful effects on human wellbeing by directly affecting health of population exposed to it.
In IOT Based Air Pollution Monitoring System the Air Quality is measured over a web
server using internet and will trigger a alarm when the air quality goes down beyond a
certain level, means when there are sufficient amount of harmful gases are present in the air
like CO2, smoke ,alcohol, benzene and NH3.It will show the air quality in PPM on the LCD
and as well as on webpage so that we can monitor it very easily.MQ135 sensor which is the
best choice for monitoring Air Quality as it can detects most harmfulgases and can measure
their amount accurately.The pollution level can be monitored anywhere using computer or
mobile. Install this system anywhere and can also trigger some device when pollution goes
beyond some level, like it can switch on the Exhaust fan or can send alert.

In[4] The level of pollution has increased with times by lot of factors like the increase
in population, increased vehicle use, industrialization and urbanization which results in
harmful effects on human wellbeing by directly affecting health of population exposed to it.
In order to monitor In this project we are going to make an IOT Based Air Pollution
Monitoring System in which we will monitor the Air Quality over a web server using
internet and will trigger a alarm when the air quality goes down beyond a certain level,
means when there are sufficient amount of harmful gases are present in theair like CO2,
smoke, alcohol, benzene and NH3. It will show the air quality in PPM on the LCD and as
well as on webpage so that we can monitor it very easily. In this IOT project, you can
monitor the pollution level from anywhere using your computer ormobile.

Department of ECE, JNTUCEA 2

IoT BASED AIR & SOUND POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM

In[5] Air and sound pollution is growing issue these days. It is necessary to monitor
air quality for a better future and healthy living for all. In this paper, we propose an air
quality as well as sound pollution monitoring system that allows us to monitor and check
live air quality as well as sound pollution in particular area through IoT. It uses air sensors
to sense the harmful gases like NH 3, Benzene, smoke and CO2. Also system keeps
measuring sound level and reports it to the online server over IoT. The main aim of the
paper is to monitor air pollution in different areas and we can keep a watch on noise
pollution.

In[6] The pollution of air and sound is increasing abruptly. To bring it under control
its monitoring is majorly recommended. To overcome this issue, we are introducing a
system through which the level of sound and the existence of the harmful gases in the
surroundings can be detected. The growing pollution at such an alarming rate has started
creating trouble for the living beings, may it be high decibels or toxic gases present in the
environment leaves a harmful effect on human’s health and thus needs a special attention.
This monitored data can be obtained from remote location without actually visiting it due to
the access of internet. The framework of this monitoring system is based on combination or
collaboration of affective distributed sensing units and information system for data
composition. The role of IoT is the new concept used in air and sound pollution
measurement, which allows data access from remotelocations.

1.3 Problem Statement:

During past decades, as result of civilization and urbanization there is a huge
grown in polluting environment, open burning of refuse and leaves, Massive
quantities of construction waste, substantial loss of forests and vehicles on roads that
gives rise to health endangering pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly
monitor and report the hazardous impacts from air and sound pollution. To monitor
the quality of air and sound levels, a new framework is proposed that monitors the
parameters of the environment around us such as CO, CO2, NH3 and CH4. Pollution
monitoring system used to measure the amount of pollution level in our environment.
By measuring those values awareness can be created among public to controlthem.

Department of ECE, JNTUCEA 3

1.4 Objective of theProject:
The fundamental objective of air quality and sound pollution monitoring is to
collect data that can be used to make informed decisions to best manage and improve
the environment. This section describes an approach for developing an air quality and
sound pollution monitoring strategy.

1.5 Organization of the Project:

Chapter 1: Introduction: In this Chapter, Introduction of the air& s o u n d

pollution monitoring system, literature survey, problem statement and objective of the
projectare explained.

Chapter2: MajorComponent Description: In this Chapter, we have discussed

about components used for implementing the project.

Chapter3: Existing and Proposed Technologies: In this Chapter, existing and

proposed models of the air and sound pollution monitoring system are explained.

Chapter4: Results and Discussion: In this Chapter, we have discussed about the
experimental model and working procedure of the system.

Chapter 5: Conclusion: In this Chapter, Conclusion and future scope of the project are
discussed.
 CHAPTER-2

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
2.1 Introduction

In this Chapter we have discussed about the components used for implementing
this project. The development board we have used for this project is NODEMCU
ESP8266. It is a cost-effective WiFi module that supports both TCP/IP
and microcontrollers. It runs at 3V with maximum voltage range around 3.6V. More
often than not, it also comes under name ESP8266 Wireless Transceiver. In order to
monitor the quality of air in the atomosphere we have used MQ 135 sensor and to
monitor the sound levels we have used Sound sensor. All these parameters are
monitored using a virtual platform which will be discussed in upcoming chapters.

2.2 Major Components

i. NODEMCU

ii. MQ135 Air Quality Sensor

iii. LED’S

iv. Jumperwires

NODEMCU
 Fig:2.1 NODEMCU ESP-12 Development
Kit

The ESP8266 is the name of the micro-controller designed by Espressif

systems. The ESP-8266 itself is a self-contained Wi-Fi networking solution
offering as a bridge from existing micro controller to Wi-Fi and is also
capable of running self-contained applications.

This module comes with a built in USB connector and a rich

assortment of pin- outs. With a micro USB cable, you connect NodeMCU
devkit to your laptop and flash it without any trouble, just like arduino. It is
also immediately breadboard friendly.
 ESP8266 ArduinoCore
As Arduino.cc began developing new MCU boards based on non-AVR processors
like the ARM/SAM MCU and used in the Arduino Due, they needed to modify
the Arduino IDE so that it would be relatively easy to change the IDE to support alternate
toolchains to allow Arduino C/C++ to be compiled for these new processors. They did
this with the introduction of the Board Manager and the SAM Core. A "core" is the
collection of software components required by the Board Manager and the Arduino IDE
to compile an Arduino C/C++ source file for the target MCU's machine language. Some
ESP8266 enthusiasts developed an Arduino core for the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC, popularly
called the "ESP8266 Core for the Arduino IDE". [16]This has become a leading software
development platform for the various ESP8266-based modules and development boards,
includingNodeMCUs.

2.2 Specifications

 Voltage :3.3v.

 Wi-Fidirect(P2P),soft-AP.

 Current consumption :10uA~170mA.

 Flash memory attachable : 16 MB max (512Knormal).

 Integrated TCP/IP protocolstack.

 Processor :tensilica L10632-bit.

 Processor speed :80~160MHz.

 RAM : 32K+80K.

 GPIOs: 17(multiplexed with otherfunctions).

 Analog to digital; 1 input with 1024 stepresolution.

 +19.5dBm output power in 802.11b mode.

 802.11 support;b/g/n.

 Maximum concurrent TCP connections ;5.

MQ GasSensors
List of MQSensors
Table:2.1 List of MQ Sensors

Sensor Name Gas to Measure

MQ-2 Methane, Butane, LPG, Smoke

MQ-3 Alcohol, Ethanol, Smoke

MQ-4 Methane, CNG Gas

MQ-5 Natural gas, LPG

MQ-6 LPG, butane

MQ-7 Carbon Monoxide

MQ-8 Hydrogen Gas

MQ-9 Carbon Monoxide, flammable gasses

MQ131 Ozone

MQ135 Air Quality

MQ136 Hydrogen Sulphide gas

MQ137 Ammonia

MQ138 Benzene, Toluene, Alcohol, Propane, Formaldehyde gas,

Hydrogen

MQ214 Methane, Natural Gas

MQ216 Natural gas, Coal Gas

MQ303A Alcohol, Ethanol, smoke

MQ306A LPG, butane

MQ307A Carbon Monoxide

MQ309A Carbon Monoxide, flammable gas

2
.
3
.
2

MQ2 GasSensor
Give your next Arduino project a nose for gasses with the MQ2 Gas Sensor
Module. This is a robust Gas sensor suitable for sensing LPG, Smoke, Alcohol,
Propane, Hydrogen, Methane and Carbon Monoxide concentrations in the air. If you
are planning on creating an indoor air quality monitoring system; breath checker or
early fire detection system, MQ2 Gas Sensor Module is a great choice.

MQ2 Gas sensor works on 5V DC and draws around 800mW. It can detect
LPG, Smoke, Alcohol, Propane, Hydrogen, Methane and Carbon Monoxide
concentrations anywhere from 200 to 10000ppm.

What is MQ2 GasSensor?

MQ2 is one of the commonly used gas sensors in MQ sensor series. It is a

Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) type Gas Sensor also known as Chemiresistors as
the detection is based upon change of resistance of the sensing material when the Gas
comes in contact with the material. Using a simple voltage divider network,
concentrations of gas can be detected.

Selecting between Sensor andModule

When it comes to measuring or detecting a particular Gas the MQ series Gas

sensors are the most inexpensive and commonly used ones. MQ135 is available as a
module or as just the sensor alone. If you are trying to only detect (not measuring
PPM) the presence of a gas then you can buy it as a module since it comes with an op-
amp comparator and a digital output pin. But if you planning to measure the PPM of a
gas it is recommend buying the sensor alone withoutmodule.

MQ3 GasSensor
The Grove - Gas Sensor(MQ3) module is useful for gas leakage detection (in
home and industry). It is suitable for detecting Alcohol, Benzene, CH4, Hexane, LPG,
CO. Due to its high sensitivity and fast response time, measurements can be taken as
soon as possible. The sensitivity of the sensor can be adjusted by using the
potentiometer

Features

 High sensitivity to alcohol and small sensitivity toBenzene

 Stable and longlife

 Fast response and Highsensitivity

MQ7 GasSensor
Sensitive material of MQ-7 gas sensor is SnO2, which with lower conductivity
in clean air. It makedetection by method of cycle high and low temperature, and detect
CO when low temperature (heated by 1.5V). The sensor’s conductivity is more higher
along with the gas concentration rising. When high temperature (heated by 5.0V), it
cleans the other gases adsorbed under low temperature. Please use simple electro
circuit, Convert change of conductivity to correspond output signal of gas
concentration. MQ-7 gas sensor has high sensitityto Carbon Monoxide. The sensor
could be used to detect different gases contains CO, it is with low cost and suitable for
differentapplication.

Character

*Good sensitivity to Combustible gas in wide range

* High sensitivity to Naturalgas

* Long life and lowcost

* Simple drive circuitApplication

* Domestic gas leakagedetector

* Industrial COdetector

* Portable gas detector

MQ-135 GasSensor
Where to use MQ-135 GasSensor

The MQ-135 Gas sensors are used in air quality control equipment’s and are
suitable for detecting or measuring of NH3, NOx, Alcohol, Benzene, Smoke, CO2.
The MQ-135 sensor module comes with a Digital Pin which makes this sensor to
operate even without a microcontroller and that comes in handy when you are only
trying to detect one particular gas. If you need to measure the gases in PPM the
analog pin needto be used. The analog pin is TTL driven and works on 5V and so can
be used with most commonmicrocontrollers.
 If you are looking for a sensor to detect or measure common air quality gases
such as CO2, Smoke, NH3, NOx, Alcohol, Benzene then this sensor might be the
right choice foryou.

How to use MQ-135 Sensors to Detect Gases

You can either use the digital pin or the analog pin to do this. Simply power
the module with 5V and you should notice the power LED on the module to glow and
when no gas it detected the output LED will remain turned off meaning the digital
output pin will be 0V. Remember that these sensors have to be kept on for pre-heating
time (mentioned in features above) before you can actually work with it. Now,
introduce the sensor to the gas you want to detect and you should see the output LED
to go high along with the digital pin, if not use the potentiometer until the output gets
high. Now every time your sensor gets introduced to this gas at this particular
concentration the digital pin will go high (5V) else will remain low(0V).

You can also use the analog pin to achieve the same thing. Read the analog
values (0-5V) using a microcontroller, this value will be directly proportional to the
concentration of the gas to which the sensor detects. You can experiment with this
values and check how the sensor reacts to different concentration of gas and develop
your program accordingly.

How to use MQ-135 Sensor to MeasurePPM

MQ-135 gas sensor applies SnO2 which has a higher resistance in the clear air
as a gas-sensing material. When there is an increase in polluting gases, the resistance
of the gas sensor decreases along with that. To measure PPM using MQ-135 sensor
we need to look into the (Rs/Ro) v/s PPM graph taken from the MQ135datasheet.
 Fig:2.2 MQ135 Data Sheet

The above figure shows shows the typical sensitivity characteristics of the
MQ-135 for several gases. in their: Temp: 20, Humidity: 65%, O2 concentration 21%,
RL=20kΩ,

Ro: sensor resistance at 100ppm of NH3 in the clean air.

Rs:sensor resistance at various concentrations of gases.

The value of Ro is the value of resistance in fresh air (or the air with we are
comparing) and the value of Rs is the value of resistance in Gas concentration. First
you should calibrate the sensor by finding the values of Ro in fresh air and then use
that value to find Rs using the below formula:
 Once we calculate Rs and Ro we can find the ratio and then using the graph
shown above we can calculate the equivalent value of PPM for that particular gas.

MQ-135 SensorFeatures

 Wide detectingscope

 Fast response and Highsensitivity

 Stable and longlife

 Operating Voltage is+5V

 Detect/Measure NH3, NOx, alcohol, Benzene, smoke, CO2,etc.

 Analog output voltage: 0V to5V

 Digital output voltage: 0V or 5V (TTLLogic)

 Preheat duration 20seconds

 Can be used as a Digital or analogsensor

 The Sensitivity of Digital pin can be varied using thepotentiometer

MQ137 gassensor
The MQ-137 Gas sensor can detect or measure gasses like Ammonia (NH3)
and Carbon Mono-oxide (CO). The module version of this sensor comes with a
Digital Pin which makes this sensor to operate even without a microcontroller and
that comes in handy when you are only trying to detect one particular gas. When it
comes to measuring the gas in ppm the analog pin has to be used, the analog pin is
also TTL driven and works on 5V and hence can be used with most common
microcontrollers.

Soif you are looking for a sensor to detect or measure Ammonia or CO with or
without a microcontroller then this sensor might be the right choice foryou.

MQ-137 SensorFeatures

 Operating Voltage is+5V

 Can be used to Measure Ammonia, Carbonmonoxide

 Analog output voltage: 0V to5V

 Digital Output Voltage: 0V or 5V (TTLLogic)

 Preheat duration over 24hours

 Can be used as a Digital or analogsensor

 The Sensitivity of Digital pin can be varied using thepotentiometer

LED’ S(Light Emitting Diode)
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light
when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine
with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is
called electroluminescence.[5]The colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of
the photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band
gap of the semiconductor.[6]White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors
or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductordevice.[7]

Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs

emitted low-intensity infrared light.[8]Infrared LEDs are used in remote-control
circuits, such as those used with a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first
visible-light LEDs were of low intensity and limited to red. Modern LEDs are
available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with high light
output.

Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps, replacing small incandescent
bulbs, and in seven-segment displays. Recent developments have produced white-
light LEDs suitable for room lighting. LEDs have led to new displays and sensors,
while their high switching rates are useful in advanced communications technology.

LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower
energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and
faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as aviation
lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera
flashes, lighted wallpaper and medical devices.

Unlike a laser, the color of light emitted from an LED is neither coherent nor
monochromatic, but the spectrum is narrow with respect to human vision, and
functionally monochromatic.

TYPES OFLEDS

LEDs are made in different packages for different applications. A single or a

few LED junctions may be packed in one miniature device for use as an indicator or
pilot lamp.An LED array may include controlling circuits within the same package,
which may range from a simple resistor, blinking or color changing control, or an
addressable controller for RGB devices. Higher-powered white-emitting devices will
be mounted on heat sinks and will be used for illumination. Alphanumeric displays in
 dot matrix or bar formats are widely available. Special packages permit connection of
LEDs to optical fibers for high-speed data communication links.

Miniature

Photo of miniature surface mountLEDs in most common sizes. They can be

much smaller than a traditional 5 mm lamp type LED, shown on the upper left corner.

These are mostly single-die LEDs used as indicators, and they come in various

sizes from 2 mm to 8 mm, through-hole and surface mount packages .[97]Typical

current ratings range from around 1 mA to above 20 mA. Multiple LED dies attached
to a flexible backing tape form an LED strip light.

Common package shapes include round, with a domed or flat top, rectangular
with a flat top (as used in bar-graph displays), and triangular or square with a flat top.
The encapsulation may also be clear or tinted to improve contrast and viewing angle.

Fig. No. 2.3: LEDs

Infrared devices may have a black tint to block visible light while passing infrared
radiation.

Ultra-high-output LEDs are designed for viewing in direct sunlight5 V and 12

V LEDs are ordinary miniature LEDs that have a series resistor for direct connection
to a 5 V or 12 V supply.

Advantages
 Efficiency: LEDs emit more lumens per watt than incandescent light bulbs.[115]The
efficiency of LED lighting fixtures is not affected by shape and size, unlike
fluorescent light bulbs ortubes.

 Color: LEDs can emit light of an intended color without using any color filters as
traditional lighting methods need. This is more efficient and can lower initialcosts.

 Size: LEDs can be very small (smaller than 2 mm2[116]) and are easily attached to
printed circuitboards.

 Warmup time: LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED achieves full
brightness in under a microsecond. LEDs used in communications devices can have
even faster responsetimes.

 Cycling: LEDs are ideal for uses subject to frequent on-off cycling, unlike
incandescent and fluorescent lamps that fail faster when cycled often, or high-intensity
discharge lamps (HID lamps) that require a long time beforerestarting.

 Dimming: LEDs can very easily be dimmed either by pulse-width modulation or

lowering the forward current. This pulse-width modulation is why LED lights,
particularly headlights on cars, when viewed on camera or by some people, seem to
flash or flicker. This is a type of stroboscopiceffect.

 Cool light: In contrast to most light sources, LEDs radiate very little heat in the form
of IR that can cause damage to sensitive objects or fabrics. Wasted energy is dispersed
as heat through the base of theLED.

 Slow failure: LEDs mainly fail by dimming over time, rather than the abrupt failure
of incandescentbulbs.

 Lifetime: LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. One report estimates 35,000 to
50,000 hours of useful life, though time to complete failure may be shorter or
longer. Fluorescent tubes typically are rated at about 10,000 to 25,000 hours,
depending partly on the conditions of use, and incandescent light bulbs at 1,000 to
2,000 hours. Several DOE demonstrations have shown that reduced maintenance costs
from this extended lifetime, rather than energy savings, is the primary factor in
determining the payback period for an LEDproduct.
 Shock resistance: LEDs, being solid-state components, are difficult to damage with
external shock, unlike fluorescent and incandescent bulbs, which arefragile.[122]
 Focus: The solid package of the LED can be designed to focus its light. Incandescent
and fluorescent sources often require an external reflector to collect light and direct it
in a usable manner. For larger LED packages total internal reflection (TIR) lenses are
often used to the same effect. However, when large quantities of light are needed
many light sources are usually deployed, which are difficult to focus
or collimate towards the sametarget.

Disadvantages

 Temperature dependence: LED performance largely depends on the ambient

temperature of the operating environment – or thermal management properties.
Overdriving an LED in high ambient temperatures may result in overheating the LED
package, eventually leading to device failure. An adequate heat sink is needed to
maintain long life. This is especially important in automotive, medical, and military
uses where devices must operate over a wide range of temperatures, which require low
failure rates. Toshiba has produced LEDs with an operating temperature range of −40
to 100 °C, which suits the LEDs for both indoor and outdoor use in applications such
as lamps, ceiling lighting, street lights, andfloodlights.

 Voltage sensitivity: LEDs must be supplied with a voltage above their threshold
voltage and a current below their rating. Current and lifetime change greatly with a
small change in applied voltage. They thus require a current-regulated supply (usually
just a series resistor for indicatorLEDs).

 Color rendition: Most cool-white LEDs have spectra that differ significantly from
a black body radiator like the sun or an incandescent light. The spike at 460 nm and
dip at 500 nm can make the color of objects appear differently under cool-white LED
illumination than sunlight or incandescent sources, due to metamerism, red surfaces
being rendered particularly poorly by typical phosphor-based cool-white LEDs. The
same is true with greensurfaces.

 Area light source: Single LEDs do not approximate a point source of light giving a
spherical light distribution, but rather a lambertian distribution. So, LEDs are difficult
to apply to uses needing a spherical light field; however, different fields of light can be
manipulated by the application of different optics or "lenses". LEDs cannot provide
divergence below a fewdegrees.
 Light pollution: Because white LEDs emit more short wavelength light than sources
such as high-pressure sodium vapourlamps, the increasedblue and green sensitivity
 of scotopic vision means that white LEDs used in outdoor lighting cause substantially
more sky glow.

 Efficiency droop: The efficiency of LEDs decreases as the electric current increases.
Heating also increases with higher currents, which compromises LED lifetime. These
effects put practical limits on the current through an LED in high powerapplications.

 Impact on insects: LEDs are much more attractive to insects than sodium-vapor
lights, so much so that there has been speculative concern about the possibility of
disruption to foodwebs.

 Use in winter conditions: Since they do not give off much heat in comparison to
incandescent lights, LED lights used for traffic control can have snow obscuring them,
leading toaccidents.

 Thermal runaway: Parallel strings of LEDs will not share current evenly due to the
manufacturing tolerance in their forward voltage. Running two or more strings from a
single current source will likely result in LED failure as the devices warm up. A
circuit is required to ensure even distribution of current between parallelstrands.

Applications

Fig:2.4 Daytime Running light LEDs of anAutomobile

LED uses fall into four major categories:

 Visual signals where light goes more or less directly from the source to the human
eye, to convey a message ormeaning

 Illumination where light is reflected from objects to give visual response of these
 objects

 Measuring and interacting with processes involving no human visionNarrowband light

sensors where LEDs operate in a reverse-bias mode and respond to incident light,
instead of emittinglight.
 JumperWires
A jump wire (also known as jumper wire, or jumper) is an electrical wire, or group of
them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end (or sometimes without them – simply
"tinned"), which is normally used to interconnect the components of a breadboard or
other prototype or test circuit, internally or with other equipment or components, without
soldering.[1]

Individual jump wires are fitted by inserting their "end connectors" into the slots
provided in a breadboard, the header connector of a circuit board, or a piece of test
equipment.

Fig:2.5 Jumper Wires

Types

There are different types of jumper wires. Some have the same type
of electrical connector at both ends, while others have different connectors. Some
common connectorsare:

 Solid tips – are used to connect on/with a breadboard or female header connector.
The arrangement of the elements and ease of insertion on a breadboard allows
increasing the mounting density of both components and jump wires without fear
of short-circuits. The jump wires vary in size and colour to distinguish the
different workingsignals.
  Crocodile clips

 Banana connectors

 Registeredjack

 RCA connectors.

 RF connectors.

BreadBoard
A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. Originally it was
[1]
literally a bread board, a polished piece of wood used for slicing bread. In the 1970s
the solderless breadboard (a.k.a. plugboard, a terminal array board) became available and
nowadays the term "breadboard" is commonly used to refer tothese.

Because the solderless breadboard does not require soldering, it is reusable. This
makes it easy to use for creating temporary prototypes and experimenting with circuit
design. For this reason, solderless breadboards are also popular with students
and in technological education. Older breadboard types did not have this property. A strip
board (Veroboard) and similar prototyping printed circuit boards, which are used to build
semi-permanent soldered prototypes or one-offs, cannot easily be reused. A variety of
electronic systems may be prototyped by using breadboards, from small
analog and digital circuits to complete central processingunits

Fig:2.6 Bread Board

 Advanced Solderless BreadBoards

Some manufacturers provide high-end versions of solderless breadboards.

These are typically high-quality breadboard modules mounted on a flat casing. The
casing contains additional equipment for breadboarding, such as a power supply, one
or more signal generators, serial interfaces, LED display or LCD modules, and logic
probes.[6]

Solderless breadboard modules can also be found mounted on devices

like microcontroller evaluation boards. They provide an easy way to add additional
periphery circuits to the evaluationboard.
 CHAPTER-3
Existing and Proposed Technologies
INTRODUCTION
Air pollution emerged in many parts of the world as a result of explosive
industrial growth. Road transport is also one of the major contributors of air pollution
which contribute to climate change that has perilous domestic and global
consequences. Generation and transport of pollutant materials are governed not only
by the distributions of their sources but also by the dynamics of the atmosphere.
Pollutant clouds are sometimes observed traveling along the wind directions.To
understand the involved processes in more detail we need more thorough data on the
spreads of fine-grain pollutants and their variations with time. An air pollution
monitoring system that is comprehensive in terms of spatial and pollutant coverage
and is relatively inexpensive and autonomous is thepriority

Sources of AirPollution
The sources of man-made air pollution (or emission sources) are of basically
two types:

· stationary, which can be subdivided into area sources such as agricultural

production, mining and quarrying, industrial, point and area sources such as
manufacturing of chemicals, non-metallic mineral products, basic metal industries,
power generation and community sources (e.g., heating of homes and buildings,
municipal waste and sewage sludge incinerators, fireplaces, cooking facilities, laundry
services and cleaningplants)

· mobile, comprising any form of combustion-engine vehicles (e.g., light-duty

gasoline powered cars, light- and heavy-duty diesel powered vehicles, motorcycles,
aircraft, including line sources with emissions of gases and particulate matter from
vehicle traffic).

In addition, there are also natural sources of pollution (e.g., eroded areas,
volcanoes, certain plants which release great amounts of pollen, sources of bacteria,
spores and viruses). Natural sources are not discussed in this article.
 Types of AirPollutants
Air pollutants are usually classified into suspended particulate matter (dusts,
fumes, mists, smokes), gaseous pollutants (gases and vapours) and odours. Some
examples of usual pollutants are presented below:

Suspended particulate matter (SPM, PM-10) includes diesel exhaust, coal fly-
ash, mineral dusts (e.g., coal, asbestos, limestone, cement), metal dusts and fumes
(e.g., zinc, copper, iron, lead) and acid mists (e.g., sulphuric acid), fluorides, paint
pigments, pesticide mists, carbon black and oil smoke. Suspended particulate
pollutants, besides their effects of provoking respiratory diseases, cancers, corrosion,
destruction of plant life and so on, can also constitute a nuisance (e.g., accumulation
of dirt), interfere with sunlight (e.g., formation of smog and haze due to light
scattering) and act as catalytic surfaces for reaction of adsorbedchemicals.

Gaseous pollutants include sulphur compounds (e.g., sulphur dioxide (SO2)

and sulphur trioxide (SO3)), carbon monoxide, nitrogen compounds (e.g., nitric oxide
(NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ammonia), organic compounds (e.g., hydrocarbons
(HC), volatile organic compounds (VOC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH),
aldehydes), halogen compounds and halogen derivatives (e.g., HF and HCl),
hydrogen sulphide, carbon disulphide and mercaptans(odours).

Secondary pollutants may be formed by thermal, chemical or photochemical

reactions. For example, by thermal action sulphur dioxide can oxidize to sulphur
trioxide which, dissolved in water, gives rise to the formation of sulphuric acid mist
(catalysed by manganese and iron oxides). Photochemical reactions between nitrogen
oxides and reactive hydrocarbons can produce ozone (O3), formaldehyde and
peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN); reactions between HCl and formaldehyde can form bis-
chloromethyl ether.

While some odours are known to be caused by specific chemical agents such
as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), carbon disulphide (CS2) and mercaptans (R-SH or R1-S-
R2) others are difficult to definechemically.

Clean Air ImplementationPlans

Air quality management aims at the preservation of environmental quality by
prescribing the tolerated degree of pollution, leaving it to the local authorities and
polluters to devise and implement actions to ensure that this degree of pollution will
not be exceeded. An example of legislation within this approach is the adoption of
ambient air quality standards based, very often, on air quality guidelines (WHO 1987)
for different pollutants; these are accepted maximum levels of pollutants (or
indicators) in the target area (e.g., at ground level at a specified point in a community)
and can be either primary or secondary standards. Primary standards (WHO 1980) are
the maximum levels consistent with an adequate safety margin and with the
preservation of public health, and must be complied with within a specific time limit;
secondary standards are those judged to be necessary for protection against known or
anticipated adverse effects other than health hazards (mainly on vegetation) and must
be complied “within a reasonable time”. Air quality standards are short-, medium- or
long-term values valid for 24 hours per day, 7 days per week, and for monthly,
seasonal or annual exposure of all living subjects (including sensitive subgroups such
as children, the elderly and the sick) as well as non-living objects; this is in contrast to
maximum permissible levels for occupational exposure, which are for a partial weekly
exposure (e.g., 8 hours per day, 5 days per week) of adult and supposedly healthy
workers.

Typical measures in air quality management are control measures at the

source, for example, enforcement of the use of catalytic converters in vehicles or of
emission standards in incinerators, land-use planning and shut-down of factories or
reduction of traffic during unfavourable weather conditions. The best air quality
management stresses that the air pollutant emissions should be kept to a minimum;
this is basically defined through emission standards for single sources of air pollution
and could be achieved for industrial sources, for example, through closed systems and
high-efficiency collectors. An emission standard is a limit on the amount or
concentration of a pollutant emitted from a source. This type of legislation requires a
decision, for each industry, on the best means of controlling its emissions (i.e., fixing
emissionstandards).

The basic aim of air pollution management is to derive a clean air

implementation plan (or air pollution abatement plan) (Schwela and Köth-Jahr 1994)
which consists of the following elements:

· description of area with respect to topography, meteorology andsocioeconomy

· emissionsinventory

· comparison with emissionstandards

· air pollutant concentrations inventory

· simulated air pollutantconcentrations

· comparison with air qualitystandards

· inventory of effects on public health and theenvironment

· causalanalysis

· controlmeasures

· cost of controlmeasures

· cost of public health and environmentaleffects

· cost-benefit analysis (costs of control vs. costs ofefforts)

· transportation and land-useplanning

· enforcement plan; resourcecommitment

· projections for the future on population, traffic, industries and fuelconsumption

· strategies forfollow-up.

Some of these issues will be described below.

Emissions Inventory; Comparison with EmissionStandards

The emissions inventory is a most complete listing of sources in a given area
and of their individual emissions, estimated as accurately as possible from all emitting
point, line and area (diffuse) sources. When these emissions are compared with
emission standards set for a particular source, first hints on possible control measures
are given if emission standards are not complied with. The emissions inventory also
serves to assess a priority list of important sources according to the amount of
pollutants emitted, and indicates the relative influence of different sources—for
example, traffic as compared to industrial or residential sources. The emissions
inventory also allows an estimate of air pollutant concentrations for those pollutants
for which ambient concentration measurements are difficult or too expensive to
perform.

Air Pollutant Concentrations Inventory; Comparison with AirQuality

Standards

The air pollutant concentrations inventory summarizes the results of the

monitoring of ambient air pollutants in terms of annual means, percentiles and trends
of these quantities. Compounds measured for such an inventory include the following:
· sulphurdioxide

· nitrogenoxides

· suspended particulatematter

· carbonmonoxide
· ozone

· heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, Fe, As,Be)

· polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(e)pyrene,

benzo(a)anthracene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, benzoghi)perylene,coronen

· volatile organic compounds: n-hexane, benzene, 3-methyl-hexane, n-heptane,

toluene, octane, ethyl-benzene xylene (o-,m-,p-), n-nonane, isopropylbenzene,
propylbenezene, n-2-/3-/4-ethyltoluene, 1,2,4-1,3,5 rimethylbenzene,richloromethane,
1,1,1 trichloroethane, tetrachloromethane,tri-/tetrachloroethene.

Comparison of air pollutant concentrations with air quality standards or

guidelines, if they exist, indicates problem areas for which a causal analysis has to be
performed in order to find out which sources are responsible for the non-compliance.
Dispersion modelling has to be used in performing this causal analysis (see “Air
pollution: Modelling of air pollutant dispersion”). Devices and procedures used in
today’s ambient air pollution monitoring are described in “Air quality monitoring”.

Simulated Air Pollutant Concentrations; Comparison withAir

Quality Standards

Starting from the emissions inventory, with its thousands of compounds which
cannot all be monitored in the ambient air for economy reasons, use of dispersion
modelling can help to estimate the concentrations of more “exotic” compounds. Using
appropriate meteorology parameters in a suitable dispersion model, annual averages
and percentiles can be estimated and compared to air quality standards or guidelines,
if theyexist.

Inventory of Effects on Public Health and the Environment;

Causal Analysis

Another important source of information is the effects inventory (Ministerium

für Umwelt 1993), which consists of results of epidemiological studies in the given
area and of effects of air pollution observed in biological and material receptors such
as, for example, plants, animals and construction metals and building stones.
Observed effects attributed to air pollution have to be causally analysed with respect
to the component responsible for a particular effect—for example, increased
prevalence of chronic bronchitis in a polluted area. If the compound or compounds
have been fixed in a causal analysis (compound-causal analysis), a second analysis
has to be performed to find out the responsible sources (source-causalanalysis).
 Control Measures; Cost of ControlMeasures
Control measures for industrial facilities include adequate, well-designed,
well-installed, efficiently operated and maintained air cleaning devices, also called
separators or collectors. A separator or collector can be defined as an “apparatus for
separating any one or more of the following from a gaseous medium in which they are
suspended or mixed: solid particles (filter and dust separators), liquid particles (filter
and droplet separator) and gases (gas purifier)”. The basic types of air pollution
control equipment (discussed further in “Air pollution control”) are thefollowing:

· for particulate matter: inertial separators (e.g., cyclones); fabric filters

(baghouses); electrostatic precipitators; wet collectors(scrubbers)

· for gaseous pollutants: wet collectors (scrubbers); adsorption units (e.g.,

adsorption beds); afterburners, which can be direct-fired (thermal incineration) or
catalytic (catalyticcombustion).

Wet collectors (scrubbers) can be used to collect, at the same time, gaseous
pollutants and particulate matter. Also, certain types of combustion devices can burn
combustible gases and vapours as well as certain combustible aerosols. Depending on
the type of effluent, one or a combination of more than one collector can be used.

The control of odours that are chemically identifiable relies on the control of
the chemical agent(s) from which they emanate (e.g., by absorption, by incineration).
However, when an odouris not defined chemically or the producing agent is found at
extremely low levels, other techniques may be used, such as masking (by a stronger,
more agreeable and harmless agent) or counteraction (by an additive which
counteracts or partially neutralizes the offensiveodour).

It should be kept in mind that adequate operation and maintenance are

indispensable to ensure the expected efficiency from a collector. This should be
ensured at the planning stage, both from the know-how and financial points of view.
Energy requirements must not be overlooked. Whenever selecting an air cleaning
device, not only the initial cost but also operational and maintenance costs should be
considered. Whenever dealing with high-toxicity pollutants, high efficiency should be
ensured, as well as special procedures for maintenance and disposal of waste
materials.
 The Fundamental Control Measures in Industrial Facilities are
TheFollowing

Substitution of materials. Examples: substitution of less toxic solventsfor

highly toxic ones used in certain industrial processes; use of fuels with lower sulphur
content (e.g., washed coal), therefore giving rise to less sulphur compounds and so on.

Modification or change of the industrial process or equipment. Examples: in

the steel industry, a change from raw ore to pelleted sintered ore (to reduce the dust
released during ore handling); use of closed systems instead of open ones; change of
fuel heating systems to steam, hot water or electrical systems; use of catalysers at the
exhaust air outlets (combustion processes) and so on.

Modifications in processes, as well as in plant layout, may also facilitate

and/or improve the conditions for dispersion and collection of pollutants. For
example, a different plant layout may facilitate the installation of a local exhaust
system; the performance of a process at a lower rate may allow the use of a certain
collector (with volume limitations but otherwise adequate). Process modifications that
concentrate different effluent sources are closely related to the volume of effluent
handled, and the efficiency of some air-cleaning equipment increases with the
concentration of pollutants in the effluent. Both the substitution of materials and the
modification of processes may have technical and/or economic limitations, and these
should beconsidered.

Adequate housekeeping and storage. Examples: strict sanitation in food and

animal product processing; avoidance of open storage of chemicals (e.g., sulphur
piles) or dusty materials (e.g., sand), or, failing this, spraying of the piles of loose
particulate with water (if possible) or application of surface coatings (e.g., wetting
agents, plastic) to piles of materials likely to give off pollutants.

Adequate disposal of wastes. Examples: avoidance of simply piling up

chemical wastes (such as scraps from polymerization reactors), as well as of dumping
pollutant materials (solid or liquid) in water streams. The latter practice not only
causes water pollution but can also create a secondary source of air pollution, as in the
case of liquid wastes from sulphite process pulp mills, which release offensive
odorous gaseouspollutants.
 Maintenance. Example: well maintained and well-tuned internal combustion
engines produce less carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.
 Work practices. Example: taking into account meteorological conditions,
particularly winds, when spraying pesticides.

By analogy with adequate practices at the workplace, good practices at the

community level can contribute to air pollution control - for example, changes in the
use of motor vehicles (more collective transportation, small cars and so on) and
control of heating facilities (better insulation of buildings in order to require less
heating, better fuels and so on).

Control measures in vehicle emissions are adequate and efficient mandatory

inspection and maintenance programmes which are enforced for the existing car fleet,
programmes of enforcement of the use of catalytic converters in new cars, aggressive
substitution of solar/battery-powered cars for fuel-powered ones, regulation of road
traffic, and transportation and land use planning concepts.

Motor vehicle emissions are controlled by controlling emissions per vehicle

mile travelled (VMT) and by controlling VMT itself (Walsh 1992). Emissions per
VMT can be reduced by controlling vehicle performance - hardware, maintenance -
for both new and in-use cars. Fuel composition of leaded gasoline may be controlled
by reducing lead or sulphur content, which also has a beneficial effect on decreasing
HC emissions from vehicles. Lowering the levels of sulphurin diesel fuel as a means
to lower diesel particulate emission has the additional beneficial effect of increasing
the potential for catalytic control of diesel particulate and organic HCemissions.

Another important management tool for reducing vehicle evaporative and

refuelling emissions is the control of gasoline volatility. Control of fuel volatility can
greatly lower vehicle evaporative HC emissions. Use of oxygenated additives in
gasoline lowers HC and CO exhaust as long as fuel volatility is not increased.

Reduction of VMT is an additional means of controlling vehicle emissions by

control strategies such as

· use of more efficient transportationmodes

· increasing the average number of passengers percar

· spreading congested peak trafficloads

· reducing traveldemand.
 While such approaches promote fuel conservation, they are not yet accepted
by the general population, and governments have not seriously tried to implement
them.
 All these technological and political solutions to the motor vehicle problem
except substitution of electrical cars are increasingly offset by growth in the vehicle
population. The vehicle problem can be solved only if the growth problem is
addressed in an appropriateway.

Cost of Public Health and Environmental Effects; Cost-Benefit

Analysis

The estimation of the costs of public health and environmental effects is the
most difficult part of a clean air implementation plan, as it is very difficult to estimate
the value of lifetime reduction of disabling illnesses, hospital admission rates and
hours of work lost. However, this estimation and a comparison with the cost of
control measures is absolutely necessary in order to balance the costs of control
measures versus the costs of no such measure undertaken, in terms of public health
and environmentaleffects.

Transportation and Land-Use Planning

The pollution problem is intimately connected to land-use and transportation,
including issues such as community planning, road design, traffic control and mass
transportation; to concerns of demography, topography and economy; and to social
concerns (Venzia 1977). In general, the rapidly growing urban aggregations have
severe pollution problems due to poor land-use and transportation practices.
Transportation planning for air pollution control includes transportation controls,
transportation policies, mass transit and highway congestion costs. Transportation
controls have an important impact on the general public in terms of equity,
repressiveness and social and economic disruption - in particular, direct transportation
controls such as motor vehicle constraints, gasoline limitations and motor vehicle
emission reductions. Emission reductions due to direct controls can be reliably
estimated and verified. Indirect transportation controls such as reduction of vehicle
miles travelled by improvement of mass transit systems, traffic flow improvement
regulations, regulations on parking lots, road and gasoline taxes, car-use permissions
and incentives for voluntary approaches are mostly based on past trial-and-error
experience, and include many uncertainties when trying to develop a viable
transportation plan.
 National action plans incurring indirect transportation controls can affect
transportation and land-use planning with regard to highways, parking lots and
shopping centres. Long-term planning for the transportation system and the area
influenced by it will prevent significant deterioration of air quality and provide for
compliance with air quality standards. Mass transit is consistently considered as a
potential solution for urban air pollution problems. Selection of a mass transit system
to serve an area and different modal splits between highway use and bus or rail
service will ultimately alter land-use patterns. There is an optimum split that will
minimize air pollution; however, this may not be acceptable when non-environmental
factors are considered.

The automobile has been called the greatest generator of economic

externalities ever known. Some of these, such as jobs and mobility, are positive, but
the negative ones, such as air pollution, accidents resulting in death and injury,
property damage, noise, loss of time, and aggravation, lead to the conclusion that
transportation is not a decreasing cost industry in urbanized areas. Highway
congestion costs are another externality; lost time and congestion costs, however, are
difficult to determine. A true evaluation of competing transportation modes, such as
mass transportation, cannot be obtained if travel costs for work trips do not include
congestioncosts.

Land-use planning for airpollution control includes zoning codes and

performance standards, land-use controls, housing and land development, and land-
use planning policies. Land-use zoning was the initial attempt to accomplish
protection of the people, their property and their economic opportunity. However, the
ubiquitous nature of air pollutants required more than physical separation of industries
and residential areas to protect the individual. For this reason, performance standards
based initially on aesthetics or qualitative decisions were introduced into some zoning
codes in an attempt to quantify criteria for identifying potentialproblems.

The limitations of the assimilative capacity of the environment mustbe

identified for long-term land-use planning. Then, land-use controls can be developed
that will prorate the capacity equitably among desired local activities. Land-use
controls include permit systems for review of new stationary sources, zoning
regulation between industrial and residential areas, restriction by easement or
purchase of land, receptor location control, emission-density zoning and emission
allocationregulations.
 Housing policies aimed at making home ownership available to many who
could otherwise not afford it (such as tax incentives and mortgage policies) stimulate
urban sprawl and indirectly discourage higher-density residential development. These
policies have now proven to be environmentally disastrous, as no consideration was
given to the simultaneous development of efficient transportation systems to serve the
needs of the multitude of new communities being developed. The lesson learnt from
this development is that programmes impacting on the environment should be
coordinated, and comprehensive planning undertaken at the level where the problem
occurs and on a scale large enough to include the entire system.

Land-use planning must be examined at national, provincial or state, regional

and local levels to adequately ensure long-term protection of the environment.
Governmental programmes usually start with power plant siting, mineral extraction
sites, coastal zoning and desert, mountain or other recreational development. As the
multiplicity of local governments in a given region cannot adequately deal with
regional environmental problems, regional governments or agencies should
coordinateland development and density patterns by supervising the spatial
arrangement and location of new construction and use, and transportation facilities.
Land-use and transportation planning must be interrelated with enforcement of
regulations to maintain the desired air quality. Ideally, air pollution control should be
planned for by the same regional agency that does land-use planning because of the
overlapping externalities associated with both issues.

Enforcement Plan, ResourceCommitment

The clean air implementation plan should always contain an enforcement plan
which indicates how the control measures can be enforced. This implies also a
resource commitment which, according to a polluter pays principle, will state what
the polluter has to implement and how the government will help the polluter in
fulfilling the commitment.

Projections for theFuture

In the sense of a precautionary plan, the clean air implementation plan should
also include estimates of the trends in population, traffic, industries and fuel
consumption in order to assess responses to future problems. This will avoid future
stresses by enforcing measures well in advance of imagined problems.

Strategies forFollow-up
 A strategy for follow-up of air quality management consists of plans and
policies on how to implement future clean air implementation plans.
 Role of Environmental ImpactAssessment
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is the process of providing a detailed
statement by the responsible agency on the environmental impact of a proposed action
significantly affecting the quality of the human environment (Lee 1993). EIA is an
instrument of prevention aiming at consideration of the human environment at an
early stage of the development of a programme orproject.

EIA is particularly important for countries which develop projects in the

framework of economic reorientation and restructuring. EIA has become legislation in
many developed countries and is now increasingly applied in developing countries
and economies intransition.

EIA is integrative in the sense of comprehensive environmental planning and

management considering the interactions between different environmental media. On
the other hand, EIA integrates the estimation of environmental consequences into the
planning process and thereby becomes an instrument of sustainable development. EIA
also combines technical and participative properties as it collects, analyses and applies
scientific and technical data with consideration of quality control and quality
assurance, and stresses the importance of consultations prior to licensing procedures
between environmental agencies and the public which could be affected by particular
projects. A clean air implementation plan can be considered as a part of the EIA
procedure with reference to the air.

existing models
OLDMETHOD

The commercial meters available in the market are Fluke CO-220 carbon
monoxide meter for CO, Amprobe CO2 meter for CO2, ForbixSemicon LPG gas
leakage sensor alarm for LPG leakage detection. The researchers in this field have
proposed various air quality monitoring systems based on WSN, GSM and GIS. Now
each technology has limited uses according to the intended function, as Zigbee is
meant for users with Zigbee trans-receiver, Bluetooth. GIS based system is designed,
implemented and tested to monitor the pinpoints of air pollution of any area. It
consists of a microcontroller, gas sensors, mobile unit, a temporary memory buffer
and a web server with internet connectivity which collects data from different
locations along with coordinate’s information at certain time of a day. The readings
for particular location are averaged in a closed time and space. The GlobalPositioning
System (GPS) module is attached to a system to provide accurate representation of
pollution sources in an area. The recorded data is periodically transferred to a
computer through a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) connection and then the
data will be displayed on the dedicated website with user acceptance. As a resultlarge
number of people can be benefited with thelarge

ARDUINOMETHOD

We start with connecting the ESP8266 with the Arduino. ESP8266 runs on
3.3V and if you will give it 5V from the Arduino then it won’t work properly and it
may get damage. Connect the VCC and the CH_PD to the 3.3V pin of Arduino. The
RX pin of ESP8266 works on 3.3V and it will not communicate with the Arduino
when we will connect it directly to the Arduino. So, we will have to make a voltage
divider for it which will convert the 5V into 3.3V. This can be done by connecting
three resistors in series like we did in the circuit. Connect the TX pin of the ESP8266
to the pin 10 of the Arduino and the RX pin of the esp8266 to the pin 9 of Arduino
through the resistors.ESP8266 Wi-Fi module gives your projects access to Wi-Fi or
internet. It is a very cheap device and makes your projects very powerful. It can
communicate with any microcontroller and it is the most leading devices in the IOT
platform. Learn more about here. Then we will connect the MQ135 sensor with the
Arduino. Connect the VCC and the ground pin of the sensor to the 5V and ground of
the Arduino and the Analog pin of sensor to the A0 of the Arduino. Connect a buzzer
to the pin 8 of the Arduino which will start to beep when the condition becomes true.
The MQ135 sensor can sense NH3, NOx, alcohol, Benzene, smoke, CO2 and some
other gases, so it is perfect gas sensor for our Air Quality MonitoringProject.

When we will connect it to Arduino then it will sense the gases, and we will
get the Pollution level in PPM (parts per million). MQ135 gas sensor gives the output
in form of voltage levels and we need to convert it into PPM. So for converting the
output in PPM, here we have used a library for MQ135 sensor, it is explained in detail
in “Code Explanation” section below. Sensor was giving us value of 90 when there
was no gas near it and the safe level of air quality is 350 PPM and it should not
exceed 1000 PPM. When it exceeds the limit of 1000 PPM, then it starts cause
Headaches, sleepiness and stagnant, stale, stuffy air and if exceeds beyond 2000 PPM
then it can cause increased heart rate and many other diseases. When the value will be
lessthan1000PPM,thentheLCDandwebpagewilldisplay“FreshAir”.Whenever
the value will increase 1000 PPM, then the buzzer will start beeping and the LCD and
webpage will display “Poor Air, Open Windows”. If it will increase 2000 then the
buzzer will keep beeping and the LCD and webpage will display “Danger! Move to
fresh Air”.

PROPOSEDSYSTEM
NODEMCU

Fig:3.1 Block Diagram of the Proposed System

The nodemcu is a open source IOT platform. It includes firmware which runs
on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espress if systems, and hardware which is based on
the ESP-12 module. The term “NODEMCU” by default refers to the firmware
ratherthen the development kits. The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. It is
based on the eLua project and build on the espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP-8266. It
uses many open sources projects, such as lua-cjson, and spiffs.

In this project we are going to make an IOT based air pollution monitoring
system in which we will monitor the air quality over a web server using internet

.when the air quality goes down beyond a certain level, means when there are
sufficient amount of harmful gases are present in the atmosphere like CO2,CO,NH3
and CH4. It will show the air quality in ppm levels on the serial monitor or smart
phones so that we can monitor it very easily. In this air quality system we are using
annodemcu. It is an forward step an arduino , the nodemcu is a combination of the
arduino and Wi-Fi module(ESP 8266) .

In this system we are using nodemcu, MQ135 Gas sensor, LEDs, jumper wires
and breadboard. Nodemcuis the microcontroller,MQ1345 gas sensor is the air qualitity
sensor, LEDs are the indicating the quality of air, jumper wires are using connecting
the devices.the MQ135 gas sensor sence the air quality. In this sensor having sno2
layer which has a higher resistance in the clear air as a gas sensing material. When
there is an increase in pollution gases, the resistance of the gas sensor decreases along
with that. To measure ppm using MQ135 sensor we need to look into the (RS/R0).

Where RS: sensor resistance at various concentration of gases.

R0: sensor resistance at clean air.

The values of R0 is the values of the resistance in fresh air and the value of RS is the
value of the resistance at gas concentration. First you should calibrate the sensor by
finding the values of R0 in fresh air and then use that value to find RS using the
formulas. Once we calculate RS and R0 we can find the ratio we can calculate the
equivalent value of PPM for that particular gas.

In this system we are using the leds that are indicates quality of air in the
environment. How it is we are giving the levels of the gases. The MQ135 sensor has
sense the air when the air is polluted beyond the level of normal condition it indicates
the level of the pollution. when the air is not polluted the that is normal condition the
green leds will be blinks. That means the surrounding air quality is not polluted. when
the surrounding environment is polluted the red leds will be blinks. It means the
environment will be polluted with chemical gases that are CO, CO2, NH3 and CH4.

Now in this project we are using locally available gas sensor for observing the
polluted gases like Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2) and parameters
like temperature, humidity. By using this method people can view the level of
pollution through wireless system. It reduced cost, reliable and comfortable for any
place where we are monitoring thegases.

Toxic Gases
 Toxic gases are carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. These gases are very
harmful and dangerous to the people
 Carbon Monoxide(Co)

Nature and Sources of the Pollutant Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless

and poisonous gas formed when carbon in fuels is not burned completely. It is a by-
product of highway vehicle exhaust, which contributes about 60 percent of all CO
emissions nationwide. In cities automobile exhaust can cause as much as 95 percent
of all CO emissions. These emissions can result in high concentrations of CO
particularly in local areas with heavy traffic congestion. Other sources of CO
emissions include industrial processes and fuel combustion in sources such as boilers
and incinerators. Despite an overall downward trend in concentrations and emissions
of CO some metropolitan areas still experience high levels ofCO.

Enters the bloodstream and reduces oxygen delivery to the body's organs and
tissues. The health Health and Environmental Effects

Carbon monoxide threat from exposure to CO is most serious for those who
suffer from cardiovascular disease. Healthy individuals are also affected but only at
higher levels of exposure. Exposure to elevated CO levels is associated with visual
impairment, reduced work capacity, reduced manual dexterity, poor learning ability
and difficulty in performing complex tasks.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s health-based national air quality

standard for CO is 9 parts per million (ppm) measured as an annual second-maximum
8-hour average concentration. Trends In Carbon Monoxide Level Long-term
improvements continued between 1986 and 1995. National average CO
concentrations decreased 37 percent while CO emissions decreased 16 percent. Long-
term air quality improvement in CO occurred despite a 31 percent increase in vehicle
miles traveled in the U.S. during the past 10 years. Between 1994 and 1995, national
average CO concentrations decreased 10 percent, while total CO emissions decreased
7 percent. Transportation sources (includes highway and off-highway vehicles) now
account for 81 percent of national total COemissions.

Carbon di Oxide(co2)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless and non-flammable gas that is a

product of cellular respiration and burning of fossil fuels. It has a molecular weight of
44.01g/mol. Although it is typically present as a gas carbon dioxide also can be a
solid form as dry ice and liquefied depending on temperature and pressure. This gas is
utilized by many types of industry including breweries, mining ore, manufacturing of
carbonateddrinks,drugs,disinfectants,potteryandbakingpowder.Italsoisa
primary gas associated with volcanic eruptions. CO 2 acts to displace oxygen, making
compressed CO2 the main ingredient in fire extinguishers.

Occupations that are most at risk from CO 2 exposure include miners, brewers,
carbonated beverage workers and grain elevator workers. CO2is present in the
atmosphere at 0.035%. In terms of worker safety, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) has set a permissible exposure limit (PEL) for CO 2 of 5,000
parts per million (ppm) over an 8-hour work day, which is equivalent to 0.5% by
volume of air.Similarly the American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH) TLV (threshold limit value) is 5,000 ppm for an 8hour workday
with a ceiling exposure limit of 30,000 ppm for a 10-minute period based on acute
inhalation data.

A value of 40,000 ppm is considered immediately dangerous to life and health

based on the fact that a 30-minute exposure to 50,000 ppm produces intoxication and
concentrations greater than that (7-10%) produce unconsciousness. Additionally acute
toxicity data show the lethal concentration low for CO 2 is 90,000 ppm (9%) over 5
minutes. See Table for a listing of regulatory agency standards for acceptable CO2
concentrations in the workplace. CO2 is a good indicator of proper buildingventilation
and indoor air exchange rates. Consequentlyit is measured in buildings to determine if
the indoor air is adequate for humans to occupy thebuilding.

Ammonia
Ammonia or azaneisacompoondo nitrogen anhydrogen theformula NH3. It
is a colourlessgas via characteristic pungent smell. Ammonia contributes
significantlytae thenutreetionalneeds o terrestrial organisms bi serving as a
precursor taefuidanfertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is an aa a biggin-
block for the synthesis omonypharmaceuticalsan
is used in money commercial
cleaningproducts. Althoin wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous. The
global industrial production of ammonia for 2012 wisanticipatittaebe 198 million
tonnes,[7]a 35% increase over the estimate 2006 global output o 146.5 milliontonnes.

Methane
 Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CH4 (one atom
of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen). It is a group14 hydride and the simplest
alkane, and is the main constituent of natural gas. The relative abundance of methane
onEa
 rthmakes it an attractive fuel, although capturing and storing it poses challenges due t
o its gaseous state under normal conditions for temperature and pressure.

Natural methane is found both below ground and under the sea floor. When it
reaches the surface and the atmosphere, it is known as atmospheric methane.[6]The
Earth's atmospheric methane concentration has increased by about 150% since 1750,
and it accounts for 20% of the total radiative forcing from all of the long-lived and
globally mixed greenhouse gases.

Uses OfMethane

Methane is an important source of hydrogen and some organic chemicals.

Methane reacts with steam at high temperatures to yield carbon monoxide and
hydrogen the latter is used in the manufacture of ammonia for fertilizers and
explosives. Other valuable chemicals derived from methane include methanol,
chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and nitromethane. The incomplete combustion of
methane yields carbon black, which is widely used as a reinforcing agent in rubber
used for automobile tires.
 CHAPTER-4
Results and Discussion
CircuitDiagram:

Fig:4.1 Circuit Diagram

WorkingProcedure:
The components used in this paper are mainly NODEMCU (Wi-Fi module is
inbuild in the nodemcu), MQ135 gas sensor, LEDs, jumper wires and bread board.
The NODEMCU is an open source IOT plate form. It includes firmware which runs
on ESP8266 Wi-Fi SOC (system on chip) from Espressif system, and hardware which
is based on ESP-12 module. The term “NODEMCU” by default refers to the firmware
rather than the developmentkit.

The sensitive material used in MQ135 sensor is sno2(stannic oxide). The

conductivity of this material is lower in clean air. the sensor conductivity increases
with the increasing concentration of target pollution gases. MQ135 can monitor
different kind of toxic gases such as CO,CO2,NH3 and CH4. The detection range is
10 to10000 ppm with voltage rate of 5vdc.

The analog pin of MQ135 gas sensor is connected to analog port (A0) of
nodemcu , the vcc point of the MQ135 gas sensor is connected to the 3v of the
nodemcu board and GND of the MQ135 gas sensor is connected to the GND of the
nodemcu. Here the connection of the sensor to the nodemcuis over. We are using leds
as notification to indicate whether the air is polluted or not. When there are no
polluted gases present in the atmosphere green leds will glows on, when the air is
polluted with toxic gases we can see the blinking of red led.

Advantages over using NODEMCU in projects isinbuild of Wi-Fi module and

low cost, high efficient, NODEMCU act as the microcontroller for the circuit. Coding
is given to the nodemcuin such a way that it performs according to our particular
needs. Code is debugged to nodemcu when there are no errors in the code the
compilation is completed if there are errors occur we should rectify or reduce the
errors to compile the programme.MQ135 gas sensor gives the output in the form of
voltage levels and we need to convert it into ppm. So for converting the output in ppm
we have used a library for MQ135 gas sensor, it is explained in detail in code
explaination.MQ135 Gas sensor takes the supply from the nodemcu so that it sense
the concentration of different kind of gas mainly toxic gases. the gases which are
sensed by this sensor gives input to the nodemcu board so that it can monitor different
kind of gases concentration individually and display in ppm values through serial
monitor and also smart phones by assessing monitoring data from the cloud.in this
system we are using leds as a indicators so that we came to know that weather air was
polluted ornot.

In this air pollution monitoring system are using 8 ledsbecause of the each
gases having 2leds(green and red). When the level of the toxic gas is in safe level the
green led will be bilks, when the toxic gas level will be in high that is pollution will
behigh that time the red will be bilks. This air monitoring system senses 4 toxic gases
that are namely carbon monoxide, carbon di oxide, ammonia andbenzene.
Experimental Model:

Fig:4.2 Connection Diagram

Code for Experiment

#include <Blynk.h>

#include<ESP8266WiFi.h>#includ

e<BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>#includ
e "MQ135.h"

#define PIN_MQ135 A0

#define LED1 D1

#define LED2 D2
#define LED3 D3

#define LED4 D4

#define LED5 D5

#define LED6 D6

#define LED7 D7

#define LED8 D8

MQ135 mq135_sensor = MQ135(PIN_MQ135);

float temperature = 35.0; // assume current temperature. Recommended to measure

with DHT22

float humidity = 24.0; // assume current humidity. Recommended to measure with

DHT22

float CO2, CO, NH3, CH4,co,co2,nh3,ch4;

charauth[] = "44889434d21240f3b5b3165dbcae4a5c";

charssid[] = "Realme 2 Pro";

char pass[] = "8008115377";

void setup()

Serial.begin(115200);

Blynk.begin(auth,ssid,pass);

pinMode(LED1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(LED2,OUTPUT);

pinMode(LED3,OUTPUT);

pinMode(LED4,OUTPUT);
pinMode(LED5,OUTPUT);

pinMode(LED6,OUTPUT);

pinMode(LED7,OUTPUT);

pinMode(LED8,OUTPUT);

void loop()

Blynk.run();

float r0 = 76.63;

floatcorrectedRZero = mq135_sensor.getCorrectedRZero(temperature, humidity);

floatrs = mq135_sensor.getResistance();

float ppm = mq135_sensor.getPPM();

floatcorrectedPPM = mq135_sensor.getCorrectedPPM(temperature, humidity);

Serial.print("MQ135 RZero: ");

Serial.print(r0);

Serial.print("\t Corrected RZero: ");

Serial.print(correctedRZero);

Serial.print("\t Resistance: ");

Serial.print(rs);

Serial.print("\t PPM: ");

Serial.print(ppm);

Serial.print("\t Corrected PPM: ");

Serial.print(correctedPPM);
Serial.println("ppm");

float ratio = rs / r0;

Serial.print("ratio=");

Serial.println(ratio);

float x = pow(rs / r0, -2.93599);

CO2 = 114.3544 * x;

BLYNK_READ(V0);

float C2 = CO2;

Blynk.virtualWrite(V0,C2);

float y = pow(rs / r0, -4.0241);

CO = 662.9382 * y;

BLYNK_READ(V1);

float Cm = CO;

Blynk.virtualWrite(V1,Cm);

}
float z = pow(rs / r0, -2.48818);

NH3 = z * 102.694;

BLYNK_READ(V2);

float AM = NH3;
Blynk.virtualWrite(V2,AM);

float w = pow(rs / r0, -2.7887);

CH4 = 1021 * w;

BLYNK_READ(V3);

float MN = CH4;

Blynk.virtualWrite(V3,MN);

Serial.print("CO2=");

Serial.println(CO2);

Serial.print("CO=");

Serial.println(CO);

Serial.print("NH3=");

Serial.println(NH3);

Serial.print("CH4=");

Serial.println(CH4);

if (CO2 >=420)

{
float co2 = CO2 - 420;

Serial.print("co2= ");

Serial.println(co2);

Serial.println("polluted with Co2");

digitalWrite (LED1,HIGH);

delay(500);

digitalWrite (LED1,LOW);

delay(500);

digitalWrite (LED2,LOW);

else

Serial.println("air is not polluted with Co2");

digitalWrite (LED2,HIGH);

delay(500);

digitalWrite (LED2,LOW);

delay(500);

digitalWrite (LED1,LOW);

if (CO >= 3930)

 {

float co = CO - 3930;

Serial.print("co= ");

Serial.println(co);

Serial.println("pollution with Co");

digitalWrite (LED3,HIGH);

delay(500);
digitalWrite (LED3,LOW);

delay(500);

digitalWrite (LED4,LOW);

else

Serial.println("air is not polluted with Co");

digitalWrite (LED4,HIGH);

delay(500);

digitalWrite (LED4,LOW);

delay(500);

digitalWrite (LED3,LOW);

if (NH3 >= 320)

{
float nh3 = NH3 - 320;

Serial.print("nh3= ");

Serial.println(nh3);

Serial.println("pollution with NH3");

digitalWrite (LED5,HIGH);

delay(500);

digitalWrite (LED5,LOW);

delay(500);
digitalWrite (LED6,LOW);

else

Serial.println("air is not polluted with NH3");

digitalWrite (LED6,HIGH);

delay(500);

digitalWrite (LED6,LOW);

delay(500);

digitalWrite (LED5,LOW);

if (CH4 >= 3500)

float ch4 = CH4 - 3500;

Serial.print("ch4= ");
Serial.println(ch4);

Serial.println("pollution with CH4");

digitalWrite (LED7,HIGH);

delay(500);

digitalWrite (LED7,LOW);

delay(500);

digitalWrite (LED8,LOW);

}
 else

Serial.println("air is not polluted with CH4");

digitalWrite (LED8,HIGH);

delay(500);

digitalWrite (LED8,LOW);

delay(500);

digitalWrite (LED7,LOW);

delay(1000);

PrototypeModel:
Fig:4.3 Prototype Model
Result:

Fig:4.4 Expecting Output in Serial Monitor

 Fig:4.5 Expecting Output in Smart Phone

CHAPTER-5
Conclusion and FutureScope

Conclusion
The system to monitor the environment by using the nodemcu. IOT technology
is proposed to improve quality of air. With the use of IOT technology enhances the
process of monitoring various aspects of environment such as air quality monitoring
issue proposed in this paper. Here the using the mq135 gas sensor gives the sense of
different type of toxic gases and nodemcuis the heart of the system which control the
entire process. In this nodemcu having ainbuilt Wi-Fi module and led is the indicating
output. The air monitoring system overcomes the problem of the highly polluted areas
which is a major issue. It supports the new technology and effectively supports the
healthy life concept. This system has features for the people to monitor the amount of
pollution on their mobile phones using the applications

FutureScope
 Mq135 gas sensor has some disadvantages it can be overcome in future by
increasing itAccuracy

 It can only sense the particular toxic gases only in future many toxic gases will
measure by placing manysensors

 We can modify the sensor in the way to detect the many more gases accurately
and perfectly infuture
 REFERENCES:
[1] https://www.tinkercad.com/

[2] https://circuits.io/

[3] https://www.arduino.cc/

[4] https://circuitdigest.com/ microcontroller - projects / iot -air-pollution-monitoring-

using-arduino

[5] Riteeka Nayak, Malaya Ranjan Panigrahy , Vivek Kumar Rai and T AppaRao:IOT
based air pollution monitoring system Vol-3, Issue-4,2017

[6] NavreetinderKaur , Rita Mahajan and Deepak Bagai: Air Quality Monitoring System
based on Arduino Microcontroller Vol. 5, Issue 6, June2016

[7] PalaghatYaswanth Sai: An IoT Based Automated Noise and Air Pollution Monitoring
System Vol. 6, Issue 3, March2017

[8] 1 L.Ezhilarasi, 2 K.Sripriya, 3 A .Suganya , 4 K.Vinodhini .: A System for Monitoring

Air and Sound Pollution using Arduino Controller with IOT Technology Vol. 3 Issue 2
(2017) Pages 1781 –1785

[9] Exploring Arduino : Tools and Techniques for Engineering Wizardry by Jeremy Blum
1stedition

[10] Ms. Sarika Deshmukh, Mr.Saurabhsurendran and Prof.M.P. Sardey:Air and Sound
Pollution Monitoring System using IoT Volume: 5 Issue:6